<p>Despite a highly centralised system of government, Tanzania, has attempted several measures aimed at achieving decentralisation of its immense powers to allow people to have a say on matters affecting their respective areas of jurisdiction. By discussing the autonomy of local government in Tanzania, this research will highlight whether or not local government in Tanzania has the autonomy to exercise its functions without undue interference from the central government. There is not much literature on the local government laws of Tanzania .Therefore, this research will contribute to the concept of decentralisation in Tanzania in particular and Africa in general.</p>

This is a thesis regarding a local event that occurred in Babati district in North-Eastern Tanzania during the autumn of 2009. In the district the period between June-November is normally a dry period, but this year the serenity of the drought was considered as harsher than usual. The majority of the workforce in Tanzania and in Babati is within the agricultural sector, and thus are directly dependant on the weather for the cultivation of the crops. A severe drought that wipes out the larger amount of the yield is devastating for the farmer-households, both socially and economical. The drought in question may or may not have been a result of climate changes, but it can be used as a mirror to future and present events that actually happens due to a changed climate. The reactions and consequences that this drought had on the people who got affected can tell us something about how future changes of the climate, or even temporary fluctuations of the weather, may concern people globally. My field study confirms the gendered imbalance in resilience against ecological changes, by illuminating how the women-headed households were the group that had been hardest hit of the farmers that I interviewed. This can be connected to a pandemic structure where poor, rural women constitute the most vulnerable group when it comes to ecological catastrophes and changed patterns in weathers and/or climate. The social impacts that the drought had on the inhabitants of Babati in general, and it’s female inhabitants maintaining on agricultural in particular, works as a general example on how people that already constitute a marginalized group in society, are the least resilient when it comes to endure natural catastrophes.

Tanzania is amongst other things known for its ethnic diversity. In 1987 it was established that Tanzania had 130 different African ethnic groups. Despite the ethnic diversity Tanzania is successful in acceptance and famous for being a country in peace. Peoples identity creation is a constantly evolving process and is therefore difficult to define and categorize. Despite that this essay aims to get an understanding of Tanzanians cultural integration. How do people define themselves in terms of their own identity? What matter the most, is it religion, the local or national community? How important is the ethnic inheritance in the urban society? Is it one or more of these categorizations that people have a stronger connection to. How important is the language and the ability to communicate with each other to maintain a peaceful stability? These questions where asked to inhabitants of the town Babati which is situated in the northern parts of Tanzania. The interviews took place during a three week long field study February – March 2010.

In many countries poverty is widespread, and so is also corruption. Foreign aid is given to countries in need to combat poverty, but unfortunately corruption has a restraining effect on the effectiveness of aid. The aim of this thesis is to examine how Sida, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, handles the issue of aid and corruption in the Babati District, Tanzania, where a field study were made, and what methods there are to handle this issue. The method used for this study is qualitative interviews in Tanzania and Sweden, and a literature study of previous research. The results indicate that corruption is a problem in the Babati District and that Sida is well aware of the existence of corruption in recipient countries, and the problems connected to it. Sida has prepared anti-corruption documents and regulations to use during cooperation with developing countries, and the agency is partly giving aid that reduces corruption and builds democracy. Previous research shows that there are additional methods to utilize that increases the effectiveness of aid, than Sida is currently using. One method that is well-founded is to withdraw all financial aid to countries with widespread corruption, and only focus on non-financial aid to decrease money flows and to build functioning public institutions. When corruption is eliminated, financial aid will be more effective and private investors will be attracted, and thus poverty reduction will increase.

Today there is increasing pressure on NGOs in Tanzania who are working with sexual and reproductive health programs (SRHP) from foreign donors because the HIV/AIDS epidemic has taken on emergency proportions. The risk of increasing interference into the policy shaping of domestic SRHP is that the programs lose their local relevance as they get too involved in pleasing foreign donor agendas in order to ensure donor funding. The aim of this study is to analyze the cooperation of The Tanzanian Family Planning Association (UMATI) UMATI and The Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU), who have jointly worked together to form the project Young Men as Equal Partners (YMEP). I argue that the YMEP project has failed to meet the needs of the adolescents with the peer-to-peer methodology as the needs of the adolescents are not being met. The reasons for this are twofold: the Eurocentric post-colonialist nature of the project planning and the local exclusion of adolescents in the project planning process as their sexual and reproductive rights are not being addressed in formal or informal education programs because of traditionalist values. This study is a qualitative study, which uses semi-structured interviews conducted in secondary schools in Manyara Region in Tanzania as a method of data collection. The theory used in this study is a literature review wherein empirical results from both individual and group interviews will be compared to other theoretical views. The conclusion of this study is that adolescents must be incorporated into the NGO programs as well as other stakeholders as this will perhaps challenge their traditionalist values and produce a sustainable behavioral change that will improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in The United Republic of Tanzania.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet har varit att ur ett komparativt perspektiv undersöka vilka samhällsmedborgare skolan i Sverige respektive Tanzania strävar mot att fostra eleverna till. Frågeställningarna var följande: Vilka värderingar och ideal lyfts fram i de båda ländernas styrdokument? Vilken är lärares syn på skolans fostrande uppdrag i allmänhet? Vad ska eleverna fostras till i idrottsämnet? Metod Två typer av undersökningsmetod har använts, dels en textundersökning av de aktuella styrdokumenten i vardera land, dels intervjuer av verksamma lärare. Tre intervjuer gjordes i Sverige och tre intervjuer i Tanzania. Resultat De formulerade styrdokumenten i respektive land innehåller olika typer av anvisningar. Resultaten som framkommit har identifierats och kategoriserats utifrån Tomas Englunds utbildningsfilosofiska analysschema (se s. 11) Det svenska styrdokumentet, Lpo94, är enligt Englunds analysschema av en progressivistisk karaktär där elevens behov och intressen är i centrum. Det tanzaniska styrdokumentet, Education and training policy, upphöjer vikten av ämneskunskp och har därmed en karaktär av det essentialistiska. De intervjuade lärarna upplever att fostringsuppdraget är tvetydigt och inte heller helt problemfritt. I den svenska skolan anser lärarna att den fostran som skolan ansvarar för bör handla om det sociala samspelet. Respekt och lydnad är istället vad de tanzaniska lärarna anser vara skolans fostringsuppdrag. Även syftet med idrottsundervisningen i de båda länderna skiljer sig åt. I Sverige använder man idrottsundervisningen som medel för samarbete och social utveckling, medan man i Tanzania ser idrotten som återhämtning från den övriga undervisningen, men även som en möjlighet att selektera fram de bästa idrottsutövarna. Slutsats De ideal och värderingar som finns i skolan skiljer sig oerhört mellan länderna. I den svenska skolan lyfts individen fram. Undervisningen utgår och anpassas ifrån varje enskild elev, där eleverna fostras till att själva ta initiativ och inhämta kunskap. I Tanzania fostras eleverna till att underordna sig kollektivet och passa in i de redan givna ramarna. En god samhällsmedborgare i Tanzania ska visa respekt och lydnad, dessutom arbeta hårt för landets framgång och utveckling. Vad som ingår i lärarnas fostringsuppdrag uppdrag upplever lärarna som otydligt i både Tanzania och Sverige. Gränsen mellan hem och skolas ansvarsområden är flytande och ligger till grund för konflikter och problem i läraryrket. För en väl fungerande undervisning är föräldrarnas samarbete av stor betydelse.

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SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Perifer venkateter (PVK) är en medicinsk produkt bestående av en tunn kateter som, med hjälp av en ledarkanyl, förs in i en perifer ven för att kunna tillföra patienten läkemedel, näring, vätska och blodprodukter. Inläggande av PVK är ett vanligt förekommande ingrepp inom sjukvården. För att undvika komplikationer relaterade till PVK finns i Sverige nationella riktlinjer. Det finns även internationella riktlinjer gällande vårdhygien i allmänhet. Det ligger i sjuksköterskans uppgift att hantera PVK i enlighet med dessa riktlinjer. I Sverige har forskning gjorts på huruvida dessa riktlinjer återföljs, motsvarade forskning har däremot inte gjorts i Afrika. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva handhavande av perifer venkateter med avseende på skötsel, tromboflebit och dokumentation på patienter på ett sjukhus i Tanzania. Metod Metoden var en strukturerad observation som ägde rum på ett sjukhus i Tanzania. Som underlag för direkt observation användes PVC ASSES , ett observationsinstrument framtaget i Sverige för granskning av PVK avseende skötsel, tromboflebit och dokumentation. Totalt genomfördes 50 observationer. Resultat Resultatet visade att ytterförband inte fanns vid någon observation gällande handhavande av PVK avseende skötsel. Däremot fanns fixeringsförband vid samtliga observationer. Lokalisation och storlek av PVK varierade men de flesta fanns lokaliserade på handryggen och den vanligaste storleken var rosa (1,1 mm/20 gauge). Vid mer än hälften av observationerna av PVK fanns ett synligt smutsigt fixeringsförband och synliga rester av blod eller näringslösning. Användning av trevägskran/injektionsventil observerades bara vid ett tillfälle. Vid handhavande av PVK avseende tromboflebit fanns minst ett symptom på tromboflebit i 68 procent av observationerna. Gällande dokumentation i patientens journal återfanns endast ett fåtal journalanteckningar om insättning av PVK. Inga journalanteckningar återfanns gällande borttagande av PVK. Slutsats Utifrån observationer med stöd av instrumentet PVC ASSESS, framtaget i Sverige, blev slutsatsen att det saknades riktlinjer för handhavande av perifer venkateter gällande skötsel, tromboflebit och dokumentation på ett sjukhus i Tanzania. Sjuksköterskeutbildningen i Tanzania ger kunskap om skötsel, tromboflebit och dokumentation av PVK men nationella riktlinjer för handhavande av perifer venkateter saknas emellertid.

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Pneumonia is the main killer of under-five children worldwide. The developing nations suffer the most. But within such countries, the spatial and temporal distribution of pneumonia cases is not uniform; yet little is known of the spatial and temporal distribution of pneumonia or the factors that might affect spatial and temporal variability. This dissertation explores the causes of spatial and temporal variation in under-five pneumonia morbidity in Tanzania. This study uses an ecological analysis to explore weather, land cover and politics as potential drivers of the observed differences in the distribution of pneumonia. A study is at an ecological level when it examines the population-level health aspects. That is, ecological analyses in health studies evaluate groups of people rather than individuals. The current study found that weather variables such as temperature and atmospheric pressure partially explained pneumonia variance. The strength of weather-pneumonia association varies over space and time in both seasonal elements (temporal factors) and broadly-defined climate zones (spatial factors). For example, the prevalence rate was higher in the regions with bimodal rainfall compared with the regions with unimodal rainfall, with a statistically difference 117.3 (95% confidence interval: 36.6 to 198.0) cases per 100,000. In addition, within the regions (mikoa) with unimodal rainfall regime, however, the rainy season (msimu) had lower rates of pneumonia compared to the dry season (kiangazi). Land use and land cover also were partial drivers of pneumonia. Some land cover types—particularly urban areas and croplands—were associated with high rates of childhood pneumonia. In addition, districts (wilaya) categorized as urban land cover had high rates of pneumonia compared to those categorized as only rural. To determine the associations between politics and pneumonia, this study compared the pneumonia cases in the administrative locations that received less central government funding with those locations that were financially rewarded for voting for the ruling party. The locations with lower funding generally had higher rates of childhood pneumonia. However, it is unclear whether these locations had higher rates of childhood pneumonia because of, or in addition, to their funding gaps. In sum, this dissertation evaluated population-level factors affecting distribution of childhood pneumonia. Like other similarly population-level studies, this dissertation provides an understanding of the coarse-scale dynamics related to childhood pneumonia. By so doing, it contributes to the pneumonia etiology scientific literature. That is, this dissertation contributes to the understanding of within-nation pneumonia distribution in developing nations. It is the first in Tanzania to evaluate the impact of weather, land cover and politics on childhood pneumonia. By evaluating the impact of weather and land cover, this dissertation also provides an example of non socio-economic factors affecting health inequalities. By analyzing a large landmass of two main climatic types, this dissertation also contributes appreciation of non-stationarity of temporal variations of childhood pneumonia, in addition to the commonly-evaluated spatial variations.