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Intracellular protein phosphorylation is a critical step in cellular activation stimulated by the binding of various ligands to cell surface receptors. This process is initiated by activation of specific protein-tyrosine kinases associated with intracellular domains of the respective ligand receptor. JAK-STATs pathway is one of the main pathways in the cell activation process and given their important role in various PIDs, STATs proteins have been extensively studied in immune function in health and disease. Therefore, our work has focused on investigating and evaluating STATs activation and establishing flow cytometric methods to assess their phosphorylation to be a surrogate marker as a fast and sensitive diagnostic tool to current methods such as WB. At the first, we studied STAT1 and STAT3 activation and established a flow cytometric procedure to analyze variations of INF-α- and IL-6-induced STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation in T cells from whole blood, respectively (publication ΙΙ). To examine whether our results were specific, the samples were also analyzed by WB in parallel. After that, we validated the normal values of pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 based on 21 healthy adult controls according to an appropriate validation process. We showed that, in contrast to the conventional methods like WB, our assay offers a diagnostic benefit by avoiding labor and time consumption, with the advantage of achieving an earlier diagnosis, which potentially leads to improve treatment decisions; hence, patient’s outcome (publication ΙΙ). Furthermore, we verified FCM-based pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 profiling established here in patients group suffering from CMC and HIES. Our results demonstrated that pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 assay is an effective tool to identify and characterize well-known PIDs such as CMC and HIES, respectively (publication ΙΙ). Next, we introduced a fast and straightforward flow cytometric assay for the assessment of T cell proliferation, based on the staining of phosphorylated STAT5A (publication ΙΙΙ). We showed that pSTAT5A represents an appropriate approach to predict the behavior of T cells upon activation by CD3/CD28 and PHA. FCM-based pSTAT5A profiling is an intracellular flow cytometric method, enabling the early and reliable detection of T cell proliferation without long time incubation (within 24 h instead to 5 days). Importantly, measurement of pSTAT5A represents a new principle to assess T cell proliferation. It reveals important information on T cell biology by using series of kinetics and different kinds of T cell stimulation. For instance: [1] after stimulation via CD3/CD28 and negative pSTAT5A and T cell proliferation, the immune defect could be occurred in the whole signaling cascade (TCR-IL-2 transcription-JAK3-STAT5), [2] After stimulation via external IL-2 and negative pSTAT5A, the immune defect could be localized in the signaling cascade (IL-2R – JAK3 – STAT5), [3] After stimulation via external IL-2 and positive pSTAT5A, the immune defect could be localized in the signaling cascade (TCR - IL-2 transcription) (publication ΙΙΙ). We showed a strong correlation between the STAT5A phosphorylation and the percentage of dividing cells (publication ΙΙΙ). Later on, we used the measurement established here to investigate whether the phosphorylation of STAT5A is an appropriate candidate for predicting CMV specific T cell proliferation. It is well-known that CMV specific T cells expand with CMV reactivation and are probably prerequisite for control and protection. We demonstrated that CMV specific pSTAT5A detection represents a fast and straightforward diagnostic tool to assess CMV specific T cell proliferation without requisite several days’ culture (publication ΙV). Furthermore, we showed a positive correlation between the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells vs. (1) CMV-IgG concentrations vs. (2) the percentage of expanded T cells and vs. (3) the percentage of initial CMV specific T cells (publication ΙV). Finally, we evaluated the diagnostic value of pSTAT5 assay and determined the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells cut-off value at which pSTAT5 assay has the greatest diagnostic potency. Our data showed that a cut-off value of 9.1 % could be used to assess CMV specific T cell proliferation with a specificity and sensitivity of 100% and 73%, respectively. We verified measurement established here by CMV specific T cells stimulation in three selected patients diagnosed with CARMIL2-mutation and suffering from chronic CMV infection. Our results showed that the complete and the partial deficiency of CMV and CD3/CD28 stimulated pSTAT5A correlated with the complete and the partial deficiency of CMV and CD3/CD28 stimulated T cell proliferation, respectively (publication ΙV). In conclusion, disorders in JAKs-STATs signal pathways in T cells may result in insufficient response to stimulants. Therefore, FCM-based pSTATs profiling is an effective tool for clinical laboratory diagnostics [1] to understand the susceptibility to recurrent opportunistic infections [2] to rapidly identify T cell proliferation [3] to investigate tumor-specific responses of CD8 T effector and memory cells (56) and finally [4] to identify and distinguish well-known PIDs like CARMIL-2 mutations, CMC, AD-HIES or AR-HIES.

Interleukin-7 is an essential cytokine that plays a major role in the development and homeostatic maintenance of T-cells. The presence of soluble forms of various cytokine receptors have been proposed to be involved in the endogenous regulation of cytokine activity. Due to the natural ability of soluble CD127 (sCD127) to bind to IL-7, there is an interest in its potential application as an immunotherapeutic agent in diseases, where IL-7 has been found to be relevant, including HIV infection. In this study, I hypothesize that by administering sCD127 to healthy mice, IL-7 activity should be enhanced, thus enhancing T cell proliferation in vivo. The work presented here focuses on three main objectives: 1) evaluating the effect of IL-7 with or without sCD127 on T cell proliferation in healthy mice; 2) validating a mouse model of T cell depletion using anti-CD4 and CD8 antibodies; and 3) determining the effect of sCD127 treatment with or without IL-7 on T cell reconstitution and proliferation in the T cell depletion model. To assess the effect of administering exogenous sCD127, IL-7 or the combination on T cell proliferation, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spleen were isolated, and stained to characterize T cell number, proliferation, and surface CD127 expression by flow cytometry. For the T cell depletion model, wild type C57BL/6 mice were injected intra-peritoneally with 150 μg single dose of anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 depleting antibodies. Consequently, mice were bled weekly to demonstrate the kinetics of T cell reconstitution following depletion (from d7 to d63). Our results demonstrated that in healthy mice daily treatment with murine IL-7 significantly stimulated T cell proliferation and consequently increased cell number. This observation was further boosted by pre-complexing IL-7 with sCD127. For T cell depletion experiments, the kinetics of T-cell reconstitution was different between the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cell reconstitution was almost complete 6 weeks following T cell depletion, while CD8+ T cells were only partially reconstituted at this time point. Treatment with IL-7 or combined therapy had a transient and significant effect on T cell proliferation and reconstitution, and this influence was abrogated after treatment discontinuation. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells exert greater responses to our treatments in that a more pronounced proliferation and significant increase in cell number was observed relative to the effect seen on CD4+ T cells in both healthy and depleted mice. In conclusion, antibody-mediated T cell depletion is a potentially valuable tool to investigate lymphopenia-induced proliferation and potential therapies thereof. This study suggests that combining sCD127 and IL-7 therapies enhances IL-7-mediated T cell proliferation, and provides important information for the potential therapeutic use of sCD127 and its impact on IL-7 function.

The transcription factor NFAT5/TonEBP belongs to the Rel family, which also comprises NF ÛB and NFATc proteins. NFAT5 only shares structural and functional homology with other Rel family members at the level of the DNA binding domain, and differs from them considerably in other regions. NFAT5 enables mammalian cells to adapt to and withstand hypertonicity by orchestrating an osmoprotective gene expression program whose products include chaperones as well as ransporters and enzymes that increase the intracellular concentration of compatible osmolytes. NFAT5-null mice suffer severe embryonic and perinatal lethality, and surviving adults manifest growth defects, pronounced renal atrophy and lymphocyte dysfunction associated with ineffective responses to hypertonicity. To circumvent the lethality of these mice and study the function of NFAT5 in specific cell types without the possible side effects of generalized defects in the organism, we have produced conditional knockout mice that allow the deletion of NFAT5 in specific cell types. Here we have investigated the hypertonic stress response in wild-type and NFAT5-/- lymphocytes. Proliferating lymphocytes exposed to hypertonic conditions exhibited an early, NFAT5- independent, genotoxic stress-like response with induction of p53, p21 and GADD45, downregulation of cyclins E1, A2 and B1 mRNA, and arrest in S and G2/M. This was followed by an NFAT5-dependent adaptive phase in wild-type cells, which induced osmoprotective gene products, downregulated stress markers, and resumed cyclin expression and cell cycle progression. NFAT5-/- cells, however, failed to induce osmoprotective genes and though they downregulated genotoxic stress markers, they displayed defective cell cycle progression associated with reduced expression of cyclins E1, A2, B1, and aurora B kinase. Finally, T cell receptor-induced expression of cyclins, aurora B kinase, and cell cycle progression were inhibited in NFAT5-/- lymphocytes exposed to hypertonicity levels in the range reported in plasma in patients and animal models of osmoregulatory disorders. Our results support the conclusion that the activation of an osmoprotective gene expression program by NFAT5 enables cells to proliferate under hypertonic stress conditions by maintaining the expression of S and G2/M cyclins and cell cycle progression.

No description available.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells expand with CMV reactivation and are probably prerequisite for control and protection. Given the critical role STAT5A phosphorylation (pSTAT5A) in T cell proliferation, this study presents a simple and sensitive flow cytometric-based pSTAT5A assay to quickly identify CMV-specific T cell proliferation. We determined pSTAT5A in T cells treated with CMV-specific peptide mix (pp65 + IE1 peptides) from 20 healthy adult subjects and three immunodeficient patients with CARMIL-2 mutation. After stimulation, the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells in CMV-seropositive (CMV+) subjects significantly increased from 3.0% ± 1.9% (unstimulated) to 11.4% ± 5.9% (stimulated) for 24 h. After 7 days of stimulation, the percentage of expanded T cells amounted to 26% ± 17.2%. Conversely, the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells and T cell proliferation from CMV-seronegative (CMV−) subjects hardly changed (from 3.0% ± 1.3% to 3.7% ± 1.8% and from 4.3% ± 2.1% to 5.7% ± 1.7%, respectively). We analyzed the correlation between the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells versus (1) CMV-IgG concentrations versus (2) the percentage of expanded T cells and versus (3) the percentage of initial CMV-specific T cells. In immunodeficient patients with CARMIL-2 mutation, CMV-specific pSTAT5A and T cell proliferation were completely deficient. In conclusion, flow cytometric-based pSTAT5A assay represents an appropriate tool to quickly identify CMV-specific T cell proliferation and helps to understand dysfunctions in controlling other pathogens. Flow cytometric-based pSTAT5A assay may be a useful test in clinical practice and merits further validation in large studies.

Hintergrund: Die Funktion von Immunzellen hängt von einer konstanten und ausreichenden Energieversorgung ab, die über die OXPHOS in den Mitochondrien und die Glykolyse im Zytosol realisiert wird. Die wichtigsten Substrate dafür sind Sauerstoff und Glukose. Fragestellung: Bei schweren Erkrankungen oder in Entzündungsgebieten ist die zelluläre Energieversorgung stark beeinträchtigt, weil in der Mikroumgebung der Zelle Sauerstoff und Nährstoffe inadäquat bereitgestellt werden. Ziel war herauszufinden, ob und wie humane Immunzellen ihre Lebensfähigkeit und funktionellen Aktivitäten unter solchen Umständen aufrechterhalten. Methoden: Humane CD4+ T-Zellen und CD14+ Monozyten wurden durch MACS aus peripherem Blut gesunder Spender isoliert. Die Sauerstoffverbrauchsmessung mittels Clark-Elektrode war Maß der oxidativen Energiebildung, die mit Myxothiazol und Glukoseentzug gehemmt wurde. Die CD3/CD28-stimulierte T-Zell-Proliferation wurde durchflußzytometrisch mittels CFDA SE analysiert. Basierend auf dem Paraformaldehyd-Saponin-Prozedere wurde die Zytokinsynthese ebenfalls am FACS bewertet, nachdem die T-Zellen in Anwesenheit von Brefeldin A mit PMA/Ionomycin stimuliert wurden. Mit einem käuflichen Testsystem (FACS-Technik) wurde die monozytäre Phagozytose untersucht. Die HIF-1alpha-Expression wurde nach PMA-Ionomycin-Stimulation von Myxothiazol-behandelten T-Zellen auf mRNA- und Proteinebene gemessen. Ergebnisse: Bei Glukoseanwesenheit waren alle untersuchten Immunfunktionen trotz vollständig gehemmter OXPHOS unbeeinträchtigt. Erst bei gleichzeitigem Glukoseentzug, der per sé Proliferation und Phagozytose signifikant beeinträchtigte, waren sie signifikant vermindert. Es wird vermutet, daß T-Zellen die Energieverluste mit einem überschießenden Effekt ihres Sauerstoffverbrauchs und stark angetriebener Glykolyse kompensieren. HIF-1alpha ist dabei nicht entscheidend für die Umschaltung auf anaerobe Energiesynthese. Schlußfolgerung: Die Daten quantifizieren die Energieanforderungen der funktionellen Aktivität in hochgereinigten humanen Immunzellfraktionen. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß sich Immunzellen unerwartet lange an eine massiv beeinträchtigte Energetik adaptieren können und ihre spezifischen Funktionen aufrechterhalten. / Background: The function of immune cells is dependent upon a constant and adequate supply of energy. Energy is formed via OXPHOS in the mitochondria and via cytosolic glycolysis. Oxygen and glucose are the main substrates for energy synthesis. Objective: In severe diseases or in inflamed areas cellular energy supply is significantly impaired due to inadequate supply of cellular microenvironment with oxygen and nutrients. The aim of this study was to answer the question, whether and how human immune cells maintain viability and functional activity under these circumstances. Methods: Human CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes were isolated by MACS from peripheral blood of healthy donors. The extent of oxidative energy formation was determined via measurement of oxygen consumption using a Clark type electrode. Energy production was restricted in glucose-free cell culture medium and by gradually inhibited OXPHOS using myxothiazol. T cell proliferation was flow-cytometrically analysed using CFDA SE after stimulation with CD3 and CD28 antibodies. Cytokine synthesis was assessed by flow-cytometrical immunofluorescence and the paraformaldehyde-saponin procedure after stimulation of T cells with PMA/ionomycin in the presence of brefeldin A. Phagocytosis of monocytes was measured using a commercial test system (FACS technique). HIF-1alpha expression was assessed by semiquantitative PCR and immunoblot after the stimulation of myxothiazol treated T cells with PMA/ionomycin. Results: In glucose-containing medium all investigated immune functions were unaffected even under complete suppression of OXPHOS. Only when OXPHOS and glycolysis were simultaneously and almost completely suppressed a significant decrease was found. Glucose deprivation per se caused both a significantly reduced proliferation and phagocytosis. It is supposed, that T cells are able to compensate for an energy deficit by an excess of oxygen consumption and strongly induced glycolysis. However, HIF-1alpha was found to be not crucial for switching to anaerobic energy synthesis. Conclusion: These data quantify the energy requirement of functional activity in highly purified human immune cell fractions. An unexpectedly high adaptive potential of immune cells to maintain specific functions even under massively impaired energetic conditions could be demonstrated.

La sénescence est un important mécanisme cellulaire qui prévient la tumorigenèse et se caractérise par un arrêt permanent du cycle cellulaire orchestré principalement par les inhibiteurs des cycline-kinases dépendantes (i.e p16INK4a). La sénescence est une caractéristique importante du vieillissement, mais un déséquilibre dans son induction peut être délétère pour la régénération tissulaire et paradoxalement pour la progression tumorale. L'irradiation (IR) est couramment utilisée comme approche thérapeutique dans le cancer. Chez les enfants survivants du cancer, l’exposition à l’irradiation et à la chimiothérapie entrainent le développement d’importants effets secondaires, lesquels sont associés à une forme de vieillissement prématuré. La formation de cellules sénescentes, en inhibant la prolifération tissulaire et en sécrétant des cytokines proinflammatoires, pourrait être en être responsable. Notre groupe a précédemment démontré que le gène p16INK4a est augmenté de manière tardive (environ 8 semaines) suite à une exposition à l’irradiation. Il n'a pas encore été étudié si cette expression retardée survient en réponse aux dommages causés par l'irradiation sur l’homéostasie tissulaire ou à titre de mécanismes de suppression tumorale. Un objectif de cette thèse visait donc à déterminer s’il était possible de moduler/inhiber l’expression de p16INK4a dans le but d’accroitre la régénération tissulaire sans nécessairement accroitre les risques d’incidence du cancer. En effet, ceci pourrait être possible dans la mesure ou la sénescence induite par p16INK4a est également irréversible in vivo. Nos résultats ont démontré que l’inhibition de l’expression de p16INKa (suite à l’administration de tamoxifen chez les souris p16L/LCre), induit à la fois une augmentation de la régénération tissulaire mais malheureusement également une augmentation de l’incidence du cancer. Nous voulions également connaitre l’impact de l’accumulation de ces cellules sénescentes sur les tissus, plus spécifiquement sur la fonction des cellules immunitaires de la rate. Nous avons démontré que des altérations (dépendantes de p16INK4a) au sein du microenvironnement splénique pouvaient altérer les fonctions intrinsèques des macrophages, des cellules dendritiques et des lymphocytes T. En outre, l'élimination systémique des cellules p16INK4a positives (modèle de sourie p16-3MR) a conduit à une restauration partielle de la fonction de ces cellules immunitaires. La combinaison de ces données nous permet de mieux comprendre le rôle et la fonction du gène p16INK4a dans le processus de sénescence induite par l’irradiation. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il est envisageable d’utiliser des agents pharmacologiques tels que des composés sénolytiques, capables d’induire l’apoptose chez les cellules sénescentes spécifiquement, afin de potentiellement diminuer les effets du vieillissement prématuré induit par la sénescence cellulaire chez les survivants du cancer. / Senescence is an important cellular mechanism that prevents tumorigenesis and is characterized by a permanent cell cycle arrest orchestrated by cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (i.e p16INK4a). Senescence is an important hallmark of aging and unbalanced levels of senescence is considered deleterious for tissue regeneration, and paradoxically for tumor progression. Irradiation (IR) is commonly used therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. Together with surgery and chemotherapy, it has helped to increase the life expectancy of patients and, in some cases, leads to complete remission. However, long-after therapy, children who survive cancer encounter alterations in the integrity of tissues/organs associated with premature aging. The accumulation of senescent cells may be responsible for this accelerated aging by limiting tissue proliferation and secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our group has previously demonstrated that the p16INK4a gene is increased in a delayed manner (approximately 8 weeks) following exposure to IR. It has not yet been investigated whether this delayed expression occurs in response to IR-induce damage of tissue homeostasis or as tumor suppression mechanisms. One objective of this thesis was to determine whether it was possible to modulate / inhibit the expression of p16INK4a in order to increase tissue regeneration without necessarily increasing the risk of cancer incidence. Indeed, this may be possible since p16INK4a-induced senescence is also irreversible in vivo. Our results demonstrated that the inhibition of p16INK4a expression in conditional-p16INK4a null mice , induces both an increase in tissue regeneration but unfortunately also an increase in the incidence of cancer. We also wanted to know the impact of the accumulation of these senescent cells on the tissues, more specifically on the function of the immune cells in the spleen. We have demonstrated that alterations (p16INK4a-dependent) within the splenic microenvironment can alter the intrinsic functions of macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells. In addition, the systemic elimination of p16INK4a positive cells (mouse model p16-3MR) has led to a partial restoration of the function of these immune cells. The combination of these data allows us to better understand the role and function of the p16INK4a gene in the irradiation-induced senescence process. Our results suggest that it is conceivable to use pharmacological agents such as senolytic compounds, capable of inducing apoptosis in senescent cells specifically, in order to potentially reduce the effects of premature aging induced by cellular senescence in cancer survivors.