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Faisant confiance à leur intuition les urbanistes s’inscrivent souvent dans un flou théorique qui les rend susceptibles de succomber à l’idéologie dominante et aux modes du moment. La première partie de ce mémoire vise à démontrer que cette posture par rapport à la théorie entraine un manque de réflexivité qui constitue un obstacle majeur à l’exercice d’une pratique urbanistique véritablement professionnelle, éthique et respectueuse du territoire. En effet, selon Bourdieu, un corpus théorique autonome permettrait d’offrir à l’urbaniste un cadre de réflexivité lui permettant de prendre du recul sur le quotidien et d’échapper à l’influence indue de l’idéologie sur sa pratique. Ce mémoire vise à comprendre la configuration actuelle du champ des théories de l’urbanisme en Occident (compris selon la théorie des champs de Bourdieu) et à proposer un modèle synthèse spécifiquement destiné à servir d’outil de réflexivité à l’urbaniste. Pour y parvenir, il a été privilégié de faire une relecture herméneutique de modèles théoriques existants, mais considérés comme incomplets, des théories de l’urbanisme. Dans ce domaine, deux Écoles de pensée ont été définies (École française et École anglo-saxonne). Ensuite, une typologie emblématique de chaque École a été choisie pour être revue à la lumière de l’objectif fixé. Ainsi, les typologies de Françoise Choay (École française) et de Philip Allmendinger (École anglo-saxonne) ont été analysées et mises en commun au moyen de la construction d’une historiographie commune des théories de l’urbanisme. Finalement, un modèle théorique original (la typologie intégrée) a été formulé. Celui-ci définit quatre grands courants théoriques : le rationalisme instrumental, le rationalisme intersubjectif, le mouvement pragmatico-postmoderne et le mouvement patrimonial. Il apparaît alors que le rationalisme occupe une position hégémonique dans le champ des théories de l’urbanisme depuis sa fondation et qu’elle est assumée par le rationalisme intersubjectif depuis le milieu des années 1990. / Relying on their intuition, urbanists are often in a blurred theoric frame which make them more likely to go into the dominant ideology and the current main trends. The first part of this master thesis intend to illustrate that this attitude toward theory is leading to a lack of reflexivity which is an major obstacle to the exercice of a trully professional, ethical and respectful toward territory urbanistic practice. According to Pierre Bourdieu, an autonomous theoric corpus would give the urbanist a frame for reflexivity in order to take step back from his daily exercice of urban planning and to escape the concealed influence of ideology. This thesis intend to understand the actual outline of the field of urbanism theories (understood following the theory of fields of Bourdieu) in the western countries and to propose a synthetic theoric frame specifically dedicated to be use as a reflexivity tool by the urbanist. In order to achieve this goal, an hermeutical reading of the existing, but incomplete, urbanism theories models has been selected. Regarding this matter, two School of toughts has been outlined : the French and the Anglo-saxon Schools. After, a typology of urbanism theories representing each school has been selected to be re-examine. Thus, Françoise Choay’s (for the French School) and Philip Allemndinger’s (for the Anglo-saxon School) typologies has been analysed and put togheter by the construction of a common historiography of the urbanism theories. Finally, a brand new theoritical model (the integrated typology) has been proposed. It propounds that the field of urbanism theories has four great theoritical movements : the instrumental rationalism, the intersubjective rationalism, the pragmatic-postmodern movement and the heritage based movement. In conclusion, rationalism appears as the hegemonic trend in the field of urbanism theories since its foundation and that this dominant position is now overtake by the intersubjective rationalism movement since the mid-1990s.

Este estudo analisa como mudanças institucionais no mercado da soja brasileiro proporcionam as condições para negociação de um sistema de governança ambiental para a produção na Amazônia. Em junho de 2006, as principais agroindústrias anunciaram um acordo inédito parao setor agrícola do país: Elas se comprometeram a não comercializa a colheita produzidas em novas áreas desmatadas da floresta amazônica. Esse acordo ficou conhecido como a Moratória da Sója e deu origem a um sistema de segurança multistakeholders para conter o avanço da produção sobre a floresta. O comportamento dos atores ligados à agroindústria da soja é a face mais visível de um fenômeno social que também tem seus componetes econômicos, culturais e políticos. O arranjo que surgiu no campo da soja faz parte de um movimento que se espalha por vários mercados contemporâneos, onde cada vez mais as organizações, em vez de esperar pelo Estado antecipam-se criando sistemas voluntários de gestão ambiental, por meio de protocolos e acordos voltados a reduzir os impactos ambientais negativos daquilo que fazem. A decisão de decretar a moratória e a consequente criação de um comitê de governança ambiental é analisada sob uma perspectiva histórica, na qual grupos dominantes e desafientes constantemente disputam nos campos sociais a definição das instituições que dão estabilidade aos mercados. A partir de novas vertentes teóricas da nova sociologia econômica e da teoria das organizações, as ações tomadas pela agroindústria são vistas não apenas como escolha racional a partir dos recursos internos das empresas e dos sinais do mercado, mas como resposta a pressão externa por legitimidade. / This study focus on how institutional changes in the soybean market generated conditions to setting an environmental governance system for production in the Amazon region. On June 2006, the main soybean and trading companies working in Brazil reached an unprecedented agreement on not to trade soy grown in newly deforested area in the Amazon. The agreement was named Soybean Moratorium in the Amazon and led to the creation of the Soya Working Group, a multistakeholder arrangement to curb production from spreading throughout the forest. The soybean industry actors behavior is part of a broader complex social phenomenon, which also includes economic, cultural and political components. The new institutional arrangement in the soybean organizational field is connected to a broader move spreading on several contemporary markets, in which organizations, instead of waiting for State regulations, adopt initiatives, such as voluntary systems of environmental management through alliances, agreements and certifications systems, to control the negative impacts of their activities. The new attitudes are explained from a historical perspective, in which dominant groups and their challengers dispute, within social arenas, the definition of institutions that stabilize the organizational field. Using the theoretical approaches of economic sociology and sociology of organizations, the action of the soybean industry is seen not only as rational choices based on the company resources and market signals, but as answers to external pressures for legitimacy

Este estudo analisa como mudanças institucionais no mercado da soja brasileiro proporcionam as condições para negociação de um sistema de governança ambiental para a produção na Amazônia. Em junho de 2006, as principais agroindústrias anunciaram um acordo inédito parao setor agrícola do país: Elas se comprometeram a não comercializa a colheita produzidas em novas áreas desmatadas da floresta amazônica. Esse acordo ficou conhecido como a Moratória da Sója e deu origem a um sistema de segurança multistakeholders para conter o avanço da produção sobre a floresta. O comportamento dos atores ligados à agroindústria da soja é a face mais visível de um fenômeno social que também tem seus componetes econômicos, culturais e políticos. O arranjo que surgiu no campo da soja faz parte de um movimento que se espalha por vários mercados contemporâneos, onde cada vez mais as organizações, em vez de esperar pelo Estado antecipam-se criando sistemas voluntários de gestão ambiental, por meio de protocolos e acordos voltados a reduzir os impactos ambientais negativos daquilo que fazem. A decisão de decretar a moratória e a consequente criação de um comitê de governança ambiental é analisada sob uma perspectiva histórica, na qual grupos dominantes e desafientes constantemente disputam nos campos sociais a definição das instituições que dão estabilidade aos mercados. A partir de novas vertentes teóricas da nova sociologia econômica e da teoria das organizações, as ações tomadas pela agroindústria são vistas não apenas como escolha racional a partir dos recursos internos das empresas e dos sinais do mercado, mas como resposta a pressão externa por legitimidade. / This study focus on how institutional changes in the soybean market generated conditions to setting an environmental governance system for production in the Amazon region. On June 2006, the main soybean and trading companies working in Brazil reached an unprecedented agreement on not to trade soy grown in newly deforested area in the Amazon. The agreement was named Soybean Moratorium in the Amazon and led to the creation of the Soya Working Group, a multistakeholder arrangement to curb production from spreading throughout the forest. The soybean industry actors behavior is part of a broader complex social phenomenon, which also includes economic, cultural and political components. The new institutional arrangement in the soybean organizational field is connected to a broader move spreading on several contemporary markets, in which organizations, instead of waiting for State regulations, adopt initiatives, such as voluntary systems of environmental management through alliances, agreements and certifications systems, to control the negative impacts of their activities. The new attitudes are explained from a historical perspective, in which dominant groups and their challengers dispute, within social arenas, the definition of institutions that stabilize the organizational field. Using the theoretical approaches of economic sociology and sociology of organizations, the action of the soybean industry is seen not only as rational choices based on the company resources and market signals, but as answers to external pressures for legitimacy

This thesis aims to understand and explain the importance that prostitution forums have for the exercise of power and influence in the area of prostitution. It also seeks to clarify how these forums developed and were able to occur within a Swedish context. Sweden was the first country to legislate to criminalise only the buying, but not the sale, of sexual services. Social work provisions aims to get people out of prostitution. The thesis is based on an ethnographic study of the three largest Swedish prostitution forums during a two-year period. The empirical material consists of both quantitative participant and content analysis and field notes from observation of the interactions on the forums. The theoretical framework is based mainly on A Theory of Fields by Neil Fligstein and Doug McAdam. It focuses on the collective action on - and between - fields and how institutions are reproduced and changed.   The results show that most of the content was published by a smaller group of actors. The interaction can be divided into the following subjects: social shims; information; negotiations and rules; advice and support; viewpoints on the forum as well as discussion on prostitution and its regulation. Moreover, the study shows that the forums enabled both sex service providers and sex clients to meet collectively, pursue common interests and discuss which rules should prevail in the prostitution market. Providers also pursued self-organised harm reduction social measures. This form of self-help was also sanctioned by a municipal prostitution unit, which can be interpreted as if it acted in a contrary direction to the government’s prostitution policy. The actors in the forums perceived themselves to be stigmatised by society, where sex service providers to a greater extent than sex clients, described a form of stigma. In the forums they could, however, feel a sense of belonging. The actors perceived themselves to be monitored by the Swedish state and they collectively self-regulated the interaction. Sex service providers and sex clients also co-operated, on occasions, with the Swedish state in order to jointly combat child prostitution, human trafficking and organised crime.

This thesis is concerned with theoretical concepts of phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics and their computational realization. The main goal of this thesis is to provide efficient workflows for an accurate description of thermodynamic properties of molecules and solid state materials. The Cp-MD workflow developed within this thesis is applied to characterize binary battery materials, such as lithium silicides.This workflow enables a numerically efficient description of macroscopic thermodynamic properties. For battery materials and metal-organic frameworks, it is shown that some macroscopic properties are dominantly controlled by microscopic properties. These microscopic properties are well described by respective small clusters or molecules.Given their reduced size, these systems can be calculated using more accurate and numerically more demanding methods. Standard density functional theory (DFT) and the so called Fermi-Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction (FLO-SIC) method are used for further investigations. It will be shown that SIC is able to overcome some of the problems of DFT. Given further workflows, it is demonstrated how a combination of different computational methods can speed up thermodynamic calculations and is able to deepen the understanding of the driving forces of macroscopic thermodynamic properties.:1 Introduction 2 Open-source and open-science I Theoretical basics 3 Computational methods 4 Computation of thermodynamic properties II Thermodynamics of solid state systems 5 Methodical developments 6 Lithium silicides 7 Metal-organic frameworks III Thermodynamics of nuclei and electrons 8 Electrons and bonding information 9 Thermodynamic properties IV Summary 10 Conclusion 11 Outlook V Appendix / Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit theoretischen Konzepten der phänomenologischen und statistischen Thermodynamik und deren numerischer Umsetzung. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Arbeitsabläufe für die akurate Beschreibung von thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von Molekülen und Festkörpern zur Verfügung zu stellen. Der während dieser Arbeit entwickelte Cp -MD Arbeitsablauf wird angewandt um binäre Batteriemateralien, wie Lithiumsilizide, zu charakterisieren. Dieser Arbeitsablauf ermöglicht eine numerisch effiziente Beschreibung von makroskopischen thermodynamischen Eigenschaften. Für Batteriemateralien und metallorganische Gerüstverbindungen wird gezeigt, dass einige makroskopische Eigenschaften hauptsächlich von mikroskopischen Eigenschaften kontrolliert sind. Diese mikroskopischen Eigenschaften können mittels zugehöriger Cluster oder Moleküle beschrieben werden. Aufgrund ihrer reduzierten Größe können diese Systeme mit genaueren und numerisch aufwendigeren Methoden berechnet werden. Standard Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) und die Fermi-Löwdin-Orbital Selbstwechselwirkungskorrektur (FLO-SWK) werden für weitere Untersuchungen verwendet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die SWK einige Probleme der DFT überwinden kann. Anhand weiterer Arbeitsabläufe wird gezeigt, wie eine Kombination von verschiedenen numerischen Methoden thermodynamische Berechnungen beschleunigen kann und in der Lage ist das Verständnis der Triebkräfte von makroskopischen thermodynamischen Eigenschaften zu vertiefen.:1 Introduction 2 Open-source and open-science I Theoretical basics 3 Computational methods 4 Computation of thermodynamic properties II Thermodynamics of solid state systems 5 Methodical developments 6 Lithium silicides 7 Metal-organic frameworks III Thermodynamics of nuclei and electrons 8 Electrons and bonding information 9 Thermodynamic properties IV Summary 10 Conclusion 11 Outlook V Appendix

In this thesis, patterning methods to fabricate various functional particle patterns on substrates were developed, with the main aim of modifying the properties and functions of the substrates. Two classes of model substrates were selected; topographically patterned and smooth substrates. For the first model system, i.e., topographically patterned substrates, replication molding was used to topographically pattern substrates of different materials. The topographically patterned substrates, including TiO2, block-copolymer substrates (PS-b-P2VP and PS-b-P4VP), and microrings (TiO2 and Au), were then used to assemble silica (SiO2) microparticles for functional applications. By the assembly of microparticles on topographically patterned substrates, the wettability of the former could be reversibly switched from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. Moreover, a platform for the preparation of Janus particles by orthogonal functionalization of the top and bottom sides of microparticles assembled on topographically patterned substrates was developed. Clusters of superparamagnetic nanoparticles were stamped on the second class of model substrates, i.e., smooth silanized silicon substrates. A capillary stamping approach combined with an external permanent magnetic field or electromagnets was realized to print magnetic nanoparticle-based inks. In this way, ordered arrays of clusters of magnetic nanoparticles were produced.