Under projektet ”Att brodera är ett verb –Betraktelser ur ett nålsöga” har jag använt applikationsbroderi som teknik för att transformera och bearbeta material från min omgivning. Jag har sorterat alla material efter färgcirkeln och skapat rutor som jag satt ihop till ett abstraherat lapptäcke. Arbetet har syftat till att undersöka processbaserat görande och jag har därför tagit hjälp av verben i konstnären Richard Serras ”Verb list”. Jag har satt upp fyra regler för mig själv att förhålla mig till under arbetets gång. Med reglerna har jag velat eliminera alla val och processer som inte handlar om själva görandet i sig. Lapptäcket har tagit sin slutliga form utifrån det ramverk som reglerna utgjort. Under min opponering diskuterade jag och opponenten Karin Lundgren-Tallinger främst hur jag har förhållit mig till mina regler under arbetets gång och hur de hade kunnat vara tydligare. Till Konstfacks Vårutställning hängde jag upp lapptäcket på en ställning av skrot i ett hörn och spred ut vissa rutor och andra obearbetade material så som skräp och garner i flera delar av rummet. Installationen av verket gjorde jag för att skapa en känsla av att arbetet med rutorna när som helst skulle kunna återupptas och görandet forsätta.

The study aimed at investigating the factors that affect the efficient management of wastes produced by food outlets in Pretoria, South Africa. This was with a view of providing empirical data and information with respect to the causative factors responsible for the visible environmental pollution by wastes and materials from food outlets. Data was gathered from a representative sample of 332 food outlets on socio-economic, demographic, environmental, sanitary and health related variables that are related to waste management and efficiency in the disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Data entry and analysis was performed using statistical procedures such as frequency tables, Pearson’s chi-square tests of association and binary logistic regression analysis in the statistical package STATA version 10. Odds ratios estimated from logistic regression analysis were used for identifying key factors that affect efficiency in the proper disposal of waste. Results obtained showed that 18 % of the 332 food outlets in the study were generally inefficient in waste disposal. Based on odds ratios estimated from binary logistic regression analysis, wrong perception (a factor of 10.88), failure to provide trash cans to customers (a factor of 3.15), the operation of food outlets by non-owners or managers (a factor of 2.33), and failure to practice source reduction of waste (a factor of 2.25) are the top 4 influential factors that affect the proper management of waste at the 332 food outlets in the study. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Urea is the main nitrogen (N) fertilizer used worldwide, but N losses in the form of ammonia (NH3) is a major problem when this fertilizer is topdressed over crop residues. The treatment of urea with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) decreases the activity of urease enzyme and volatilization losses in many crops. However, the amount of straw over the soil in green cane trash blanketing (GCTB) systems affect the effectiveness of NBPT-treated urea in reducing NH3 losses. The hypothesis of this study is that an increase of NBPT concentration in NBPT-treated urea above the commercial concentration adopted nowadays (530 mg kg-1) is necessary to reduce volatilization losses and improve the efficiency of this fertilizer in GCTB systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, NH3 losses from urea amended with four NBPT concentrations and applied over sugarcane straw. Six field trials were carried out across the State of São Paulo, the main sugarcane-cropped area in Brazil. It was adopted the randomized block experimental design with four replications. The treatments consisted of urea amended with the NBPT concentrations 0, 530, 850, 1500 and 2000 mg kg-1, ammonium nitrate and a control treatment (without N fertilizer). The NH3 volatilization was measured through an enclosure semi-static collector system containing two polyethylene foam discs treated with orthophosphoric acid and glycerol. The foam discs were collected and replaced at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 and 30 days after the fertilizer application (DAF). The N trapped into the foams was extracted using deionized water and the N concentration determined by Flow Injection Analysis (FIA). Boltzmann sigmoidal models were fitted to cumulative losses of NH3 along the days. Cumulative losses between locals were compared by Tukey HSD and the effect of NBPT concentrations were tested by regression analyses (P<0.05). There was a significant effect of local and environmental conditions on amount of NH3 losses. NBPT was less effective in reducing NH3 losses under high temperatures and thick straw layer, probably because of the high urease activity and the early inhibitor degradation. The increase on NBPT concentration on urea above 530 mg kg-1 not only delayed the time of maximum rate of loss (Tmax), but also reduced cumulative NH3 losses. The two higher NBPT concentrations promoted an average delay of six days from untreated urea Tmax. Linear reduction of NH3 emissions occurred up to the NBPT concentration of 1000 mg kg-1 that reduced 43% of NH3 losses as compared to urea. Any increment in NBPT concentration above this range did not reflect in substantial reduction of NH3 losses. Increase NBPT concentration showed potential in reducing NH3 volatilization losses under GCTB sugarcane, however, further research is necessary to evaluate the impact of NH3 savings on sugarcane yield and the economic feasibility of this technology. / A ureia é o principal fertilizante nitrogenado utilizado em todo o mundo, porém, perdas de nitrogênio (N) na forma de amônia (NH3) são um importante problema associado ao uso desse fertilizante. O tratamento da ureia com N-(n-butil) tiofosfórico triamida (NBPT) reduz a atividade da enzima urease e a volatilização de NH3 em muitos cultivos. Entretanto, a quantidade de palha sobre o solo em sistemas de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar colhida sem queima (CCSQ) afeta a eficiência do tratamento da ureia com NBPT em reduzir as perdas de NH3. A hipótese deste estudo é que é necessário aumentar a concentração de NBPT na ureia acima da atual concentração comercial (530 mg kg-1) para reduzir as perdas por volatilização, de modo a viabilizar o uso de ureia tratada com NBPT em sistemas de CCSQ. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, em condições de campo, as perdas de NH3 de ureia tratada com quatro concentrações de NBPT e aplicada sobre a palhada de cana-de-açúcar. Seis experimentos de campo foram conduzidos no Estado de São Paulo, principal área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Foi utilizado delineamento aleatorizado em blocos com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em ureia tratada com NBPT nas concentrações 0, 530, 850, 1500 e 2000 mg kg-1, nitrato de amônio e um tratamento controle (sem adubação nitrogenada). A volatilização e NH3 foi mensurada através de sistema coletor semiestático fechado, contendo dois discos de espuma de polietileno embebidos com solução de ácido ortofosfórico e glicerina. Os discos de espuma foram coletados e substituídos aos 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos fertilizantes (DAF). O N retido nas espumas foi extraído usando água deionizada e a concentração de N determinada por Análise por Injeção em Fluxo (FIA). Modelos sigmoides de Boltzmann foram ajustados para as perdas cumulativas de NH3 ao longo dos dias. As médias das perdas acumuladas entre locais foram comparadas usando teste de Tukey e o efeito das concentrações de NBPT foi testado por análise de regressão (P<0,05). Houve forte influência do local e das condições ambientais nas perdas de NH3. O NBPT foi menos eficiente reduzir as perdas de NH3 em condições de alta temperatura e grossa camada de palha, provavelmente devido à alta atividade de urease e à degradação prematura do inibidor. O aumento na concentração de NBPT na ureia acima de 530 mg kg-1 não apenas retardou o pico de máxima taxa de perda diária (Tmax), mas também reduziu as perdas acumuladas de NH3. As duas maiores concentrações de NBPT promoveram um retardamento médio de seis dias em relação ao Tmax da ureia. Uma redução linear nas emissões de NH3 foi verificada até a dose de 1000 mg kg-1 de NBPT, que levou a uma redução de 43% nas perdas em comparação à ureia não tratada. Incrementos na concentração de NBPT acima desse valor não se refletiram em redução substancial das perdas de NH3. Aumentar a concentração de NBPT na ureia demonstrou potencial em reduzir as perdas e NH3 por volatilização em sistemas de CCSQ, entretanto são necessárias mais pesquisas avaliando o impacto do N preservado no sistema sobre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e a viabilidade econômica dessa tecnologia.

Urea is the main nitrogen (N) fertilizer used worldwide, but N losses in the form of ammonia (NH3) is a major problem when this fertilizer is topdressed over crop residues. The treatment of urea with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) decreases the activity of urease enzyme and volatilization losses in many crops. However, the amount of straw over the soil in green cane trash blanketing (GCTB) systems affect the effectiveness of NBPT-treated urea in reducing NH3 losses. The hypothesis of this study is that an increase of NBPT concentration in NBPT-treated urea above the commercial concentration adopted nowadays (530 mg kg-1) is necessary to reduce volatilization losses and improve the efficiency of this fertilizer in GCTB systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, NH3 losses from urea amended with four NBPT concentrations and applied over sugarcane straw. Six field trials were carried out across the State of São Paulo, the main sugarcane-cropped area in Brazil. It was adopted the randomized block experimental design with four replications. The treatments consisted of urea amended with the NBPT concentrations 0, 530, 850, 1500 and 2000 mg kg-1, ammonium nitrate and a control treatment (without N fertilizer). The NH3 volatilization was measured through an enclosure semi-static collector system containing two polyethylene foam discs treated with orthophosphoric acid and glycerol. The foam discs were collected and replaced at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 and 30 days after the fertilizer application (DAF). The N trapped into the foams was extracted using deionized water and the N concentration determined by Flow Injection Analysis (FIA). Boltzmann sigmoidal models were fitted to cumulative losses of NH3 along the days. Cumulative losses between locals were compared by Tukey HSD and the effect of NBPT concentrations were tested by regression analyses (P<0.05). There was a significant effect of local and environmental conditions on amount of NH3 losses. NBPT was less effective in reducing NH3 losses under high temperatures and thick straw layer, probably because of the high urease activity and the early inhibitor degradation. The increase on NBPT concentration on urea above 530 mg kg-1 not only delayed the time of maximum rate of loss (Tmax), but also reduced cumulative NH3 losses. The two higher NBPT concentrations promoted an average delay of six days from untreated urea Tmax. Linear reduction of NH3 emissions occurred up to the NBPT concentration of 1000 mg kg-1 that reduced 43% of NH3 losses as compared to urea. Any increment in NBPT concentration above this range did not reflect in substantial reduction of NH3 losses. Increase NBPT concentration showed potential in reducing NH3 volatilization losses under GCTB sugarcane, however, further research is necessary to evaluate the impact of NH3 savings on sugarcane yield and the economic feasibility of this technology. / A ureia é o principal fertilizante nitrogenado utilizado em todo o mundo, porém, perdas de nitrogênio (N) na forma de amônia (NH3) são um importante problema associado ao uso desse fertilizante. O tratamento da ureia com N-(n-butil) tiofosfórico triamida (NBPT) reduz a atividade da enzima urease e a volatilização de NH3 em muitos cultivos. Entretanto, a quantidade de palha sobre o solo em sistemas de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar colhida sem queima (CCSQ) afeta a eficiência do tratamento da ureia com NBPT em reduzir as perdas de NH3. A hipótese deste estudo é que é necessário aumentar a concentração de NBPT na ureia acima da atual concentração comercial (530 mg kg-1) para reduzir as perdas por volatilização, de modo a viabilizar o uso de ureia tratada com NBPT em sistemas de CCSQ. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, em condições de campo, as perdas de NH3 de ureia tratada com quatro concentrações de NBPT e aplicada sobre a palhada de cana-de-açúcar. Seis experimentos de campo foram conduzidos no Estado de São Paulo, principal área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Foi utilizado delineamento aleatorizado em blocos com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em ureia tratada com NBPT nas concentrações 0, 530, 850, 1500 e 2000 mg kg-1, nitrato de amônio e um tratamento controle (sem adubação nitrogenada). A volatilização e NH3 foi mensurada através de sistema coletor semiestático fechado, contendo dois discos de espuma de polietileno embebidos com solução de ácido ortofosfórico e glicerina. Os discos de espuma foram coletados e substituídos aos 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos fertilizantes (DAF). O N retido nas espumas foi extraído usando água deionizada e a concentração de N determinada por Análise por Injeção em Fluxo (FIA). Modelos sigmoides de Boltzmann foram ajustados para as perdas cumulativas de NH3 ao longo dos dias. As médias das perdas acumuladas entre locais foram comparadas usando teste de Tukey e o efeito das concentrações de NBPT foi testado por análise de regressão (P<0,05). Houve forte influência do local e das condições ambientais nas perdas de NH3. O NBPT foi menos eficiente reduzir as perdas de NH3 em condições de alta temperatura e grossa camada de palha, provavelmente devido à alta atividade de urease e à degradação prematura do inibidor. O aumento na concentração de NBPT na ureia acima de 530 mg kg-1 não apenas retardou o pico de máxima taxa de perda diária (Tmax), mas também reduziu as perdas acumuladas de NH3. As duas maiores concentrações de NBPT promoveram um retardamento médio de seis dias em relação ao Tmax da ureia. Uma redução linear nas emissões de NH3 foi verificada até a dose de 1000 mg kg-1 de NBPT, que levou a uma redução de 43% nas perdas em comparação à ureia não tratada. Incrementos na concentração de NBPT acima desse valor não se refletiram em redução substancial das perdas de NH3. Aumentar a concentração de NBPT na ureia demonstrou potencial em reduzir as perdas e NH3 por volatilização em sistemas de CCSQ, entretanto são necessárias mais pesquisas avaliando o impacto do N preservado no sistema sobre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e a viabilidade econômica dessa tecnologia.

The study aimed at investigating the factors that affect the efficient management of wastes produced by food outlets in Pretoria, South Africa. This was with a view of providing empirical data and information with respect to the causative factors responsible for the visible environmental pollution by wastes and materials from food outlets. Data was gathered from a representative sample of 332 food outlets on socio-economic, demographic, environmental, sanitary and health related variables that are related to waste management and efficiency in the disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Data entry and analysis was performed using statistical procedures such as frequency tables, Pearson’s chi-square tests of association and binary logistic regression analysis in the statistical package STATA version 10. Odds ratios estimated from logistic regression analysis were used for identifying key factors that affect efficiency in the proper disposal of waste. Results obtained showed that 18 % of the 332 food outlets in the study were generally inefficient in waste disposal. Based on odds ratios estimated from binary logistic regression analysis, wrong perception (a factor of 10.88), failure to provide trash cans to customers (a factor of 3.15), the operation of food outlets by non-owners or managers (a factor of 2.33), and failure to practice source reduction of waste (a factor of 2.25) are the top 4 influential factors that affect the proper management of waste at the 332 food outlets in the study. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Submitted by LUIZ CUNALI DEFILIPPI FILHO (luizfelippe10@yahoo.com) on 2013-07-04T10:26:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Cunali Defilippi Filho_final.pdf: 2932347 bytes, checksum: 11a66698a5eb6774673ebdb60a6a2846 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-04T11:23:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Cunali Defilippi Filho_final.pdf: 2932347 bytes, checksum: 11a66698a5eb6774673ebdb60a6a2846 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-04T11:49:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Cunali Defilippi Filho_final.pdf: 2932347 bytes, checksum: 11a66698a5eb6774673ebdb60a6a2846 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-18 / O setor sucroenergético brasileiro vem se destacando como uma nova opção para a geração de energia elétrica do país de forma renovável e sustentável. Torna-se cada vez mais frequente o uso do palhiço da cana-de-açúcar como fonte adicional de biomassa combustível além do uso tradicional do bagaço. As usinas com centrais termelétricas que comercializam os excedentes de bioeletricidade normalmente operam durante a safra da cana-de-açúcar e ficam paradas durante a entressafra. Este estudo analisa a viabilidade econômica de aproveitar a capacidade ociosa de uma unidade de geração de energia elétrica durante a entressafra, através do estudo de caso de uma usina de cana-de-açúcar na cidade de Iacanga no interior do estado de São Paulo. O trabalho tem como premissa utilizar o palhiço como combustível na safra adicional ao bagaço e armazenar o bagaço para a geração de bioeletricidade na entressafra. Os investimentos necessários para o processamento do palhiço na safra, armazenagem e movimentação do bagaço e custos de operação e manutenção do sistema de geração de energia são apresentados. As análises econômicas do estudo são feitas utilizando os métodos do Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e da Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). São feitas também análises de sensibilidade com os dois principais fatores de impacto à rentabilidade, que são o custo do palhiço posto na usina e o valor da energia elétrica vendida. As análises são apresentadas em três cenários variando o total de dias efetivos de geração na entressafra, sendo de 30, 60 e 90 dias. Os resultados indicam que a geração adicional de energia na entressafra, aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da planta na entressafra, tem um VPL de R$-1,136 milhão, R$ 0,698 milhão e R$ 2,511 milhões e uma TIR de 5,47% a.a., 16,98% a.a. e 25,88% a.a., respectivamente. Esses resultados consideraram o custo do palhiço a R$ 70,00.t-1 e a venda da energia a R$170,00.MWh-1. Conclui-se, assim, que o aproveitamento da capacidade ociosa do parque de geração de energia a partir da biomassa da cana-de-açúcar na entressafra tem potencial e viabilidade econômica conforme: o aumento do seu uso; a disponibilidade de biomassa residual (palhiço) a custos competitivos; e preço de venda da bioeletricidade. / The sugar ethanol industry has emerged as a renewable and sustainable option for electricity generation in Brazil. Besides the more traditional use of bagasse, sugarcane trash has become increasingly frequent as an additional source of biomass fuel. The mills with power plants, which sell surplus bioelectricity, normally operate during harvest season and are idle during the off crop. This study examines the economic feasibility of using the idle capacity of electricity generation units during the off crop, through the case study of a sugarcane mill in Iacanga, São Paulo. The analysis assumes the use of sugarcane trash as additional fuel to bagasse and the storage of the excess of bagasse to generate bioelectriciy in the off crop season. The study presents the necessary investments for processing the trash during the harvest season, for storage and handling of bagasse, and the operation and maintenance costs of the power generation system. The economic analysis are performed using the methods of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Also, sensitivity analysis is made using the two main factors that impact the profitability: the cost of trash at the plant and the amount of electricity sold. The analysis considers three scenarios varying the total days of effective bioelectricity generation during off crop: 30, 60 and 90 days. The results indicate that the additional power generation during the off crop, taking advantage of the mill’s idle capacity, provide a NPV of R$ -1.14 million, R$ 0.70 million and R$ 2.51 million, respectively, and an IRR of 5.5%, 17.0% and 25.9% per year, considering the cost of trash as R$ 70,00 / ton and the sale of energy as R$ 170.00 MW/h. As conclusion, the study shows thatthe use of the mill’s idle capacity for power generation from the biomass of sugarcane in the off crop season has a good potential and presents economic viability, as its increased use generates competitive biomass waste (trash) and if there is competitive prices in the sale of bioelectricity.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of hydraulic cleaning machine of fine screens located in the supply channel of small hydropower plant. The part of this thesis is also the design of hydraulic circuit and strength analysis using finite element method. The thesis also deals with the optimal debris removal. The thesis is attached by drawing documentation of selected parts of the mechanism.

Trashandlitter discarded on the street is a large environmental issue in Sweden and across the globe. In Swedish cities alone it is estimated that 1.8 billion articles of trash are thrown to the street each year, constituting around 3 kilotons of waste. One avenue to combat this societal and environmental problem is to use robotics and AI. A robot could learn to detect trash in the wild and collect it in order to clean the environment. A key component of such a robot would be its computer vision system which allows it to detect litter and trash. Such systems are not trivially designed or implemented and have only recently reached high enough performance in order to work in industrial contexts. This master thesis focuses on creating and analysing such an algorithm by gathering data for use in a machine learning model, developing an object detection pipeline and evaluating the performance of that pipeline based on varying its components. Specifically, methods using hyperparameter optimisation, psuedolabeling and the preprocessing methods tiling and illumination normalisation were implemented and analysed. This thesis shows that it is possible to create an object detection algorithm with high performance using currently available state-of-the-art methods. Within the analysed context, hyperparameter optimisation did not significantly improve performance and psuedolabeling could only briefly be analysed but showed promising results. Tiling greatly increased mean average precision (mAP) for the detection of small objects, such as cigarette butts, but decreased the mAP for large objects and illumination normalisation improved mAPforimagesthat were brightly lit. Both preprocessing methods reduced the frames per second that a full detector could run at whilst psuedolabeling and hyperparameter optimisation greatly increased training times. / Skräp som slängs på marken har en stor miljöpåverkan i Sverige och runtom i världen. Enbart i Svenska städer uppskattas det att 1,8 miljarder bitar skräp slängs på gatan varje år, bestående av cirka 3 kiloton avfall. Ett sätt att lösa detta samhälleliga och miljömässiga problem är att använda robotik och AI. En robot skulle kunna lära siga att detektera skräp i utomhusmiljöer och samla in den för att på så sätt rengöra våra städer och vår natur. En nyckelkomponent av en sådan robot skulle vara dess system för datorseende som tillåter den att se och hitta skräp. Sådana system är inte triviala att designa eller implementera och har bara nyligen påvisat tillräckligt hög prestanda för att kunna användas i kommersiella sammanhang. Detta masterexamensarbete fokuserar på att skapa och analysera en sådan algoritm genom att insamla data för att använda i en maskininlärningsmodell, utveckla en objektdetekterings pipeline och utvärdera prestandan när dess komponenter modifieras. Specifikt analyseras metoderna pseudomarkering, hyperparameter optimering samt förprocesseringsmetoderna kakling och ljusintensitetsnormalisering. Examensarbetet visar att det är möjligt att skapa en objektdetekteringsalgoritm med hög prestanda med hjälp av den senaste tekniken på området. Inom det undersökta sammanhanget gav hyperparameter optimering inte någon större förbättring av prestandan och pseudomarkering kunde enbart ytligt analyseras men uppvisade preliminärt lovande resultat. Kakling förbättrade resultatet för detektering av små objekt, som cigarettfimpar, men minskade prestandan för större objekt och ljusintensitetsnormalisering förbättrade prestandan för bilder som var starkt belysta. Båda förprocesseringsmetoderna minskade bildhastigheten som en detektor skulle kunna köra i och psuedomarkering samt hyperparameter optimering ökade träningstiden kraftigt.

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