This research thesis set out to better understand the professional knowledge bases of Western teachers working in offshore education in Indonesia. This research explored what two groups of Western teachers said about the students they taught, their own role, professional and social identity, the knowledge transmitted, and their pedagogical strategies whilst teaching offshore. Such an investigation is significant on a number of levels. Firstly, these teachers were working within a period of rapid economic, political, cultural and educational change described as 'New Times' (Hall, 1996a). Secondly, the experiences of teachers working in offshore education have rarely been reported in the literature (see Johnston, 1999). A review of the literature on teachers' professional knowledge bases (Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999) concluded that, in general terms, teachers draw on three main interrelated and changing knowledge bases: knowledge of content, knowledge of teaching processes and knowledge of their students. This review also explored the notion that teachers had an additional knowledge base that was in a continual state of negotiation and closely related to the aforementioned knowledge bases: teachers' knowledge of their own and students' pedagogic identities (Bernstein, 2000). A theoretical framework appropriate to exploring the overarching research problem was developed. This framework drew on models of teachers' knowledge bases (Elbaz, 1983; Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Nias, 1989; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999), the sociology of knowledge (Bernstein, 1975, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2000), and notions of pedagogic identity (Bernstein, 2000). This framework theorised the types of knowledges taught, categories of teaching process knowledge, and the range of pedagogic identities made available to teachers and students in new times. More specifically, this research examined two case studies (see Stake, 1988, 2000; Yin, 1994) of Western teachers employed by Australian educational institutions who worked in Central Java, Indonesia, in the mid-to-late 1990s. The teacher participants from both case studies taught a range of subjects and used English as the medium of instruction. Data for both case studies were generated via semistructured interviews (see Kvale, 1996; Silverman, 1985, 1997). The interviews focused on the teachers' descriptions of the learner characteristics of Indonesian students, their professional roles whilst teaching offshore, and curriculum and pedagogic design. The analyses produced four major findings. The first major finding of the analyses confirmed that the teacher participants in this study drew on all proposed professional knowledge bases and that these knowledge bases were interrelated. This suggests that teachers must have all knowledge bases present for them to do their work successfully. The second major finding was that teachers' professional knowledge bases were constantly being negotiated in response to their beliefs about their work and the past, present and future demands of the local context. For example, the content and teaching processes of English lessons may have varied as their own and their students' pedagogic identities were re-negotiated in different contexts of teaching and learning. Another major finding was that it was only when the teachers entered into dialogue with the Indonesian students and community members and/or reflective dialogue amongst themselves, that they started to question the stereotypical views of Indonesian learners as passive, shy and quiet. The final major finding was that the teachers were positioned in multiple ways by contradictory and conflicting discourses. The analyses suggested that teachers' pedagogic identities were a site of struggle between dominant market orientations and the criteria that the teachers thought should determine who was a legitimate teacher of offshore Indonesian students. The accounts from one of the case studies suggested that dominant market orientations centred on experience and qualifications in unison with prescribed and proscribed cultural, gender and age relations. Competent teachers who were perceived to be white, Western, male and senior in terms of age relations seemed to be the most easily accepted as offshore teachers of foundation programs for Indonesian students. The analyses suggested that the teachers thought that their legitimacy to be an offshore teacher of Indonesian students should be based on their teaching expertise alone. However, managers of Australian offshore educational institutions conceded that it was very difficult to bring about change in terms of teacher legitimisation. These findings have three implications for the work of offshore teachers and program administrators. Firstly, offshore programs that favour the pre-packaging of curricula content with little emphasis on the professional development and support needs of teachers do not foster work conditions which encourage teachers to re-design or modify curricula in response to the specific needs of learners. Secondly, pre-packaged programs do not support teachers to enter into negotiations concerning students' or their own pedagogic identities or the past, present and future demands of local contexts. These are important implications because they affect the way that teachers work, and hence how responsive teachers can be to learners' needs and how active they can be in the negotiation process as it relates to pedagogic identities. Finally, the findings point to the importance of establishing a learning community or learning network to assist Western teachers engaged in offshore educational work in Asian countries such as Indonesia. Such a community or network would enable teachers to engage and modify the complexity of knowledge bases required for effective localised offshore teaching. Given the burgeoning increase in the availability and use of electronic technology in new times, such as internet, emails and web cameras, these learning networks could be set up to have maximum benefit with minimal on-going costs.

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Scientists predict that the Western Cape region of South Africa is likely to be one of the regions most affected by climate change. Though the effects on the Cape Floral Kingdom are a huge concern in terms of biodiversity, the effects of climate change are predicted to be far broader than the natural environment. Agriculture, industry, the health sector, politics and the socio-economic sectors among others are all likely to be significantly impacted by climate change in the coming years. The underlying theoretical assumption of the study is that understanding how the climate question has been understood and framed is of vital importance for how the general public will be able to respond to lifestyle changes in aid of climate protection.This study examines the media coverage of climate change over the period of one year in the Western Cape media context, specifically the Cape Times, the Cape Argus and Die Burger. Using a quantitative framing analysis as the central methodology, the study focused on six core frames in analysing all articles relating to climate change. In addition, journalists at the respective newspapers were interviewed to complement the textual analysis. Finally, climate change scientists were interviewed in order to gain their perspectives of the reporting. The study found that the environmental frame was the dominant frame chosen. The political and scientific frames were the next two most prominent frames. It is argued that the dominance of these frames and the comparative lack of reports featuring the human impact frame is problematic as the environment, science and politics are all fairly abstract to the general public.

Water distribution networks are a fundamental part of any modern city and their daily operations constitute a significant expenditure in terms of energy and maintenance costs. Careful scheduling of pump operations may lead to significant energy savings and prevent wear and tear. By means of computer simulation, an optimal schedule of pumps can be found by an optimisation algorithm. The subject of this thesis is the study of pump scheduling as an optimisation problem. New representations of pump schedules are investigated for restricting the number of potential schedules. Recombination and mutation operators are proposed, in order to use the new representations in evolutionary algorithms. These new representations are empirically compared to traditional representations using different network instances, one of them being a large and complex network from UK. By means of the new representations, the evolutionary algorithm developed during this thesis finds new best-known solutions for both networks. Pump scheduling as the multi-objective problem of minimising energy and maintenance costs in terms of Pareto optimality is also investigated in this thesis. Two alternative surrogate measures of maintenance cost are considered: the minimisation of the number of pump switches and the maximisation of the shortest idle time. A single run of the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm obtains pump schedules with lower electrical cost and lower number of pump switches than those found in the literature. Alternatively, schedules with very long idle times may be found with slightly higher electrical cost. Finally, ant colony optimisation is also adapted to the pump scheduling problem. Both Ant System and Max-Min Ant System are tested. Max-Min Ant System, in particular, outperforms all other algorithms in the large real-world network instance and obtains competitive results in the smallest test network. Computation time is further reduced by parallel simulation of pump schedules.

Planering, styrning och uppföljning är viktiga processer inom materialplanering och inom dess flöde från leverantör till slutkund. Planeringsprocessens aktiviteter kan även ha en avgörande effekt på tillgängligheten av företagets produkter. I detta examensarbete granskas hur planeringen kan optimeras för olika produkter, med målet att ta fram rutiner kring hanteringen av produktplanering för att bidra till en bättre effektivitet ur ett helhetsperspektiv.Det finns ett behov av ett tydligt ramverk för att optimera förutsättningarna för planering av komplexa kundorder. Planeringsprocessen är i behov av kringliggande aktiviteter för ett optimalt utfall och baseras på logistiska och ekonomiska verktyg och metoder. Vid effektiv tillämpning kan ledtiderna reduceras och bakåtplaneringen förenklas, då rätt produkter lagerhålls och orderläggning sker vid rätt tidpunkt, med optimerad beställningskvantitet för att minimera de kostnader som kan uppstå. Därutöver krävs ett helhetstänk, där hela försörjningskedjan är involverad. Relationerna i nätverket är en viktig aspekt för en optimerad planering för säkerställande av en god leveransprecision.Det ramverk som tagits fram inkluderar ett grundtänk med logiskt tänkande, effektiva kommunikationsvägar och rätt sak på rätt plats vid rätt tillfälle. Men det bör poängteras att varje organisation är unik och bör anpassa tillvägagångssätt efter sin egen verksamhet, men ändå tillämpa det tankesätt som ramverket medför. / Planning, control and monitoring are key processes in material planning and its flow from supplier to end customer. The activities within the planning process can also have a crucial effect on the availability of the company’s products. This thesis examines how planning can be optimized for different products, and aims to develop procedures for the handling of product planning in order to contribute to a better efficiency from a holistic perspective.There’s a need for a clear framework to optimize the conditions for the planning of complex customer orders. The planning process is in need of ancillary activities for optimal outcomes and is based on logistical and financial tools and methods. If these are applied effectively, the lead times can be reduced and the backward scheduling can be simplified, since the right products are stocked and orders are being placed at the right time, with the optimum order quantity for minimizing the costs that may arise. Additionally, a holistic approach is required, where the whole supply chain is involved. The relationships within the network are an important aspect for an optimized planning, to ensure a high delivery precision.The framework that have been produced, includes a basic idea of logical thinking, effective communication channels and the right thing at the right place at the right time. But it should be emphasized that each organization is unique and should adapt this approach to its own business, but still apply the mindset that the framework entails.

This diploma thesis is going to focus on a comparison of a traditional knight´s short story and an early modern folk reading of the Chronicles of "Štifríd" and "Bruncvík"; the focus will be primarily on differences of the two texts. Narratives in Czech literature were repeatedly used in different time periods and in texts of various genres: from the allegorical knight's short story in the end of the 14th century to the early modern funny book of folk reading or even e.g. a folclore fairytale in the 19th century. The starting point for the work will be, therefore, an introduction of the interpretation attempts aimed at the filliation of handwritten and printed editions of the two narratives (Jaroslav Kolár's study), then an actual composition of the work (Hana Mirvaldová - Šmahelová's study) and also an allegorical presentation (Jaroslav Kolár's story). The main part of the thesis is an analysis of the handwritten releases from the turn of the 14th and 15th century and the printed edition from the 18th century, and their mutual comparison.

Text in English / Social media has taken the world by storm and keeps on evolving. This evolution poses a threat as well as an opportunity to mankind, to the livelihoods of hordes of people employed in the media industry. It also presents a unique opportunity to chart new waters. This study explores the convergence and divergence of new media and traditional media. This divergence and convergence, if properly understood, will help in understanding the future of traditional media, and thus mitigate the threats posed by the ever evolving social media and communication technologies. This study provided a test case on the legitimacy of traditional media in as much as the ‘public interest and purveyor of public opinion’ clause of the media is concerned. The media cannot afford to live by Marx doctrine of “he who owns the means of production also controls the production of ideas in that epoch’. If it is going to be a driver and custodian of democracy in a new emerging Africa, the media has a responsibility to be the voice of the voiceless. Social media plugs the gap that traditional media leaves. Thus, the two can thus complement each other, rather than compete with each other within the same space. The population in Africa is becoming younger and younger and by extension they are moving away from traditional media towards digital and social media. There is an opportunity to be seized there. This study established that the traditional media has entrenched ways of looking at news, which are normally divergent from the way that the general populace, as captured in social media does. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication Science)

Cette étude archéozoologique porte sur les variations morphologiques de différents éléments du squelette porcin (Sus scrofa domesticus) et s’appuie sur deux présupposés majeurs : (1) les changements morphologiques de l’animal sont le reflet des évolutions du contexte socio-économique ; (2) il existe une grande diversité des formes porcines, conditionnée par différents facteurs d’influence (environnement, stratégies agropastorales, habitudes culturelles, etc.). L’analyse menée, sur la base de tels postulats, tend à mesurer puis décrire ces changements et cette diversité pour tenter d’en comprendre l’origine et les mécanismes de progression. Pour cela il a fallu observer les restes dentaires et osseux de plus de 600 sites archéologiques, situés sur les territoires gaulois, français et italien, datés de La Tène moyenne à la période moderne, à l’aide de différentes méthodes de morphométrie géométrique et traditionnelle. De cette manière, il a été possible de constituer un solide référentiel ostéométrique pour le porc et d’atteindre ici une meilleure compréhension des pratiques d’élevage aux périodes gauloise, romaine et médiévale / This archaeozoological study investigates morphological variations in different skeletal parts of the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) according to two main assumptions: (1) the morphological changes of the animal reflect socio-economic changes; (2) there is a great diversity of pig’s forms, driven by different factors (environment, agropastoral strategies, cultural habits, etc.). Our analysis, based on these assumptions, tends to quantify and describe these changes and this diversification to try to understand their origin and mechanisms. For this we have observed the dental and skeletal remains of more than 600 archaeological sites, located on the Gallic, French and Italian territories, dated from La Tène moyenne to the modern period, using different methods of geometric and traditional morphometrics. In this way, we were able to build a strong osteometric framework for pigs and get new clues to a better understanding of farming practices for Gallic, Roman and medieval periods

In dieser Arbeit wird erstmalig der Einfluss stochastischer Schwankungen auf endoreversible Modelle untersucht. Hierfür wird die Novikov-Maschine mit drei verschieden Wärmetransportgesetzen (Newton, Fourier, asymmetrisch) betrachtet. Während die maximale verrichtete Arbeit und der dazugehörige Wirkungsgrad recht einfach im Falle konstanter Wärmebadtemperaturen hergeleitet werden können, ändern sich dies, falls die Temperaturen stochastisch fluktuieren können. Im letzteren Fall muss die stochastische optimale Kontrolltheorie genutzt werden, um das Maximum der zu erwartenden Arbeit und die dazugehörige Kontrollstrategie zu ermitteln. Im Allgemeinen kann die Lösung derartiger Probleme auf eine nichtlineare, partielle Differentialgleichung, welche an eine Optimierung gekoppelt ist, zurückgeführt werden. Diese Gleichung wird stochastische Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman-Gleichung genannt. Allerdings können, wie in dieser Arbeit dargestellt, die Berechnungen vereinfacht werden, wenn man annimmt, dass die Fluktuationen unabhängig von der betrachteten Kontrollvariablen sind. In diesem Fall zeigen analytische Betrachtungen, dass die Gleichungen für die verrichtete Arbeit and den Wirkungsgrad ihre ursprüngliche Form behalten, aber manche Terme müssen durch entsprechende Zeitmittel bzw. Erwartungswerte ersetzt werden, jeweils abhängig von der betrachteten Art der Kontrolle. Basierend auf einer Analyse der Leistungsparameter im Falle einer Gleichverteilung der heißen Temperatur der Novikov-Maschine können Schlussfolgerungen auf deren Monotonieverhalten gezogen werden. Der Vergleich verschiedener, zeitunabhängiger, symmetrischer Verteilungen führt zu einer bis dato unbekannten Erweiterung des Curzon-Ahlborn-Wirkungsgrades im Falle kleiner Schwankungen. Weiterhin wird eine Analyse einer Novikov-Maschine mit asymmetrischen Wärmetransport, bei der das Verhalten der heißen Temperatur durch einen Ornstein-Uhlenbeck-Prozess beschrieben wird, durchgeführt. Abschließend wird eine Novikov-Maschine mit Fourierscher Wärmeleitung, bei der die Dynamik der heißen Temperatur von der Kontrollvariable abhängt, betrachtet. Durch das Lösen der Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman-Gleichung können neuartige Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden, wie derartige Systeme optimal zu steuern sind. / In this thesis, the influence of stochastic fluctuations on the performance of endoreversible engines is investigated for the first time. For this, a Novikov-engine with three different heat transport laws (Newtonian, Fourier, asymmetric) is considered. While the maximum work output and corresponding efficiency can be deduced easily in the case of constant heat bath temperatures, this changes, if these temperatures are allowed to fluctuate stochastically. In the latter case, stochastic optimal control theory has to be used to find the maximum of the expected work output and the corresponding control policy. In general, solving such problems leads to a non-linear, partial differential equation coupled to an optimization, called the stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. However, as presented in this thesis, calculations can be simplified, if one assumes that the fluctuations are independent of the considered control variable. In this case, analytic considerations show that the equations for performance measures like work output and efficiency keep their original form, but terms have to be replaced by appropriate time averages and expectation values, depending on the considered control type. Based on an analysis of the performance measures in the case of a uniform distribution of the hot temperature of the Novikov engine, conclusions on their monotonicity behavior are drawn. The comparison of several, time independent, symmetric distributions reveals a to date unknown extension to the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency in the case of small fluctuations. Furthermore, an analysis of a Novikov engine with asymmetric heat transport, where the behavior of the hot temperature is described by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, is performed. Finally, a Novikov engine with Fourier heat transport is considered, where the dynamics of the hot temperature depends on the control variable. By solving the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, new conclusions how to optimally control such systems are drawn.

Au Xe siècle, l’Eglise savoyarde se trouve dans une situation catastrophique. Désorganisé par les différentes invasions, le clergé séculier peine à se redresser. Pour remédier à cette situation, l’épiscopat décide l’installation de moines venus des grandes abbayes. C’est ainsi que l’on note l’apparition de nombreux prieurés sur les terres diocésaines. Ces maisons religieuses s’installent durablement et prennent une place importante dans la vie des paroisses qui les accueillent. Leurs destins diffèrent, mais certains prieurés réguliers sont toujours conventuels à l’époque moderne. Les différents évêques en dénombrent cinq, dont quatre sont fondés autour du Xe siècle. Il s’agit des prieurés de Bellevaux en Bauges, de Peillonnex, de Talloires et de Contamine. Cette étude porte sur le rôle que jouent ces institutions dans le contexte de la Contre-Réforme catholique, instaurée dans le diocèse au cours des dernières décennies du XVIe siècle. Elle s’articule autour de trois grandes parties. La première retrace l’évolution des prieurés depuis leur fondation jusqu’à l’instauration de la Réforme à Genève. La seconde partie relate l’histoire des différents monastères au cours de trois siècles de l’Ancien Régime. La troisième et dernière partie est plus thématique. Elle tente de définir la place qu’occupent les prieurés conventuels dans la vie politique, religieuse et économique du diocèse de Genève-Annecy aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. / In the 10th century, the Church from Savoy is in a very poor state. Weakened by various invasions, the secular clergy struggles to recover. Monks from major abbeys are sent by the episcopate influencing the creation of priories on the diocesan land. These religious houses settle permanently and play an important role in the life of the parishes hosting them. While regular priories had to face different fates, some of them are still conventual in the modern era. The different bishops count five conventual priories, but only four of these were founded around the 10th century. These are the priories of Bellevaux en Bauges, Peillonnex, Talloires and Contamine. This study focuses on the role of these institutions in the context of the Catholic Reformation introduced in the diocese during the last decades of the 16th century. The study is based on three main points. The first point traces back the evolution of the priories from their foundation until the introduction of the Reform movement in Geneva. The second part concentrates on the story of the monasteries over three centuries under the Ancien Regime. The last part is more thematic as it outlines how the conventual priories influence the political, religious and economic life of the Annecy-Geneva's diocese in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

This work presents new analytical and computational methods for operation security assessment of electric power systems by considering Angle and Voltage Stability Limits. In the context of Angle Stability, it was developed a method for estimating transient security margins based on equivalent network reduction techniques and coherent generators. The angle speed deviation was the criterion used to identify generators that swing together. The reduced order was accomplished by replacing two clusters of coherent generators by an One-Machine Infinite Bus equivalent system. With this equivalent, critical fault clearing times and security margins are calculated with the aid of the Equal Area Criterion. The results were in a good agreement when compared with others methods, especially those based on Transient Energy Function used as a Lyapunov function. The method was also applied for estimating security margins and critical fault clearing times of power systems in the presence of wind power generation. It was demonstrated that the proposed method can be used to select critical contingencies, where detailed power system models are needed such that it can reproduce the actual behavior of the system. With respect to Voltage Stability, it was developed an analytical and computational method for steady state voltage stability analysis on a P-Q plane. First of all, it was applied on a simple two-bus power system, and the analytical and computational results were compared. Then, a Voltage Stability Index was derived, in order to obtain the security margins of each bus for any operational state of an n-bus power system. It was carried out by using a power system reduction technique. With the Voltage Stability Index, it is possible to identify critical buses and the regions that are prone to voltage collapse. The voltage stability limits of a distribution power system was also analyzed by means of the P-Q curves, by considering different operation scenarios of wind power generation. It was demonstrated that the wind power can contribute to improve the voltage security margins. Finally, the method was applied to a real power system of Companhia Estadual de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica, in the presence of wind power generation. The methods are computationally efficient and suitable for planning, operation and real-time operation of electric power systems. / Este trabalho apresenta novos métodos analíticos e computacionais para a avaliação da segurança da operação de sistemas elétricos de potência considerando os Limites de Estabilidade Angular e de Tensão. No tema Estabilidade Angular, desenvolveu-se um método para a estimativa de margens de segurança transitória baseado em técnicas de redução de redes e geradores coerentes. O desvio de velocidade angular foi o critério usado para identificar geradores que oscilam juntos. A redução foi realizada substituindo-se dois grupos de geradores coerentes por um sistema Equivalente Máquina-Barra Infinita. Com este equivalente, os tempos críticos de abertura de falta e as margens de segurança são calculados com auxílio do Critério das Áreas Iguais. Os resultados encontrados foram muito satisfatórios quando comparados com aqueles obtidos por outros métodos, especialmente os que utilizam a função energia como função de Lyapunov. O método também foi aplicado para a estimativa de margens de segurança e tempos críticos de abertura de falta, em sistemas de potência na presença de geração eólica. Foi demonstrado que o método proposto é capaz de selecionar contingências críticas que precisam ser estudadas com modelos completos de modo a reproduzir o comportamento real do sistema elétrico. Com relação à Estabilidade Tensão, foi desenvolvido um método analítico e computacional para análise de estabilidade estática de tensão no plano P-Q. Primeiramente, o método foi aplicado em um sistema de potência simples com duas barras, e os resultados analíticos e computacionais foram comparados. Então, um Índice de Estabilidade de Tensão foi deduzido, para determinar a margem de segurança de cada barra para qualquer estado de operação de um sistema de potência com n-barras. Com o Índice de Estabilidade de Tensão, é possível identificar barras críticas e regiões com tendência ao colapso de tensão. Os limites de estabilidade de tensão de um sistema de distribuição foram analisados através das curvas P-Q , no qual foram considerados diferentes cenários de operação da geração eólica. Deste modo, foi demonstrado que a geração eólica pode contribuir para melhorar as margens de segurança de tensão. Finalmente, o método foi aplicado em um sistema de potência real pertencente à Companhia Estadual de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica. Os métodos desenvolvidos são computacionalmente eficientes e adequados para o planejamento da expansão e operação, bem como na operação em tempo real dos sistemas elétricos de potência.