Introduction : la période de l’adolescence constitue la tranche d’âge pour laquelle les consommations de cannabis sont les plus élevées en France. L’usage problématique de cannabis à l’adolescence représente un facteur de stress important pour les parents. Cette recherche a pour premier objectif d’identifier une dynamique familiale spécifique ainsi que les stratégies de coping (individuelles et dyadiques) mobilisées par les parents dont l’adolescent est consommateur de cannabis. Le second objectif vise à investiguer les facteurs associés à la détresse psychologique en termes de dynamique familiale et de stratégies de coping (individuelles et dyadiques). Méthode : au cours de cette étude quantitative et qualitative, 50 parents consultant pour l’usage problématique de leur adolescent et 67 parents témoins ont répondu à un questionnaire sociodémographique, au Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES IV) et au Family Relationship Index (FRI) pour évaluer la dynamique familiale, à la Brief Cope pour estimer les stratégies de coping situationnelles et au Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI) pour relever les stratégies de coping dyadique mobilisées par les parents de l’échantillon en couple. Résultats : les parents d’adolescents consommateurs de cannabis présentaient une détresse psychologique élevée et ont obtenu des scores significativement différents aux dimensions de la dynamique familiale en comparaison des parents du groupe contrôle. Ainsi, le fonctionnement familial des parents d’adolescents consommateurs de cannabis était défini par une cohésion et des capacités de communication plus basses mais aussi une intensité de conflit élevée par rapport aux parents du groupe contrôle. Une dimension de la dynamique familiale (conflits) et quatre stratégies de coping situationnelles (expression des sentiments, blâme, utilisation de substances, désengagement comportemental) étaient positivement liées à la détresse psychologique. Les stratégies de coping dyadique (communication autour du stress, stratégies négatives, ect) étaient positivement liées à la détresse psychologique ressentie par les parents en couple. Conclusion : ces résultats montrent l’intérêt de mieux comprendre le vécu des parents confrontés à l’usage problématique de cannabis de l’adolescent et suggèrent des pistes de futures prises en charge. / Introduction: the period of adolescence is the age group for which cannabis use is highest in France. Cannabis use in adolescence is an important stressor for parents. The first aim of the present study was to better identify specific family dynamics and coping strategies (individual and dyadic) mobilized by parents of adolescent cannabis users. Second, was to investigate the factors associated with psychological distress (family dynamics, coping strategies). Method: during this quantitative and qualitative study, 50 parents consult for a problematic adolescent cannabis use and 67 control parents answered at a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES IV) and the Family Relationship Index (FRI) to assess family dynamics, the Brief Cope to estimate situational coping strategies and dyadic coping Inventory (DCI) to address the dyadic coping strategies mobilized by the sample's parents couple. Results: parents of adolescent cannabis users had a high psychological distress and have obtained significantly different scores on the dimensions of family dynamics, compare at parental control group. Thus, family functioning of parents of adolescent cannabis users was defined as cohesion and lower communication capabilities but also high intensity conflict from parents in the control group. A dimension of family dynamics (conflicts) and four situational coping strategies (expressing feelings, blame, substance use, behavioral disengagement) were positively related to psychological distress. Dyadic coping strategies (communication about the stress, negative strategies, ect) were positively related to psychological distress experienced by parents couple. Conclusion: these results show the interest of better understanding the experiences of parents facing the adolescent problem cannabis use and suggest directions for future supported.

Η τακτική ανασκόπηση και αξιολόγηση της επίδοσης ενός οργανισμού σε θέματα εργασιακής ασφάλειας και υγείας αποτελεί απαραίτητη διεργασία για την αποτελεσματική διαχείριση των θεμάτων αυτών. Η αξιολόγηση της επίδοσης είναι στενά συνδεδεμένη με την παρακολούθηση, που στην περίπτωση της εργασιακής ασφάλειας και υγείας γίνεται μέσω δεικτών, αποτελεσμάτων και προληπτικών. Και οι δύο διεργασίες έχουν ως στόχο την παροχή πληροφοριών για την τρέχουσα επίδοση και την υποστήριξη αποφάσεων για τη βελτίωσή της. Ωστόσο, η βασική διαφορά τους έγκειται στο ότι η παρακολούθηση αποτελεί μία «περιγραφική» διεργασία, που κυρίως επικεντρώνεται σε διαδικασίες και αποτελέσματα, ενώ η αξιολόγηση αποτελεί μία «ερμηνευτική» διεργασία, που εξετάζει σε βάθος τις αλληλεπιδράσεις παραγόντων και προσπαθεί να ανακαλύψει τα αίτια που οδηγούν σε συγκεκριμένες ενέργειες ή αποτελέσματα. Η παρούσα διατριβή αφορά τη συστημική προσέγγιση που απαιτείται για την ανάπτυξη και εφαρμογή μιας διεργασίας αξιολόγησης της επίδοσης σε θέματα εργασιακής ασφάλειας και υγείας. Προς αυτήν την κατεύθυνση, η διατριβή εξετάζει αρχικά τις θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις πάνω στο αντικείμενο της αξιολόγησης της επίδοσης σε θέματα ασφάλειας, και τις επαναπροσδιορίζει μέσα από το πρίσμα της ολιστικής προσέγγισης στα θέματα διαχείρισης της ασφάλειας. Η διατριβή στοχεύει κυρίως στη διαμόρφωση ενός θεωρητικού πλαισίου με βασικές θέσεις για τη συστημική προσέγγιση επιμέρους θεμάτων που σχετίζονται με την αξιολόγηση, όπως είναι το επίπεδο της ανάλυσης, οι αλληλεπιδράσεις παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν ή σχετίζονται με τη διαχείριση της ασφάλειας, η καθιέρωση κριτηρίων αξιολόγησης που να προκύπτουν μέσα από μια συμμετοχική διεργασία και να αντανακλούν τον συμβιβασμό μεταξύ διαφορετικών απόψεων και αντιλήψεων. Για την επικύρωση του θεωρητικού πλαισίου, προτείνεται η εφαρμογή της Μεθόδου Μαλακών Συστημάτων (Soft Systems Methodology), η οποία χρησιμοποιείται για την ανάπτυξη και την εφαρμογή μίας διεργασίας αξιολόγησης της επίδοσης σε θέματα εργασιακής ασφάλειας και υγείας σε έναν συγκεκριμένο δημόσιο οργανισμό. / Regular review and evaluation of an organisation’s occupational health and safety performance are essential processes for the effective safety management. Performance evaluation is closely related to monitoring, which, in the case of occupational health and safety is done through reactive and proactive indicators. Both processes, monitoring and evaluation, aim at providing information on the current performance, and at supporting decisions on safety improvement actions. However, their basic difference is based on the fact that monitoring is a “descriptive” process, which is mainly focused on procedures and results, while evaluation is an “interpretivistic” process, which explores the inter-relations of safety related factors and seeks to identify the causes of particular actions or results. The present thesis discusses the systemic approach required for the development and implementation of an occupational health and safety evaluation process. Towards this purpose, the various theoretical positions on the subject of safety performance evaluation are initially examined and redefined through the lens of a holistic safety management approach. This thesis aims mainly at formulating a theoretical framework consisted of basic positions on the systemic approach of specific issues related with safety performance evaluation, such as: level of analysis, inter-relations of safety related factors, evaluation criteria selected through a participatory process, thus reflecting the compromise between different views and beliefs. For the validation of this theoretical framework, Soft Systems Methodology is proposed and implemented for the development and implementation of an occupational health and safety performance evaluation process in a particular organization of the public sector.

L’hétérogénéité de croissance est un problème récurrent en aquaculture dont le déterminisme est le résultat d’une interaction complexe de nombreux facteurs: alimentaires, populationnels, environnementaux et génétiques. Nous avons développé un modèle individu-centré (système multi-agent) pour reproduire in silico les phénomènes biologiques sous-jacents (Mo.B.I.Fish : Model of Behavioral Interaction of Fish). La première étape a consisté en l’élaboration d’un modèle de croissance capable de modéliser la prise de poids d’un poisson en fonction de son ingéré. Deux types de modèles ont été évalués (Scope For Growth et Dynamic Energy Budget) sur des données expérimentales de croissance et le SFG a été retenu. Il a ensuite été utilisé en validation pour évaluer l’importance de l’ingéré et d’autres facteurs dans l’hétérogénéité de croissance. La deuxième étape de modélisation a consisté en l’élaboration d’un modèle simulant les interactions sociales entre poissons. Ces interactions ont été simulées par un système multi agents qui reproduit des séries de combats entre deux individus dont l’issue est dépendante de leur poids, de leurs interactions passées, de leur génétique et d’un effet aléatoire. Le résultat de ces combats influence leur nourrissage individuel. A l’aide de 2 expérimentations ad hoc de croissance de perche en circuit fermé, nous avons pu calibrer et valider le modèle de façon à estimer l’importance des différents facteurs dans le déterminisme des combats. La comparaison entre le modèle et les données a été faite sur les variables « poids moyen »« coefficient de variation » et « coefficient de corrélation de Spearman ». Il est apparu ainsi que la taille avait une faible importance, et que le déterminisme des combats pouvait être, en première approche considéré comme purement aléatoire. L’effet mémoire permet de simuler le désordre des rangs de poids des poissons entre le début et la fin de la période de croissance / Growth heterogeneity is a recurrent problem in fish aquaculture. Its determinism is the result of complex interactions between numerous factors: feeding rate, social interactions, environmental conditions and genetics. We developed an individualized based model (multi-agent system) to reproduce in silico biological phenomena (Mo.B.I.Fish : Model of Behavioral Interaction of Fish). The first step of modelling consisted of choosing a model that could simulate growth knowing the food intake. Two models were compared (Scope For Growth and Dynamic Energy Budget) to experimental data of growing fish: we finally chose the SFG. This model was used in validation to evaluate the relative influence of the food intake (combined with other factors) on growth heterogeneity. The second step of modelling consisted of building a model which simulated social interactions between fish. These interactions were simulated with a multi-agent system that reproduced fights between two fish, in which the final result depended on the weight, experience of each fish, genetic and random effect. The result of the fight had direct influence on the individual intake. Two experiments were conducted on perch in recirculating system, which provided to us data to both calibrate and validate the model. The output of the model was the mean weight, the coefficient of variation of the weight and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of fish weight. Hence we could estimate the relative importance of each factor in the determinism of the fights. We observed that size had little or no effect, and that the determinism could be considered as completely random. The experience effect also allowed simulating accurately the rank of the weight of fish between the beginning and the end of the experiments

Les politiques abordant la problématique énergétique en France dans le domaine immobilier se focalisent sur les actions à conduire à l'échelle du bâtiment. Cette vision parcellaire occulte l'existence d'autres objets immobiliers pour lesquels l'efficacité d'une démarche limitée à la seule mise en œuvre de solutions techniques est insuffisante : c'est le cas des grands patrimoines immobiliers d'envergure nationale. L'approche systémique montre que la résolution du problème soulevé par l'intégration de la nouvelle donne énergétique ne réside pas dans l'action énergétique mais dans la mutation du système de gestion patrimoniale. La compréhension énergétique d'un parc immobilier implique alors de réinterpréter l'objet immobilier lui-même pour comprendre son fonctionnement global et déterminer un processus d'amélioration continue dans lequel devra s'inscrire la maîtrise du flux énergétique. Ce travail de thèse appréhende la complexité fonctionnelle des parcs immobiliers d'envergure nationale en menant une interprétation systémique fondée sur l'établissement d'un concept de performance globale. Cette démarche, avant tout, méthodologique repose sur l'élaboration d'une cartographie des processus macroscopiques devant intervenir en gestion patrimoniale pour obtenir une évolution positive du système immobilier. L'étude menée sur le parc ministériel de la défense a permis de confronter notre démarche à une forme réelle de complexité immobilière et de la mettre en pratique dans le domaine énergétique. L'élaboration d'une stratégie ministérielle et l'établissement d'un système d'information de gestion ont notamment contribué à valider la portée opérationnelle des résultats obtenus. L'émergence d'une véritable pensée stratégique patrimoniale ouvre des perspectives d'évolution systémique fondées sur la réorganisation progressive d'un fonctionnement immobilier souvent rudimentaire / Policies addressing energy issues in France in the real estate focus on actions to be taken throughout the building. This fragmented view obscures the existence of other real estate objects for which the effectiveness of an approach limited to only implement technical solutions is insufficient: the case of nationwide real estate assets. The systemic approach shows that the resolution of the problem raised by the integration of the new energy context doesn't lie in the energy action but in the transformation of building management beyond energy. A building stock energy understanding implies to review the real estate object itself to get its overall functioning and develop an improvement process in which to integrate the control of energy flow. This thesis presents a systemic interpretation of national building stocks and an analysis of their functional complexity using a concept of global performance. This approach, above all, based on the methodological development of a macroscopic process mapping to intervene in asset management for a positive development of the real estate system. The particular study of the Defence real estate has to confront the complexity of real estate and to apply our methodological framework to the energy field. The validation of a strategic approach and the establishment of a management information system helped to validate the operational range of results. The emergence of a real estate strategic thinking reveals perspectives of systemic progression based on the gradual reorganization of real estate rudimentary operation

L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre le design des organisations à la fois innovantes et socialement responsables qui sont capable d’apprendre et évoluer dans l’économie globale basée sur les connaissances. En appliquant l’approche de la science de la complexité au niveau des entreprises (premier essai), nous apportons un éclairage théorique sur les conditions favorables à l’innovation des systèmes organisationnels. Notre analyse suggère que c'est la culture organisationnelle éthique basée sur la liberté individuelle et orientée vers le bien commun qui est la plus favorable à l’innovation radicale et durable. Ce prototype de la culture éthique est opérationnalisé ensuite en mobilisant le cadre théorique de Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998) sur le lien entre les trois dimensions de capital social et l’innovation (la deuxième étude) et le design holographique (la troisième étude). Nous testons nos deux modèles de recherche sur un échantillon de convenance des répondants organisationnelles en utilisant la méthode PLS-SEM. Les résultats empiriques valident nos deux modèles théoriques qui mettent en évidence le rôle critique du leadership éthique pour développer une culture d’entreprise éthique propice à l’innovation. Ce type de culture organisationnelle qui favorise à la fois l’afflux de nouvelles idées (grâce à la diversité au travail et aux partenariats avec les parties prenantes) et la coopération des employés (grâce au climat éthique ; participation d’employés dans les programmes de la RSE et à l’orientation stratégique de la RSE) est indispensable pour réconcilier la performance économique des entreprises avec le développement durable de la société globale / The aim of this thesis is to understand the design of socially responsible and innovative organizations that are capable of learning and evolving in the global knowledge-based economy. By applying the systemic approach of complexity science to business companies (first essay), we provide a theoretical understanding of the enabling conditions for organizational innovations. Our analysis suggests that ethical learning culture built on individual freedom for creativity and organizational vision for sustainability is the most likely to create a work environment conducive to radical sustainable innovations. To operationalize the prototype of ethical learning culture, we mobilize the theoretical model Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998) on the link between three dimensions of social capital and innovation (second study) and the cybernetic principles of holographic design (third study). We test the two research models on a convenience sample of organizational respondents by using the PLS-SEM. Empirical findings validate our two theoretical models that highlight the critical role of ethical leadership for developing an ethical learning culture. This type of organizational culture that simultaneously encourages inflows of new ideas (thanks to workforce diversity and partnerships with the firm’s stakeholders) and employees’ cooperation (thanks to ethical climate, employees’ participation in CSR projects and strategic CSR orientation) is essential for the long-term business success and sustainable human development

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana de Freitas Munia Barbosa.pdf: 1470548 bytes, checksum: 904bf9649fde69ae79426f93b238aae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-14 / Nowadays, drug abuse is a subject that is heavily divulgated and discussed. The drug abuse have increased drastically since the sec. XX. Therefore, it‟s sure that there is a necessity for scientific study in this area, so we will have the knowledge and direction needed for treatments and preventions of drug dependence. This study aim to verify how therapy in group, with the family members of the drug dependence- while getting a deeper comprehension of this issue transferring the problem from the dependent to the family group- collaborates with the progress of the individual, in terms of more adhesion, as we consider the situation as a whole, and so we can get better results for the treatment. Realizing the importance of the family, this theme will be adopted by the view of systemic approach. This is a qualitative study with a mixed methodology character: family therapy, genograms and semi-structurated interviews, using as a base the narratives of the members, because we understand that the meanings are built socially. The study was done in a therapeutic community in São Jose do Rio Preto, state of São Paulo. Nine families participated of the study, and was realized eight sections in group. The results, showed how the members of the family was re-mean their narratives and their behavior throughout the sections. It became clear that the group therapy is very productive, because they pass through the same difficulties, seek for help in each other, talk through the experiences they have being through, and so they get stronger. Plus, the family member has to be seen and treated as the key-word in the treatment process of drug dependence, contributing to the improvement of the familiar relationship, increasing the possibility of the dependent motivated himself and keep in treatment / A dependência de drogas na atualidade é um fenômeno amplamente divulgado e discutido, visto que o consumo de drogas cresceu assustadoramente a partir do século XX. Portanto, fica evidenciada a necessidade da construção de estudos científicos nesta área, para a compreensão e direcionamento de ações preventivas e de tratamento. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar como a terapia familiar em grupo com os familiares dos dependentes ao gerar uma compreensão mais ampla do problema, então deslocado do membro dependente para o grupo familiar , colabora para o progresso do tratamento desse membro, em termos de maior adesão e melhores resultados do tratamento. Pelo fato de priorizarmos a importância da família, este tema será abordado sob o prisma do pensamento sistêmico. Assim, efetuamos uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter multimetodológico: terapia familiar em grupo, genograma e entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizando como base as narrativas dos participantes, pois compreendemos que os significados são construídos socialmente. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma comunidade terapêutica na cidade de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo. Participaram do estudo nove famílias e foram realizadas oito sessões em grupo com os familiares. Os resultados mostram como os participantes da pesquisa foram, por meio das narrativas, ressignificando seus comportamentos e suas mudanças nos grupos terapêuticos. Ficou evidenciado que a terapia em grupo é muito produtiva, porquanto os indivíduos enfrentam as mesmas dificuldades, se apoiam, compartilham as experiências vividas e com isto se fortalecem, e também que o familiar deve ser considerado e tratado como uma das peças-chave no processo de recuperação da dependência de drogas, contribuindo para a melhoria das relações familiares e ampliando a possibilidade de o dependente motivar-se e manter-se em tratamento

A transgressão de determinados limites na apropriação da natureza pela sociedade vem explicitando o impasse na forma como se dá essa relação, levando pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento a centrar atenção sobre o problema. A diversidade de métodos, correntes ideológicas e pressupostos teóricos que definem tais pesquisas, levam a uma realidade em que, um dos raros pontos de consenso está na necessidade fundamental de uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Dentre todas as ciências, a Geografia, em função das características de seus objetos e métodos específicos, é aquela que reúne os melhores recursos teórico-metodológicos para abordar a questão de uma forma mais abrangente e integrada. Um dos conceitos fundamentais na análise das intervenções humanas, e das conseqüências destas sobre o ambiente é sustentabilidade. Diante da ampla gama e diversidade de abordagens sobre o tema, torna-se necessário definir critérios a partir dos quais seja possível mensurar a dimensão da relação custo/benefício das diferentes formas de intervenções humanas sobre o ambiente, sob as perspectivas sociais, econômicas e ambientais. Neste sentido, configura-se como fundamental a definição de indicadores de sustentabilidade e de métodos de avaliação desses indicadores, de forma a permitir estabelecer análises comparativas que possibilitem gerar subsídios para tomadas de decisões e, com isto, conduzir a uma relação mais equilibrada entre sociedade e natureza. O trabalho objetivou, através de uma abordagem sistêmica, verificar de que maneira a Geografia pode contribuir na busca de soluções para esses problemas. Buscou-se como objetivo principal, aplicar uma metodologia para a mensuração da sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental, dentro de uma perspectiva sistêmica, através de um modelo de avaliação e integração de indicadores de sustentabilidade. A premissa central em que se apoiou a pesquisa consistiu na concepção de que as análises sócio-ambientais e, portanto, as relações sociedade-natureza sejam elas sustentáveis ou não -, podem ter sua funcionalidade apreendida e até mensurada na perspectiva sistêmica. Procurou-se, como hipótese central, responder à questão: É possível mensurar a sustentabilidade sócio ambiental de uma comunidade tradicional, aplicando variáveis e parâmetros utilizados em metodologias de avaliação de sustentabilidade propostos internacionalmente, a serem aplicados no âmbito das nações? Na busca de respostas a essa questão, optou-se pela aplicação do modelo para a métrica de sustentabilidade denominado Painel da Sustentabilidade (Dashboard of Sustainability) na Comunidade Quilombola da Reserva Extrativista do Mandira, localizada no Baixo Vale do Ribeira do Iguape, com baixa densidade de ocupação e no entorno de diversas unidades de conservação. Tal opção deu-se pelas características peculiares da área, cuja comunidade, apresenta um histórico recente de organização e luta, que resultou, entre outras conquistas, na criação da Reserva Extrativista do Mandira, única Unidade de Conservação Federal com esse diploma legal no estado de São Paulo. O trabalho demonstrou diversas limitações do modelo utilizado quando aplicado à comunidades tradicionais, levando a indagações que resultaram na proposição, em caráter exploratório, de possíveis critérios para a métrica da sustentabilidade, sob a perspectiva geográfica. / The transgression of certain limits on the appropriation of nature by society is explaining the impasse in how this relationship occurs, leading researchers from different fields of knowledge to focus attention on the problem. The diversity of methods, theoretical and ideological currents that define such research lead to a situation where one of the rare points of consensus is the fundamental need for an interdisciplinary approach. Among all the sciences, geography, depending on the characteristics of their objects and methods, is the one that brings together the best theoretical and methodological resources to address in a more comprehensive and integrated way. One of the fundamental concepts in the analysis of human interventions, and its consequences on the environment is \"sustainability.\" Given the wide range and diversity of approaches to the topic, it is necessary to set criteria from which to measure the extent of cost-effectiveness of different forms of human interventions on the environment, under the social, economic and environmental perspectives. In this sense, appears as basic the definition of sustainability indicators and assessment methods of these indicators in order to allow comparative analysis to generate information to enable decision making and, thus, lead to a more balanced relationship between society and nature. The study aimed, through a systemic approach, at verifying how Geography can contribute to finding solutions to these problems. We sought the main objective, to apply a methodology for measuring social and environmental sustainability, within a systemic perspective, using a model of evaluation and integration of sustainability indicators. The central premise on which the research was supported was the conception that the socio-environmental analysis and therefore the relationship between society and nature - whether or not sustainable - may have withdrawn its functionality - and even measured - in the systemic perspective. It was, as central hypothesis, to answer the question: Is it possible to measure the environmental and social sustainability of a traditional community, using variables and parameters used in assessment of sustainability methodologies proposed internationally, to be applied within nations? In seeking answers to this question, we chose to apply the model to measure sustainability called \"Dashboard of Sustainability\" in the Quilombo Community in the Mandira Extractive Reserve, located in the Lower Valley of Ribeira do Iguape River, with low density of occupation and surroundings of various conservation units. This option was given by the peculiar characteristics of the area, whose community has a recent history of organization and struggle, which resulted, among other achievements, in creation of the Mandira Extractive Reserve, the only Federal Conservation Unit with this statute in the state of São Paulo. The study demonstrated several limitations in the model when applied to traditional communities, leading to questions that resulted in the proposition, in an exploratory, of possible criteria for the metric of sustainability, in the geographical perspective.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’efficacité d’un enseignement basé sur une approche systémique de l’énergie en cycle 3. Il s’agit d’étudier l’effet de l’usage de systèmes biotiques (relatifs au vivant) dans l’enseignement sur les apprentissages des élèves concernant un modèle de chaîne énergétique. À partir de la théorie de l’activité, un cadre d’analyse de l’efficacité reposant sur l’articulation entre la tâche et les actions et opérations des élèves a été proposé. Un protocole expérimental a été conçu afin de comparer, dans une même classe, un groupe d’élèves travaillant sur des systèmes biotiques et domestiques (groupe biotique) et un autre ne travaillant que sur des systèmes domestiques (groupe domestique). Les données se composent de questionnaires administrés avant et après l’enseignement dans 3 classes de CM1 ainsi que des enregistrements vidéos et du recueil des productions de l’ensemble des élèves d’une classe pendant les séances. Les résultats montrent que les élèves du groupe biotique progressent plus que les élèves du groupe domestique au niveau de la réalisation des chaînes énergétiques et de l’identification des sources d’énergie et des ressources naturelles après l’enseignement. Ils révèlent également que, pendant l’enseignement, les élèves du groupe biotique rencontrent plus de difficultés pour réaliser les chaînes énergétiques et évoquent plus les interactions entre les éléments du système. Enfin le couplage des analyses précédentes indique que les élèves qui ont réalisé des chaînes complètes et ceux qui ont évoqué les interactions entre les éléments du système pendant la dernière séance progressent plus sur les chaînes énergétiques après l’enseignement. / This study concerns the effectiveness of a teaching based on a systemic approach of energy in primary school. The aim is to observe the effect of biotic systems (relating to living being) used in the teaching on student learning about an energy chain model. According to the theory of activity, we proposed a framework to analyse the effectiveness based on the link between the task and the actions and operations of the students. An experimental protocol was designed to compare, in the same class, a group of students working on biotic and domestic systems (biotic group) and another working only on domestic systems (domestic group). The data include questionnaires given before and after teaching in 3 classroom of grade 4 and video recordings associated with the productions of all the students of one class during the teaching. The results show that students from the biotic group progress more after the teaching than students from the domestic group in terms of achieving energy chains and identifying sources of energy and natural resources. They also reveal that, during teaching, students from the biotic group had more difficulties to achieve energy chains and spoke more about the interactions between the elements of the system. Finally, the coupling of the previous analyzes indicates that the students who realized complete chains and those who evoked the interactions between the elements of the system during the last course progress more on the energy chains after the teaching.

Toute pathologie grave, survenant chez un patient, menace et modifie l’équilibre de son groupe familial. L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier l’impact du cancer du sein de la mère sur sa famille nucléaire, lorsque des enfants jeunes sont présents, grâce à l’évaluation longitudinale du fonctionnement familial, de la détresse psychologique et des stratégies d’adaptation, au travers du point de vue des différents membres du groupe : la mère malade, le père et l(es)’enfant(s). Méthode : 39 parents (23 mères et 16 pères), ont complété des auto-questionnaires et 22 enfants âgés de 6 à 12 ans, ont participé à des entretiens de recherche à quatre temps d’évaluation : lors de la 1ère (T1), de la 3ème (T2) et de la 5ème (T3) cure de chimiothérapie de la mère, ainsi que deux mois après la fin du traitement par chimiothérapie (T4).Résultats : Le fonctionnement familial perçu par les membres de la famille est typique et stable au cours du temps. Les conjoints perçoivent plus de difficultés au sein de la famille que les patientes et les enfants. L’évolution temporelle des variables met en évidence le T3 comme un moment de répit pour la famille nucléaire. Les niveaux de détresse psychologique exprimés sont non pathologiques, mais évoluent différemment selon la place du sujet dans la famille. Les femmes sont plus en détresse que leurs conjoints et leurs enfants et ont plus recours aux stratégies de coping centrées sur le problème et à la recherche de soutien social. Le niveau de dépression, d’hostilité et le recours aux stratégies de coping centrées sur l’émotion chez les mères expliquent leur perception du fonctionnement familial. A l’inverse, l’état psychologique et le mode d’adaptation des conjoints et des enfants n’influent pas sur leur perception du fonctionnement familial.Conclusion : Ces résultats montrent l’importance de combiner une méthodologie longitudinale qualitative et quantitative, afin de recueillir le point de vue de tous les membres de la famille et ainsi améliorer la compréhension de leur vécu face à la maladie de la mère. / Any serious illness occurring in a patient threatens and alters the balance of their family group. The objective of this study is to identify the impact of breast cancer on a mother's nuclear family, when young children are present, with the longitudinal assessment of family functioning, psychological distress and adaptation strategies, through the perspective of different members of the group: the sick mother, the father and child(ren).Method: 39 parents (23 mothers and 16 fathers) of children aged between 6 and 12 completed self-assessment questionnaires as well as 22 children participated in research interviews at four evaluation times: the first (T1), the third (T2) and fifth (T3) of the mother’s chemotherapy, and two months after the end of chemotherapy (T4).Results: Family functioning as perceived by the family’s members is typical and stable over time. Spouses perceive more difficulties within the family than the patients and the children. The temporal evolution of variables highlights the T3 as a respite for the nuclear family. Levels of psychological distress are not pathological, but are different depending on the member’s place in the family. Women are more distressed than their spouses and children, and have more use of coping strategies focused on problem solving and seeking social support. The level of depression, hostility and the use of coping strategies focused on emotion in mothers explain their perception of family functioning. By contrast, the psychological state and the mode of adaptation of spouses and children do not affect their perception of family functioning.Conclusion: These results show the importance of combining qualitative and quantitative longitudinal methodology to analyse the views of all members of the family and improve the understanding of their experiences with the disease of the mother.

Ce travail est consacré à la céramique décorée du Néolithique ancien danubien des bassins du Rhin, de la Meuse et de la Seine. L’application de la méthode systémique à l’ensemble des décors archéologiquement reconstituables découverts dans cette zone a permis d’élaborer une grammaire décorative du Rubané de la zone occidentale. L’analyse grammaticale ainsi appliquée à chaque groupe régional constitue un travail inédit.Au cœur de notre recherche se situe la question du morcellement du territoire. Dès le Rubané moyen, un bloc septentrional s’étend de l’Escaut jusqu’au Neckar, tandis qu’au sud, le Rubané Moyen de Haute-Alsace se développe de la vallée de la Marne au Hegau, en passant par l’extrémité sud de la plaine du Rhin supérieur. Seule la Basse-Alsace occupe, lors du Rubané moyen, une place isolée au sein de la zone occidentale. Dans la seconde moitié du Rubané (étapes IV et V), la zone occidentale est morcelée en trois complexes : le Rubané du Nord-Ouest qui s’étend de l’Escaut au Main, le Rubané du Centre qui regroupe les zones du Palatinat et du Neckar et le Rubané du Sud qui englobe le sud de la plaine du Rhin supérieur (Basse- et Haute-Alsace) et le Bassin parisien. / This work is dedicated to the analysis of the decorated pottery of the early Danubian Neolithic (Lbk) in the basins of the Rhine, the Meuse and the Seine (western Lbk). The application of a systemic approach to all the reconstructible decorations discovered in this area permitteded the elaboration of a decorative grammar for the western Lbk area. This grammatical analysis, which was applied to all the regional groups of this area, constitutes a totally new work.The center of our research focuses with the regionalisation process. In the middle Lbk phase, a northern block spreads over the Escaut to the Neckar, whereas in the south the “middle Lbk from Haute-Alsace” goes from the valley of the Marne to the Hegau via the southern part of the higher Rhine plain. Only the Basse-Alsace region occupies an isolated place within the western Lbk. In the second half of the Lbk (steps IV and V) this area is divided into three complexes: the Northwest Lbk, from the Escaut to the Main, the central Lbk, comprising the Palatinat and the Neckar regions and the southern Lbk, which includes the south of the higher Rhine plain (Basse- and Haute-Alsace) and the Paris basin.