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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Stratégies pro-apoptotiques appliquées au traitement photodynamique avec le Foscan® de modèles précliniques d’adénocarcinome humain / Proapoptotic strategy in Foscan®-mediated photodynamic therapy applied on preclinical models from human adenocarcinoma

Marchal, Sophie 27 June 2008 (has links)
Le but de cette thèse est de développer une stratégie pro-apoptotique à partir des paramètres pouvant moduler l’apoptose photoinduite par le Foscan® dans des modèles précliniques d’adénocarcinome humain. La PDT avec le Foscan® a été appliquée in vitro sur lignées cellulaires où une apoptose modérée a été obtenue via l’implication indirecte de la voie mitochondriale. La modulation de l’apoptose photoinduite par l’oxygénation a été démontrée sur sphéroïde, modèle de micro-tumeur non vascularisée. Une irradiance faible, garantissant le maintien de l’oxygénation du sphéroïde, favorise l’activation de la caspase-3 photoinduite par le Foscan®. Le deuxième paramètre favorisant l’apoptose photoinduite est l’accroissement du temps d’incubation du photosensibilisateur avec les cellules MCF-7, ce qui modifie sa localisation subcellulaire. Après 3h d’incubation, le Foscan® est essentiellement localisé dans le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et l’appareil de Golgi. Après irradiation, le stress oxydant du RE évalué par l’induction de la protéine chaperone GRP78 suivie de la réponse apoptotique mitochondriale et de l’activation des caspases a été observée. Après 24h d’incubation, la localisation dans le RE est renforcée ainsi que l’expression photoinduite de GRP78 corrélée avec une augmentation de l’activation caspase-7 indépendamment de la réponse mitochondriale. Après PDT in vivo, l’estimation par immunohistochimie sur coupe tissulaire de l’activation des caspases -7 et -3 montre une activation prédominante de la caspase-3 ce qui suggère une apoptose majoritairement dépendante de cette dernière dans les tumeurs d’adénocarcinome colique HT29 traitées par Foscan®-PDT. / In order to develop a proapoptotic strategy in Foscan®-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) an evaluation of the parameters that govern the modulation of photoinduced apoptosis was performed on preclinical model from human adenocarcinoma. Moderate apoptosis was measured in Foscan® photosensitised tumour cells in vitro. The mitochondrial pathway was assumed to be indirectly induced by Foscan®-PDT. Spheroids were used to investigate the influence of oxygen consumption, through the modulation of fluence rate, on the induction of apoptosis. By using a low fluence rate, an oxygen conservative regimen, we demonstrated an increase in the activation of caspase-3 induced by Foscan®-PDT. The modulation of photoinduced apoptosis by extending the incubation time of Foscan® with MCF-7 cells was further investigated. After 3h incubation, the photosensitizer was mainly localised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Following irradiation, ER oxidative stress through the induction of the chaperon protein GRP78 was observed. Subsequent apoptotic mitochondria response and caspase activation were induced. After 24h incubation with Foscan®, the ER localisation of the photosensitizer was intensified. As results, an increase in GRP78 expression correlated with an increase in caspase-7 activation independently of the mitochondria response was obtained. After in vivo PDT, immunohistochemistry was applied on tissue sections to evaluate the activation of caspases -3 and -7. Caspase-3 activation was found predominant suggesting a caspase-3 mediated apoptotic pathway in HT29 tumours subjected to Foscan®-PDT.
2

Stratégies pro-apoptotiques appliquées au traitement photodynamique avec le Foscan® de modèles précliniques d'adénocarcinome humain

Marchal, Sophie 27 June 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Le but de cette thèse est de développer une stratégie pro-apoptotique à partir des paramètres pouvant moduler l'apoptose photoinduite par le Foscan® dans des modèles précliniques d'adénocarcinome humain. La PDT avec le Foscan® a été appliquée in vitro sur lignées cellulaires où une apoptose modérée a été obtenue via l'implication indirecte de la voie mitochondriale. La modulation de l'apoptose photoinduite par l'oxygénation a été démontrée sur sphéroïde, modèle de micro-tumeur non vascularisée. Une irradiance faible, garantissant le maintien de l'oxygénation du sphéroïde, favorise l'activation de la caspase-3 photoinduite par le Foscan®. Le deuxième paramètre favorisant l'apoptose photoinduite est l'accroissement du temps d'incubation du photosensibilisateur avec les cellules MCF-7, ce qui modifie sa localisation subcellulaire. Après 3h d'incubation, le Foscan® est essentiellement localisé dans le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et l'appareil de Golgi. Après irradiation, le stress oxydant du RE évalué par l'induction de la protéine chaperone GRP78 suivie de la réponse apoptotique mitochondriale et de l'activation des caspases a été observée. Après 24h d'incubation avec le Foscan®, la localisation dans le RE est renforcée ainsi que l'expression photoinduite de GRP78 corrélée avec une augmentation de l'activation de la caspase-7 indépendamment de la réponse mitochondriale. Après PDT in vivo, l'estimation par immunohistochimie sur coupe tissulaire de l'activation de la caspase-7 et de la caspase-3 montre une activation prédominante de la caspase-3 ce qui suggère une apoptose majoritairement dépendante de la caspase-3 dans les tumeurs d'adénocarcinome colique HT29 traitées par Foscan®-PDT.
3

Um estudo para otimização da formulação do dosímetro gel MAGIC-f e avaliação da sua reutilização / A study to optimize the formulation of the MAGIC-f dosimeter and evaluate its reuse

Resende, Thiago Dias 07 April 2017 (has links)
A radioterapia é um procedimento que utiliza radiação ionizante de alta energia direcionado ao tumor, para destruir suas células. O objetivo é provocar o maior dano nas células tumorais enquanto se poupa o tecido sadio ao redor, para maximizar este resultado. Devido a alta complexidade dos feixes usados nestes tratamentos, um dosímetro tridimensional é desejado para garantir que a dose esteja sendo entregue da forma como foi planejada, sendo a dosimetria gel polimérica com leitura da dose em Imagens de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (IRMN), uma opção para esta medida. Esse trabalho utiliza o dosímetro gel polimérico MAGIC-f como referência e tem como objetivo otimizar sua formulação, substituindo inicialmente os seus agentes antioxidantes (sulfato de cobre e ácido ascórbico) por um antioxidante mais potente, o cloreto de tetrakishidroximetilfosfônio (THPC), e, em seguida, variar as concentrações dos demais componentes do dosímetro a fim de obter a menor concentração de cada um deles que resulte em um dosímetro com sensibilidade adequada para uso em radioterapia.Foram feitas análises sobre a estabilidade térmica do dosímetro com THPC e estudos sobre as concentrações ideais de THPC (2mM, 5mM, 8mM, 10mM ou 20mM); Ácido Metacrílico (2%, 2,5%, 3%, 3,5% ou 4%); Gelatina (4%, 6%, 8% ou 10%). Após todas as modificações, a formulação otimizada contendo 88,96% Água MiliQ; 3% Ácido Metacrílico; 8% Gelatina; 0,04% THPC (5mM de concentração), apresentou uma sensibilidade próxima a 1,03 Gy-1s-1 e um ponto de fusão de aproximadamente 50C, utilizando as menores quantidades possíveis dos reagentes químicos e a sequência de leitura das IRMN implementada para esta dosimetria. O dosímetro otimizado obtido teve uma redução de 40% no seu custo, em comparação com o dosímetro MAGIC-f, e uma resolução de dose de 0,18 Gy. Obteve linearidade de resposta a dosede 0 a 10 Gy. Uma variação máxima na sensibilidade do dosímetro de 8,5% foi encontrada ao se variar a taxa de dose de 300 500 cGy/min.Também foi avaliada a integridade da distribuição de dose para esse dosímetro através da avaliação de uma irradiação com meio campo blindado. E, sua a maior variação em um teste de repetitividade foi de 15%. Um outro objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a reutilização do dosímetro gel, sendo que um dosímetro previamente irradiado com uma dose de 2Gy foi reutilizado após seu derretimento a 50C em um forno com controle digital de temperatura, seguido por uma nova gelificação.Para garantir sua resposta, foi necessária a readição de agentes antioxidantes à formulação reutilizada. Dessa forma, para o gel MAGAT com 1mM de THPC foi obtida uma sensibilidade 30% menor que a original para o dosímetro reutilizado e 15% para o mesmo dosímetro, com 2mM de THPC / Radiotherapy is a procedure that uses high energy ionizing radiation directed to the tumor to destroy its cells. The objective is to obtain tumoral cells more damaged avoiding the healthy cells around it and increase this result. Due to the high complexity of the energy beams used on these treatments, a three-dimensional dosimeter is demanded to assure that the dose is focused as planned, being the polymeric gel dosimetry using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images (NMRI) for dose scanning an option to this measurement. This work uses MAGIC-f gel as reference and its objective is to optimize the dosimeter formulation, by initiallyreplacing the antioxidants agents (Copper Sulfate and Ascorbic Acid) by a more power rating antioxidant, Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC), and then, variatingthe others dosimeter´s components concentration in order to obtain the smallest concentration of each one that result in an adequate dosimeter´ssensitivity for radiotherapy application. Studies were made to check the thermal stability of the gel containing THPC and studies were carried out about the ideals concentrations of THPC (2mM, 5mM, 8mM, 10mM or 20mM); Methacrylic Acid (2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% or 4%); Gelatin (4%, 6%, 8% or 10%). After the modifications, the optimized formulation containing 88.96% of mili-Q water; 3% of methacrylic acid; 8% of gelatine; 0.04% of THPC (5mM) showed a sensitivity of approximately 1.03 Gy-1s-1 and a melting point approximately of 50°C, using the smallest possible chemical compounds concentrations and the NMRI scanning sequence implemented for this dosimetry. The optimized dosimeter obtained presents a 40% cost reduction, comparing with the dosimeter MAGIC-f, and a dose resolution of 0.18 Gy. The dosimeter responds linearlywith doses from 0 to 10 Gy. A maximal sensitivity variation of 8.5% was found when varing the dose rate from 300 to 500 cGy/min. Its dose integrity was checked by a half beam blocked irradiation. And its largestsensitivity variation at a repeatability test was 15%. The second objective of this work was the development of a methodology for reusing the dosimeter.The dosimeter previously irradiated with 2Gy was reused after being melted in a digitaltemperature control oven at 50°C, followed by the re-addition of THPC and a new gelation. The reused MAGAT gel dosimeter with 1mM of THPC presented 30% sensitivity reductioin when compared to the the same dosimeter before the reusing process, while the MAGAT gel with 2mMof THPC presented a reduction of only 15%
4

Um estudo para otimização da formulação do dosímetro gel MAGIC-f e avaliação da sua reutilização / A study to optimize the formulation of the MAGIC-f dosimeter and evaluate its reuse

Thiago Dias Resende 07 April 2017 (has links)
A radioterapia é um procedimento que utiliza radiação ionizante de alta energia direcionado ao tumor, para destruir suas células. O objetivo é provocar o maior dano nas células tumorais enquanto se poupa o tecido sadio ao redor, para maximizar este resultado. Devido a alta complexidade dos feixes usados nestes tratamentos, um dosímetro tridimensional é desejado para garantir que a dose esteja sendo entregue da forma como foi planejada, sendo a dosimetria gel polimérica com leitura da dose em Imagens de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (IRMN), uma opção para esta medida. Esse trabalho utiliza o dosímetro gel polimérico MAGIC-f como referência e tem como objetivo otimizar sua formulação, substituindo inicialmente os seus agentes antioxidantes (sulfato de cobre e ácido ascórbico) por um antioxidante mais potente, o cloreto de tetrakishidroximetilfosfônio (THPC), e, em seguida, variar as concentrações dos demais componentes do dosímetro a fim de obter a menor concentração de cada um deles que resulte em um dosímetro com sensibilidade adequada para uso em radioterapia.Foram feitas análises sobre a estabilidade térmica do dosímetro com THPC e estudos sobre as concentrações ideais de THPC (2mM, 5mM, 8mM, 10mM ou 20mM); Ácido Metacrílico (2%, 2,5%, 3%, 3,5% ou 4%); Gelatina (4%, 6%, 8% ou 10%). Após todas as modificações, a formulação otimizada contendo 88,96% Água MiliQ; 3% Ácido Metacrílico; 8% Gelatina; 0,04% THPC (5mM de concentração), apresentou uma sensibilidade próxima a 1,03 Gy-1s-1 e um ponto de fusão de aproximadamente 50C, utilizando as menores quantidades possíveis dos reagentes químicos e a sequência de leitura das IRMN implementada para esta dosimetria. O dosímetro otimizado obtido teve uma redução de 40% no seu custo, em comparação com o dosímetro MAGIC-f, e uma resolução de dose de 0,18 Gy. Obteve linearidade de resposta a dosede 0 a 10 Gy. Uma variação máxima na sensibilidade do dosímetro de 8,5% foi encontrada ao se variar a taxa de dose de 300 500 cGy/min.Também foi avaliada a integridade da distribuição de dose para esse dosímetro através da avaliação de uma irradiação com meio campo blindado. E, sua a maior variação em um teste de repetitividade foi de 15%. Um outro objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a reutilização do dosímetro gel, sendo que um dosímetro previamente irradiado com uma dose de 2Gy foi reutilizado após seu derretimento a 50C em um forno com controle digital de temperatura, seguido por uma nova gelificação.Para garantir sua resposta, foi necessária a readição de agentes antioxidantes à formulação reutilizada. Dessa forma, para o gel MAGAT com 1mM de THPC foi obtida uma sensibilidade 30% menor que a original para o dosímetro reutilizado e 15% para o mesmo dosímetro, com 2mM de THPC / Radiotherapy is a procedure that uses high energy ionizing radiation directed to the tumor to destroy its cells. The objective is to obtain tumoral cells more damaged avoiding the healthy cells around it and increase this result. Due to the high complexity of the energy beams used on these treatments, a three-dimensional dosimeter is demanded to assure that the dose is focused as planned, being the polymeric gel dosimetry using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images (NMRI) for dose scanning an option to this measurement. This work uses MAGIC-f gel as reference and its objective is to optimize the dosimeter formulation, by initiallyreplacing the antioxidants agents (Copper Sulfate and Ascorbic Acid) by a more power rating antioxidant, Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC), and then, variatingthe others dosimeter´s components concentration in order to obtain the smallest concentration of each one that result in an adequate dosimeter´ssensitivity for radiotherapy application. Studies were made to check the thermal stability of the gel containing THPC and studies were carried out about the ideals concentrations of THPC (2mM, 5mM, 8mM, 10mM or 20mM); Methacrylic Acid (2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% or 4%); Gelatin (4%, 6%, 8% or 10%). After the modifications, the optimized formulation containing 88.96% of mili-Q water; 3% of methacrylic acid; 8% of gelatine; 0.04% of THPC (5mM) showed a sensitivity of approximately 1.03 Gy-1s-1 and a melting point approximately of 50°C, using the smallest possible chemical compounds concentrations and the NMRI scanning sequence implemented for this dosimetry. The optimized dosimeter obtained presents a 40% cost reduction, comparing with the dosimeter MAGIC-f, and a dose resolution of 0.18 Gy. The dosimeter responds linearlywith doses from 0 to 10 Gy. A maximal sensitivity variation of 8.5% was found when varing the dose rate from 300 to 500 cGy/min. Its dose integrity was checked by a half beam blocked irradiation. And its largestsensitivity variation at a repeatability test was 15%. The second objective of this work was the development of a methodology for reusing the dosimeter.The dosimeter previously irradiated with 2Gy was reused after being melted in a digitaltemperature control oven at 50°C, followed by the re-addition of THPC and a new gelation. The reused MAGAT gel dosimeter with 1mM of THPC presented 30% sensitivity reductioin when compared to the the same dosimeter before the reusing process, while the MAGAT gel with 2mMof THPC presented a reduction of only 15%
5

A study on radiochemical errors in polymer gel dosimeters / Une étude sur les erreurs radiochimique dans les dosimètres à gels de polymère

Sedaghat, Mahbod January 2012 (has links)
À ce jour, les seul dosimètres purement tridimensionnels (3D) sont basés sur la détection d’une propriété physique résultant d’une série de réactions chimiques radio-induites dans un volume de gel ou de plastique. Les études initiales ont généré beaucoup d’enthousiasme mais ces dosimètres 3D ne sont pas parvenus à une utilisation répandue dans les départements de radio-oncologie pour l’assurance-qualité 3D et la vérification de traitements complexes de radiothérapie moderne. Le temps et la complexité de la préparation de ces dosimètres 3D ne sont pas les raisons principales qui empêchent leur déploiement clinique. Ce sont plutôt leurs performances et la reproductibilité des mesures qui doivent être améliorées. Les plus étudiés et les plus utilisés parmi les différents types de dosimètres 3D sont les dosimètres à gels de polymère. De nombreuses compositions chimiques ont été proposées et testées pour la dosimétrie à gels de polymère. L’utilisation d’un antioxydant s’est révélée une découverte majeure dans le domaine puisque l’oxygène interfère avec le mécanisme de réponse des gels. Pourtant, un nombre croissant d’erreurs inexpliquées ont été rapportées dans les écrits et ont soulevé un doute sur la reproductibilité et la justesse des doses déterminées avec ces gels. Cette thèse a été entreprise pour étudier les sources radiochimiques d’erreurs dans les dosimètres à gels de polymère. Il était admis dans les écrits que l’utilisation d’un antioxydant permettait de contoumer tous les effets non-désirés de l’oxygène. Cette thèse démontre que cela était faux. Une méthodologie a été développée pour isoler l’effet de l’oxygène dans un gel de polymère contenant ou non un antioxydant. Les résultats ont révélé que la présence conjointe d’oxygène et d’antioxydant modifie la réponse du dosimètre. Indépendamment de la composition du dosimètre et de l’antioxydant, cet effet peut induire des erreurs dosimétriques significatives dans des mesures simples et dont les origines étaient difficilement appréciables en ignorant l’effet de l'oxygène et de l’antioxydant. Nos résultats nous permettent de postuler les réactions dominantes des antioxydants étudiés et leur devenir chimique au sein d’un gel de polymère sous irradiation. Puisque l’effet de l’oxygène et de l’antioxydant était négligé, plusieurs autres facteurs physico-chimiques faisaient l’objet d’hypothèse pour expliquer les erreurs observées. Ces facteurs incluent la compression des gels et des variations de propagation et de terminaison de la polymérisation reliées à la chaleur générée pendant la polymérisation. Des études détaillées de ces effets nous permettent de refuter ces hypothèses. Nos résultats nous permettent d’analyser, de catégoriser et de proposer des explications sur l’origine des erreurs dosimétriques recensées dans les écrits. Finalement, l’effet d’un antioxydant en particulier, le chlorure de tetrakis-(hydroxyméthyle) phosphonium (THPC), a été étudié en relation avec la structure du polymère formé dans un gel de polymère basé sur l’acrylamide. Le THPC est l’antioxydant le plus utilisé dans les différents dosimètres à gels de polymère. La spectroscopie FT-Raman et la microscopie électronique ont révélé que le THPC réagit avec les monomères pendant la polymérisation. Notre interprétation suggère un rôle important du THPC dans les variations de réponse à la dose dans les gels de polymère. La conclusion générale de cette thèse est que l’élimination chimique de l'oxygène par un antioxydant facilite grandement la préparation des dosimètres mais leur performance en est grandement altérée en comparaison avec des préparations dites anoxiques. L’oxygène demeure une source majeure d’erreur dans les dosimètres à gels de polymère.
6

A method of chemical aftertreatment for the reduction of free formaldehyde release of a durable flame retardant finished cotton fabric

Saleem, Saima January 2015 (has links)
This thesis aims at developing a method of chemical aftertreatment for reduction of free formaldehyde release of a tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) urea precondensate, ammonia cured durable flame retardant finished cotton fabric, by preventing the formation of free formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is toxic and carcinogenic. According to the worldwide standards, acceptable limit of free formaldehyde release, for the fabrics that have skin contact, is only 75 ppm (measured by water extraction method). In this research, a cotton fabric flame retardant finished in an industrial plant in Pakistan is used. Fabric is finished by the application of THPC urea precondensate and ammonia cured, oxidized and washed. After finishing, it is not aftertreated with sodium metabisulfite that is a commonly used aftertreatment method for the reduction of free formaldehyde release. Aftertreatment with sodium metabisulfite has various problems that include large number of hot washings and there is an increase in the formaldehyde release during fabric storage. If the fabric has 75 ppm of free formaldehyde, there is often an increase in free formaldehyde release during fabric storage. There is a very limited research on the aftertreatment methods and few reports of application of these aftertreatments on flame retardant fabrics have been published. In this research, two methods of aftertreatments are developed to reduce the free formaldehyde contents to 75 ppm or less. One is the aftertreatment with a combination of resorcinol 1% and diethylene glycol 4%. The other is the combination of resorcinol 1% and boric acid 6%. For both these aftertreatments, ammonium acetate 0.5% is used as a catalyst. Fabric is padded with the solution and then dried at 130̊ C for 8 minutes. After drying, fabric is rinsed with water at 40̊ C. The aftertreatment methods developed in this research have shown a long term effect in keeping the formaldehyde release below 75 ppm during fabric storage that is not available with other conventional aftertreatment methods. These aftertreatment methods have no adverse effect on the flame retardancy of the THPC ammonia cured finished fabric and the fabric is soft as compared to the original flame retardant finished fabric and to the fabric after treated with existing methods. These new developed methods have industrial application because there is no use of any solvent and there is no use of any special equipment for the aftertreatment.

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