Des développements technologiques récents concernant les photodiodes à effet avalanche (PDA) ont mené à la conception et la fabrication d'un tout nouveau module de détection de radiation TEP (tomographie d'émission par positrons) destiné à l'imagerie moléculaire préclinique. Il est basé sur une matrice de 8 par 8 scintillateurs LYSO (ortho-silicate de lutétium dopé au cérium, cerium-doped lutetium yttrium orthosilicate ) individuellement couplés aux pixels de deux matrices monolithiques de 4 par 8 PDA. Cette avancée, pouvant amener la résolution spatiale d'un scanner à passer sous la barrière du mm, exige la conception d'un tout nouveau système d'acquisition de données. En effet, il faut adapter le système de lecture individuelle de chacun des pixels du bloc de détection de façon à satisfaire la multiplication par ~8, relativement à une version antérieure (le LabPET[indice supérieur TM] I), de la densité de pixels du futur scanner LabPET[indice supérieur TM] II. Conséquemment, le traitement de signal numérique ne peut être exclusivement embarqué dans les matrices de portes logiques programmable (field-programmable gate array , FPGA) du système d'acquisition, en considérant les aspects monétaires, d'espace occupé et de puissance consommée de l'ensemble du projet LabPET[indice supérieur TM] II. De façon à s'adapter à cette nouvelle réalité, un nouveau circuit intégré à application spécifique (application specific integrated circuit, ASIC) à signaux mixtes avec 64 canaux d'acquisition, fabriqué avec la technologie TSMC CMOS 0,18 [micromètre], a été conçu. L'ASIC utilise la méthode de temps au-dessus d'un seuil (time over threshold , ToT), déjà implantée dans des applications de physique des hautes-énergies, de manière à extraire numériquement l'information relative à un rayonnement interagissant avec la matrice de détection (l'énergie, le temps et le numéro de pixel de l'événement). Dans le cadre de ce projet, une architecture complexe de machines à états-finis, cadencée par une horloge de 100 MHz, a été implantée et elle permet à l'ASIC d'identifier le taux anticipé de 3 000 événements par seconde par canal. Ceci est réalisé en calculant en temps réel le paramètre ToT tout en assurant la calibration adéquate de chacune des chaînes d'acquisition. Le circuit intégré peut caractériser jusqu'à 2 Mévénements/s malgré son unique lien différentiel à bas voltage (low-voltage differential signaling, LVDS) de transfert de données et consomme environ 600 mW. L'ASIC a été développé en suivant un processus de conception de circuits intégrés à signaux mixtes. Il permet notamment de minimiser et de vérifier l'impact des indésirables effets parasites sur la circuiterie analogique et numérique de l'ensemble avant que les dessins de masques ne soient envoyés vers la fonderie pour fabriquer le circuit désiré.

Submitted by SARAH CRISTINA ARAUJO MARTINS null (sarahca.martins@gmail.com) on 2017-08-27T12:54:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_MartinsSarah.pdf: 3974138 bytes, checksum: 73a1c2c28d4a0cbbde72b9e8a49211ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T17:18:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_sca_me_prud.pdf: 3974138 bytes, checksum: 73a1c2c28d4a0cbbde72b9e8a49211ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T17:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_sca_me_prud.pdf: 3974138 bytes, checksum: 73a1c2c28d4a0cbbde72b9e8a49211ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A matéria orgânica dissolvida (DOM) é a componente da água que pode ser usada como indicativo de sua qualidade, pois possui duas fontes: uma alóctone, relacionada com descargas de material terrestre, estando vinculada aos ácidos húmicos, e outra autóctone, associada às descargas fluviais ou produção própria do corpo hídrico estudado, estando relacionada aos ácidos fúlvicos. A matéria orgânica dissolvida colorida (CDOM) é a fração colorida da DOM, que pode ser usada como proxy para a observação desta última em águas interiores. O reservatório hidrelétrico de Funil (FHR) foi o corpo hídrico escolhido como área de estudo deste trabalho. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi identificar e avaliar as mudanças no coeficiente de absorção da CDOM (aCDOM) na superfície da água ao longo do tempo (1995 – 2010), bem como entender a sua relação com mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra (LULC) na bacia de contribuição do FHR. Para alcançar tal objetivo foram realizados: (i) o mapeamento histórico de LULC (1995 – 2010, com 5 anos de intervalo) para detecção de mudanças; (ii) o estudo de um conjunto de modelos bio-ópticos baseados na literatura, bem como de um novo modelo empírico desenvolvido para estimar aCDOM via reflectância simulada (Rrs_simulated) para o sensor Thematic Mapper (TM); (iii) a distribuição espaço-temporal do aCDOM por meio da aplicação de um modelo bio-óptico em imagens TM/Landsat-5 de 1995 a 2010, e (iv) a análise das fontes possíveis de CDOM/DOM , assim como do comportamento/distribuição do aCDOM no FHR ao longo do tempo. Assim, o primeiro estudo desenvolvido nesta pesquisa foi o da parametrização do algoritmo maquinas de vetores de suporte (SVM) de acordo com as características da área de estudo para classificação supervisionada de LULC na bacia de contribuição do FHR. A detecção de mudança da classificação obtida para LULC demonstrou que a parametrização proposta para o SVM tornou o algoritmo capaz de diferenciar classes grandes e contínuas, classes estreitas e alongadas, além de áreas não contínuas e pequenas localizadas dentro de outra classe maior. A classificação obtida para o SVM apresentou boa avaliação estatística, com acurácia geral entre 86% e 96% para toda a série temporal, acurácia do produtor de 90%, acurácia do usuário maior do que 86% e índice Kappa entre 86% e 91%. Ainda, foi observado que o LULC desenvolvido na área de estudo se manteve relativamente estável ao longo da série histórica analisada. O segundo estudo realizado proporcionou o desenvolvimento de um modelo empírico em um comprimento de onda (485 nm) e uma razão de bandas (B4/B1) alternativos para estimativa de aCDOM via Rra_simulated para o TM/Landsat-5 (RMSE = 7%, Nash = 0.91). Este modelo também pôde identificar mesmo pequenas variações nos valores de reflectância via dados orbitais, assim como pode diferenciar variações sutis no aCDOM. Ainda, foram identificados dois padrões de comportamento da CDOM para o FHR: um associado ao LULC e à ocorrência de chuva/lixiviação, bem como outro relacionado à Clorofila-a (Chl-a) em situações de floração de algas. Os referidos estudos que compõe esta pesquisa foram padronizados como artigos científicos para a confecção deste documento. O primeiro estudo, sobre a parametrização do SVM, foi publicado na revista Modelling Earth Systems Environment – Springer (DOI 10.1007/s40808-016-0190-y). O segundo estudo, sobre a distribuição histórica do aCDOM está na etapa de revisão para futura submissão. / The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a water compound related to water quality, since it has two sources: one allochthonous, related to terrestrial discharges that can be linked to humic acids, and another autochthonous, associated with river input and itself production, so related to or fulvic acids. The colored dissolved organic carbon (CDOM) is the colored fraction of DOM that could be used as a proxy for its occurrence in inland waters. The Funil hydroelectric reservoir (FHR) was chosen as the study site for this work. In this context, the general aim of this research was to identify and to evaluate the changes in CDOM absorption coefficient (aCDOM) at the water surface over time (1995 – 2010), and to understand its relationship with land cover land use (LULC) changes in FHR watershed. For match this goal, (i) a LULC historical mapping (1995 – 2010, with 5 years of interval) was made to change detection, (ii) a bio-optical model set and a new model were studied in order to estimate aCDOM from simulated reflectance (Rrs_simulated) for Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor, (iii) a aCDOM spatial and temporal distribution was obtained by applying a bio-optical model in TM/Landsat-5 imagery from 1995 to 2010, and (iv) the possible CDOM/DOM sources in FHR were found, as well aCDOM historical behavior/distribution over time was analysed. Thus, the first study was the support vector machine algorithm (SVM) parameterization according to study area characteristics to LULC supervised classification in FHR watershed. The obtained LULC change detection analysis demonstrates that the proposed SVM parameterization made the algorithm able to differentiate large and continuous classes, lengthy and thin areas, and non-continuous small areas located inside wide classes. The obtained classification had great statistics with overall accuracy among 86% and 98% over the time series, the producer accuracy of 90%, the user accuracy higher than 86%, and the Kappa statistics ranged from 86% to 91%. In addition, no significant changes in LULC were identified in the study site over all time series. The second study provides a bio-optical model at alternatives wavelength (485 nm) and a band ratio (B4/B1) for aCDOM estimation using simulated Rrs for TM/Landsat-5 (RMSE = 7%, Nash = 0.91). This model could identify even small variations in reflectance values from orbital data, as well as differentiate even slight alterations in aCDOM. Two significantly different aCDOM behaviors were also identified for FHR: one associated with LULC and rainfall/runoff occurrence, and other correlated to Chlorophyll-a high concentrations (Chl-a) in algal blooms situations. The referred studies that compose this research ware standardized as academic articles in this document. The first study, about SVM parameterization, was published yet in Modeling Earth Systems Environment – Springer (DOI 10.1007/s40808-016-0190-y). The second study, about aCDOM historical distribution is in the revision step to future submission.

Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare auto-immune inflammatory disease in which the patient’s immune system attacks their spinal cord resulting in an unpredictable degree of neurologic disability, ranging from complete recovery to quadriplegia. TM patients often experience insufficient assistance towards understanding causes of the illness and have little to depend on in trying to deal with it. This study explores psychological strengths and coping strategies used by TM patients in coping with the illness. A theoretical framework of positive psychology with a strong focus on seven constructs, namely positive coping, searching for meaning, benefit finding, hope, sense of humour, resilience, as well as religion and spirituality is presented. The main data collection strategy for this study was the gathering of stories as a form of conversation. These were subjected to thematic analysis by interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) focused on identifiable themes and patterns of living and behaviour. The emerging patterns and identified fortigenic qualities were then considered, analysed and argued in relation to corresponding coping strategies. A model for the psychological coping and well-being of TM patients, based on emphasising the positive and constructive and considering existing models and strategies for the well-being of patients, was developed. The strategic and therapeutic model is presented in easily understandable language for the benefit of any care-giver (e.g. family member, friend or nurse) or the patient him/herself. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lk2013 / Psychology / unrestricted

TM-konsult är ett Norrlandsbaserat projekteringsföretag som verkar inom samtliga discipliner i tidiga skeden, projektering och projektledning. För att verka som ett konkurrenskraftigt företag inom projektering i Sverige krävs en rad ingredienser. Några av dessa är moderna arbetsmetoder, moderna verktyg och kompetent personal. TM-konsults kontor i Härnösand är företagets sydligaste säte och det kontor som konkurrerar om jobben i närområdet och Stockholmsregionen. Kontoret är ur en strategisk synpunkt viktigt för företaget. För att säkerställa att konkurrenskraften hos kontoret är i nivå med det som krävs behöver åtgärder tas. Ett kontor som lockar till sig den personal företaget söker är nödvändigt för att kontoret ska växa. Detta examensarbete utreder vilka möjligheter som finns beträffande en modernisering av TM-konsults lokaler i Härnösand. Utredningen pekar på vilka egenskaper som är viktiga för ett väl fungerande kontor. Resultatet av utredningen pekar på att en flytt till nya lokaler skulle innebära att kontoret ses som en mer attraktiv arbetsplats. En flytt skulle också innebära att företaget kan spegla sin vision genom kontoret och att nuvarande personal ges bästa förutsättningar för att leverera konkurrenskraftiga tjänster. / TM Konsult is a Norrland-based architect and engineering company operating in all disciplines in the early stages and project management. To act as a competitive company in the field of projecting in Sweden, a series of ingredients is needed. Some of these are modern working methods, modern tools and skilled personnel. TM Konsults office in Härnösand is the company’s most southern office and the branch competing for the jobs in the local area and Stockholm. The office is from a strategic point of view important for the company. To ensure that the competitiveness of the office is in line with the required, actions needs to be taken. An office that attracts the staff needed is necessary for the office to grow. This thesis investigates the possibilities regarding a modernization of TM Konsults premises in Härnösand. The study points to the characteristics that is important for a well-functioning office. The results of the investigation indicate that a move to new premises would mean that the office is seen as a more attractive workplace. A move would also mean that the company vision can be reflected through the office and that the current staff is given the best conditions to deliver competitive services.

There has been rapid change in the landcover/landuse in the Mekong delta, Viet Nam. The landcover/landuse has changed very fast due to intense population pressure, agriculture/aquaculture farming and timber collection in the coastal areas of the delta. The changing landuse pattern in the coastal areas of the delta is threatened to be flooded by sea level rise; sea level is expected to rise 33 cm until 2050; 45 cm until 2070 and 1 m until 2100. The coastline along the eastern Mekong delta has never been static, but the loss of mangrove forests along the coast has intensified coastline change. The objective of the present study is to map the changes in landcover/landuse along the eastern coast of the Mekong delta; and to detect the changes in position of the eastern coastline over the time period from 1989 to 2002.To detect changes in landuse, two satellite images of the same season, acquired by the TM sensor of Landsat 5 and the ETM+ sensor of Landsat 7 were used. The TM image was acquired on January 16, 1989 and ETM+ image was acquired on February 13, 2002. The landcover/landuse classes selected for the study are water, forest, open vegetation, soil and shrimp farms. Image differencing and post classification comparison are used to detect the changes between two time periods. Image to image correction technique is used to align satellite images. Maximum likelihood supervised classification technique is used to classify images. The result of the classification consists of five classes for 1989 and 2002, respectively. Overall accuracies of 87.5% and 86.8%, with kappa values of 0.85 and 0.84 are obtained for landuse 1989 and landuse 2002, respectively. The overall accuracy for the change map is 82% with kappa value 0.80. Post classification comparison is carried out in this study based on the supervised classification results. According to the results obtained from the post classification comparison, a significant decrease of 48% in forest and a significant increase of 74% in open vegetation and 21% in shrimp farms area observed over the entire study area. The coastline obtained by the combination of histogram thresholding and band ratio showed an overall advancement towards the South China Sea. The results showed that new land patches emerged along the eastern coast. The amount of new land patches appeared along the coast of the Mekong delta is approximately 2% of the entire study area.

No description available.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los humedales son uno de los ecosistemas que reciben mayor atención por parte de la comunidad científica. Su importancia se puede explicar teniendo en cuenta que ayudan a mitigar los efectos de inundaciones, pueden actuar como filtros de agua y constituyen hábitats de valiosas especies de fauna y flora. En los últimos años este tipo de ambientes están cada vez más amenazados como consecuencia de la contaminación, alteraciones de los niveles de agua asociadas a los efectos del cambio climático y usos antrópicos, introducción de especies invasoras y los efectos negativos de algunos cambios de usos del suelo y determinadas prácticas asociados a ellos (agrícolas, pastoreo y urbanización). Para analizar estos ecosistemas, la teledetección se presenta como una herramienta con alto potencial que permite identificar, evaluar y monitorizar estos espacios. En esta tesis se utilizaron imágenes Sentinel-2A/B, Landsat-5 TM y Landsat-8 OLI para extraer láminas de agua libre en dos entornos: humedales mediterráneos costeros (Prat Cabanes-Torreblanca, Marjal de Sagunto, Marjal de La Safor y Marjal Pego-Oliva) y el humedal de llanura aluvial situado en el centro de España las Tablas de Daimiel. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de siete índices de agua (NDWI, mNDWI, Cedex, Re-NDWI, Awei(sh), AWEI (nsh) y B_Blue) y de umbrales para obtener la cartografía de las masas de agua libre en estos espacios. El objetivo principal es definir el índice y el umbral que permitan un uso más amplio de la metodología para su aplicación en otras zonas húmedas. También se utilizó información LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) en el humedal de La Safor para analizar los efectos de la superficie inundada en diferentes usos del suelo. La evaluación de los resultados se realizó a partir de la validación con un conjunto de muestras obtenidas a partir de imágenes de elevada resolución espacial. Se calcularon la fiabilidad global y el índice kappa en los humedales analizados para distintas fechas y sensores. En el caso de los humedales costeros, el índice de agua NDWI con un umbral de ¿0,30 proporcionó los resultados con mayor precisión obteniendo un valor promedio de 0,89 en fiabilidad global. En el caso del humedal de las Tablas de Daimiel, se seleccionaron el índice MNDWI y umbral ¿0,15 para imágenes Landsat-5 (fiabilidad global 0,88), el índice MNDWI y umbral ¿0,25 para imágenes Landsat-8 (fiabilidad global 0,99) y el índice NDWI y umbral ¿0,20 (fiabilidad global 0,99) en el caso de imágenes Sentinel-2A/B. En el humedal de las Tablas de Daimiel se realizó un análisis temporal desde el año 2000 al 2021 que permitió calcular las anomalías de la superficie de agua, de la precipitación, del nivel piezométrico y del caudal hidrológico. Esta reconstrucción temporal también permitió comparar los resultados derivados a partir de las imágenes Sentinel-2A/B y de las imágenes Landsat 8. Se realizó un análisis de correlación entre los índices de anomalías calculados, que revela una correlación no significativa entre las anomalías precipitación y de superficie de agua. Mientras que el índice de anomalías de superficie de agua si presentó una correlación estadísticamente significativa con los índices de anomalía de caudal y de niveles piezométricos. En cuanto al análisis comparativo entre las imágenes Landsat-8 y Sentinel-2 se obtuvo una relación lineal entre la superficie de agua estimada por ambos sensores con un valor de R2 = 0,87. No obstante, la mayor resolución espacial de Sentinel-2 permite detectar masas de agua más pequeñas contribuyendo a un mejor análisis de los patrones de variabilidad en el área de estudio. La información derivada de esta tesis presenta una aplicabilidad de interés medioambiental para el seguimiento del estado de los humedales ayudando a adaptar planes de gestión que conduzcan a un estado de conservación adecuado. / [CA] Els aiguamolls són un dels ecosistemes que reben major atenció per part de la comunitat científica. La seua importància es pot explicar tenint en compte que ajuden a mitigar els efectes d'inundacions, poden actuar com a filtres d'aigua i constitueixen hàbitats de valuoses espècies de fauna i flora. En els últims anys aquest tipus d'ambients estan cada vegada més amenaçats a conseqüència de la contaminació, alteracions dels nivells d'aigua associades a l'efecte del canvi climàtic i usos antròpics, introducció d'espècies invasores i els efectes negatius d'alguns canvis d'usos del sòl i determinades pràctiques associades a ells (agrícoles, pasturatge i urbanització). Per a analitzar aquests ecosistemes, la teledetecció es presenta com una eina amb alt potencial que permet identificar, avaluar i monitorar aquests espais. En aquesta tesi es van utilitzar imatges Sentinel-2A/B, Landsat-5 TM i Landsat-8 OLI per a extraure làmines d'aigua lliure en dos entorns: aiguamolls mediterranis costaners (Prat Cabanes-Torreblanca, Marjal de Sagunt, Marjal de La Safor i Marjal Pego-Oliva) i l'aiguamoll de plana al·luvial situat en el centre d'Espanya les Taules de Daimiel. Per a això, es va realitzar una anàlisi de set índexs d'aigua (NDWI, mNDWI, Cedex, Re-NDWI, Awei (sh), AWEI (nsh) i B_Blue) i de llindars per a obtindre la cartografia de les masses d'aigua lliure en aquests espais. L'objectiu principal és definir l'índex i el llindar que permeten un ús més ampli de la metodologia per a la seua aplicació en altres zones humides. També es va utilitzar informació LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) en l'aiguamoll de La Safor per a analitzar els efectes de la superfície inundada en diferents usos del sòl. L'avaluació dels resultats es va realitzar a partir de la validació amb un conjunt de mostres obtingudes a partir d'imatges d'elevada resolució espacial. Es van calcular la fiabilitat global i l'índex kappa en els aiguamolls analitzats per a diferents dates i sensors. En el cas dels aiguamolls costaners, l'índex d'aigua NDWI amb un llindar de ¿0,30 va proporcionar els resultats amb major precisió obtenint un valor mitjà de 0,89 en fiabilitat global. En el cas de l'aiguamoll de les Taules de Daimiel, es van seleccionar l'índex MNDWI i llindar ¿0,15 per a imatges Landsat-5 (fiabilitat global 0,88), l'índex MNDWI i llindar ¿0,25 per a imatges Landsat-8 (fiabilitat global 0,99) i l'índex NDWI i llindar ¿0,20 (fiabilitat global 0,99) en el cas d'imatges Sentinel-2A/B. En l'aiguamoll de les Taules de Daimiel es va realitzar una anàlisi temporal des de l'any 2000 al 2021 que va permetre calcular les anomalies de la superfície d'aigua, de la precipitació, del nivell piezomètric i del cabal hidrològic. Aquesta reconstrucció temporal també va permetre comparar els resultats derivats a partir de les imatges Sentinel-2A/B i de les imatges Landsat 8. Es va realitzar una anàlisi de correlació entre els índexs d'anomalies calculats, que revela una correlació no significativa entre les anomalies precipitació i de superfície d'aigua. Mentre que l'índex d'anomalies de superfície d'aigua si va presentar una correlació estadísticament significativa amb els índexs d'anomalia de cabal i de nivells piezomètrics. Quant a l'anàlisi comparativa entre les imatges Landsat-8 i Sentinel-2 es va obtindre una relació lineal entre la superfície d'aigua estimada per tots dos sensors amb un valor de R2 = 0,87. No obstant això, la major resolució espacial de Sentinel-2 permet detectar masses d'aigua de menor grandària contribuint a una millor anàlisi dels patrons de variabilitat en l'àrea d'estudi. La informació derivada d'aquesta tesi presenta una aplicabilitat d'interés mediambiental per al seguiment de l'estat dels aiguamolls ajudant a adaptar plans de gestió que condueixen a un estat de conservació adequat. / [EN] Wetlands are one of the ecosystems that receive the most attention from the scientific community. Their importance can be explained by the fact that they help mitigate the effects of flooding, can act as water filters, and provide habitats for valuable species of fauna and flora. In recent years, these types of environments are increasingly threatened as a result of pollution, alterations in water levels associated with the effects of climate change and anthropic uses, the introduction of invasive species and the negative effects of some changes in land use and certain practices associated with them (agriculture, grazing and urbanization). To analyze these ecosystems, remote sensing is presented as a tool with high potential to identify, evaluate and monitor these areas. In this thesis, Sentinel-2A/B, Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images were used to extract free water bodies in two environments: coastal Mediterranean wetlands (Prat Cabanes-Torreblanca, Marjal de Sagunto, Marjal de La Safor and Marjal Pego-Oliva) and the alluvial plain wetland located in the center of Spain, the Tablas de Daimiel. For this purpose, an analysis of seven water indices (NDWI, mNDWI, Cedex, Re-NDWI, Awei (sh), AWEI (nsh) and B_Blue) and thresholds were carried out to obtain the mapping of free water bodies in these areas. The main objective is to define the index and threshold that allow a wider use of the methodology for its application in other wetlands. LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) information was also used in La Safor wetland to analyze the effects of the flooded surface on different land uses. The evaluation of the results was carried out based on the validation with a set of samples obtained from high spatial resolution images. The overall accuracy and the kappa index were calculated for the wetlands analyzed for different dates and sensors. In the case of the coastal wetlands, the NDWI water index with a threshold of ¿0.30 provided the most accurate results with an average value of 0.89 in global accuracy. In the case of Las Tablas de Daimiel wetland, the MNDWI index and threshold ¿0.15 were selected for Landsat-5 images (overall accuracy 0.88), the MNDWI index and threshold ¿0.25 for Landsat-8 images (overall accuracy 0.99) and the NDWI index and threshold ¿0.20 (overall accuracy 0.99) in the case of Sentinel-2A/B images. In Las Tablas de Daimiel wetland, a temporal analysis was carried out from 2000 to 2021 to calculate the anomalies of the water surface, precipitation, piezometric level and hydrological flow. This temporal reconstruction also made it possible to compare the results derived from Sentinel-2A/B images and Landsat 8 images. A correlation analysis was performed between the calculated anomaly indices, which revealed a non-significant correlation between the precipitation and water surface anomalies. However, the water surface anomaly index did show a statistically significant correlation with the flow anomaly and piezometric level indexes. As for the comparative analysis between Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images, a linear relationship was obtained between the water surface estimated by both sensors with a value of R2 = 0.87. However, the higher spatial resolution of Sentinel-2 allows the detection of smaller water masses contributing to a better analysis of the variability patterns in the study area. The information derived from this thesis presents an application of environmental interest for monitoring the state of wetlands helping to adapt management plans that lead to an adequate conservation status. / Pena Regueiro, J. (2023). Monitorización de cambios en la lámina libre de agua en humedales mediante teledetección [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196109 / Compendio

Thin films of a ternary alloys between aluminum, manganese and copper (AlMnCu), prepared at low temperature, are reported in the present work. It is a study along two binary edges (Al100−xMnx and Al100−xCux (from literature)), the first almost along the entire range of concentrations, and two different cuts through the ternary system. The first cut begins at amorphous Al50Mn50 and adds Cu step by step (from literature). The second cut begins at amorphous Al60Cu40 and varies Al and Mn such that the Cu-content stays constant. There is a wide amorphous range, purely amorphous or with additional quasi-crystalline local features, and there are ranges where mixtures between amorphous and nano- or partially crystalline phases with a high content of lattice defects exist. The work exclusively deals with the development of the static structure and its thermal stability, as well as the development of its electronic transport properties. The ternary AlMnCu is a model for a deeper understanding of different scenarios of structure stabilization and their interaction, with consequences on the emergence of physical properties. The analysis focuses on self-organizing spherical-periodic, global resonance effects between two global subsystems of the alloy under consideration, the Fermi gas as one and the forming static structure of ions as the other. The global resonances are self organizing by i.e. an exchange of characteristic momenta and energy between the subsystems and trigger, besides a particular structure, particle-density anomalies and/or hybridization effects. The work shows strong evidence of a combined action of the particle-density anomalies with the effective valence of the atoms involved, in order to maintain the resonance condition under all circumstances. Whereas at high Al-content, additionally, local features of quasi-crystallinity arise, closer to pure Mn phase separations arise, causing mixtures of amorphous with nano-crystalline phases or crystals with a high content of lattice distortions. Reports on density anomalies, hybridization effects, and angular correlations, have been published quite often. In the present work, besides similar effects in a ternary system, first indications for phase separations and lattice defects as additional scenarios of stabilizing condensed matter are reported. The resonance, seen as spherical-periodic-order at short- and medium-range distances in real space, causes in reciprocal space a resonance maximum (analogous to a Bragg peak in crystals). Its location on the axis of the scattering vector is defined by the electron system and a pseudo-gap in the electronic density of states arise at the Fermi energy. The origin of the structural order and its thermal stability, the pseudo-gap at the Fermi energy, as well as the transport properties with its anomalies, all are attributed to the resonance. The spherically-periodic atomic order in an amorphous phase is analogous to the planar order in a crystal. The interatomic distances between the nearest neighboring shells at short- and medium range distances coincide with half the Fermi wavelength, also called Friedel-wavelength. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über bei niedriger Temperatur hergestellte dünne Schichten aus einem ternären Legierungssystem zwischen Aluminium, Mangan und Kupfer (AlMnCu) berichtet, über zwei binäre Randlegierungen (Al100−xMnx und Al100−xCux (aus der Literatur)) und über zwei verschiedene Schnitte durch den ternären Bereich. Ein Schnitt durch den ternären Bereich beginnt bei amorphem Al50Mn50 und fügt schrittweise Cu zur Legierung (aus der Literatur). Der zweite Schnitt beginnt bei amorphem Al60Cu40 und fügt schrittweise Al und Mn so zu, dass der Cu-Gehalt konstant bleibt. Es gibt amorphe Bereiche, teilweise mit weiteren lokal quasi-kristallinen zusätzlichen Merkmalen, sowie Bereiche, in denen Mischungen aus amorphen mit nano oder teilkristallinen Phasen auftreten. Die Arbeit behandelt die Entwicklung der statischen Struktur und deren thermische Stabilität, sowie die Entwicklung elektronischer Transporteigenschaften. Das ternäre AlMnCu ist ein Modellsystem für ein tieferes Verständnis der verschiedenen Szenarien struktureller Stabilisierung und deren Interaktion, mit Auswirkungen auf ein tieferes Verständnis der mit der Struktur sich entwicklenden physikalischen Eigenschaften. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf sich selbstorganisierende sphärisch-periodische, globale Resonanzeffekte zwischen zwei globalen Untersystemen des gewählten Materialsystems, der Fermi-Kugel als einem und der sich bildenden statischen Struktur der Ionen als dem anderen. Die globalen Resonanzen bilden sich u.a. durch einen Austausch von charakteristischen Impulsen und Energie zwischen den Untersystemen, die neben einer bestimmten Struktur zunächst auch Teilchendichteanomalien und/oder Hybridisierungseffekte erzeugen. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt dabei starke Anzeichen für eine kombinierte Wirkung dieser Effekte um die Resonanzbedingung unter allen Umständen beizubehalten. Bei hohen Al-Anteilen treten zusätzlich lokale Merkmale von quasi-Kristallinität, mit 5-facher Winkelkorrelation auf, um auch diesen Bereich strukturell zu stabilisieren. Bei hohen Mn-Anteilen sind es lokale Phasentrennung in amorphe und nano-kristalline Phasen oder hohe Anteile von Gitterdeffekten, die zusätzlich auftreten. Über Dichteanomalien, Hybridisierungseffekte und Winkelkorrelationen wurde in der Vergangenheit bereits mehrfach berichtet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind es, neben der modellhaften Behandlung dieser im ternären System, die Hinweise zu Phasentrennung und Gitterdeffekten als zusätzliche Szenarien zur Stabilisierung kondensierter Materie, über die erstmalig berichtet wird. Die auf dem Austausch von Impuls beruhende Resonanz, als sphärisch-periodische-Ordnung im nahen und mittleren Abstandsbereich des Ortsraumes zu sehen, verursacht im reziproken Raum ein Resonanzmaximum (analog zu einem Bragg-peak in kristallinen Systemen), dessen Lage auf der Achse der Streuvektoren vom Elektronensystem definiert wird, und eine Pseudolücke in der elektronischen Zustandsdichte der Elektronen an der Fermi-Energie. Letztendlich werden die Entstehung der strukturellen Ordnung selbst, ihre thermische Stabilität, als auch die Transporteigenschaften mit ihren Anomalien auf diese Pseudolücke und demzufolge auf die Resonanz zurückgeführt. Die sphärisch-periodische Ordnung der Atome in einer amorphen Phase ist analog zur planaren Ordnung in einem Kristall. Die Atomabstände zwischen den Nächstnachbarschalen im mittleren, aber auch nahen Abstandsbereich, stimmen über große Distanzen mit der halben Fermi-Wellenlänge überein, die man auch als Friedel-Wellenlänge bezeichnet.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Over the past two decades, northern parts of the United States have experienced extreme heat conditions. Some of the notable heat wave impacts have occurred in Chicago in 1995 with over 600 reported deaths and in Philadelphia in 1993 with over 180 reported deaths. The distribution of extreme heat events in Indianapolis has varied since the year 2000. The Urban Heat Island effect has caused the temperatures to rise unusually high during the summer months. Although the number of reported deaths in Indianapolis is smaller when compared to Chicago and Philadelphia, the heat wave in the year 2010 affected primarily the vulnerable population comprised of the elderly and the lower socio-economic groups. Studying the spatial distribution of high temperatures in the vulnerable areas helps determine not only the extent of the heat affected areas, but also to devise strategies and methods to plan, mitigate, and tackle extreme heat. In addition, examining spatial patterns of vulnerability can aid in development of a heat warning system to alert the populations at risk during extreme heat events. This study focuses on the qualitative and quantitative methods used to measure extreme heat events. Land surface temperatures obtained from the Landsat TM images provide useful means by which the spatial distribution of temperatures can be studied in relation to the temporal changes and socioeconomic vulnerability. The percentile method used, helps to determine the vulnerable areas and their extents. The maximum temperatures measured using LST conversion of the original digital number values of the Landsat TM images is reliable in terms of identifying the heat-affected regions.