The aim of this qualitative study was to explore experiences of malaria and attitudes to malaria prevention among nurses from Tanzania. Eleven nurses from three hospitals in northern Tanzania were interviewed. The analysis resulted in following categories: The malaria situation was so severe at that time, Being both nurse and parent, Hindrances in the battle, Sharing knowledge and There is a change. Ten out of eleven nurses had had malaria and all of them had been treated with anti-malarial drugs and many of them still had malaria regularly. They remembered times when the malaria situation was worse and the disease killed many more people. Having children resulted in constant worry. Being a nurse had advantages because they lived close to the hospitals so they could initiate early treatment and because they could afford to take preventive measures. Hindrances in the battle against malaria were other people’s lack of knowledge, poverty and difficulty to change lifestyle and environmental conditions. They were proud to be nurses and knowledge was their strength. There were geographical differences in how much hope they had for the future. The nurses in Zanzibar were the most optimistic. The nurses supported the governmental actions against malaria. / Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka vilka upplevelser sjuksköterskor från Tanzania hade av malaria och deras attityder till malariaförebyggande åtgärder. Elva sjuksköterskor från tre sjukhus i norra Tanzania intervjuades. Analysen resulterade i följande kategorier: Malariasituationen var så allvarlig på den tiden, Att vara sjuksköterska och förälder, Hinder i kampen, Att dela kunskap och Det har blivit en förändring. Tio av de elva sjuksköterskorna hade haft malaria och alla hade fått malariabehandling och flera av dem hade fortfarande malaria regelbundet. De hade minnen från när malariasituationen var värre och många fler människor dog av sjukdomen. Att vara förälder innebar konstant oro. Att vara sjuksköterska hade fördelar eftersom de bodde nära sjukhusen och därför kunde inleda snabb behandling och för att de hade råd att genomföra förebyggande åtgärder. Hinder i kampen mot malaria var andra människors okunskap, fattigdom och svårigheter att förändra livsstil. De var stolta över att vara sjuksköterskor och kunskap var deras styrka. Det fanns geografiska skillnader när det gällde deras framtidstro. Sjuksköterskorna på Zanzibar var de mest hoppfulla. Sjuksköterskorna stödde de statliga insatserna mot malaria.

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<p>Neck pain is a common health problem affecting the general population and it can be associated with significant activity limitation, It contributes to a number of lost work days and high costs in its management. The purpose of this study was to identify the trends in the physiotherapy management of patients suffering from episodes of neck pain at the physiotherapy department of the Muhimbiki Orthopaedic Institute (MOI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</p>

The dissertation details and analyses an interpretation of the Christian concept of God that emerges through the interactions between the missionaries, post-missionary Christianity and the Raya people in Tanzania. It investigates the nature, implications and possible problems encountered in the processes of interpretation. Four main issues are investigated and addressed. Firstly, each group interacted in its own way and played a significant role in creating an arena for successful communication. The main two challenges facing the missionaries were: delivering the Christian message so that the hearers derive its meaning, and the use of the traditional but nonindigenous concept of God for identifying the Christian concept of God, according to the biblical and the classical doctrine of the Trinity. Secondly, the Raya and the convert's reactions to the missionaries' version of God had taken place in two phases, earlier and later interactions. In the earlier phase, the Raya responded to the missionaries' version of God on the basis of their traditional understanding of God. It led them to an initial acceptance of the missionaries' version of God and conversion. The converts later reacted to the missionaries' version and some asked: what happens after a conversion to Christianity? Challenged by their earlier experience of the Christian concept of God, some converts felt the need for a second paradigm shift. On the basis of an invocation of the Deity in a threefold form at a subjective level, these converts had embarked on a self-interpretation and understanding of the missionaries' version of the Trinity in traditional idiom and terms. It resulted in the construction of the Raya Christian theology of the Trinity. Thirdly, the study also addressed the further impacts and responses to the missionaries' version of God. While the missionaries' interpretative approach laid the foundation for the converts' interpretation, in turn both set the course for the post-missionary Christianity's interpretation. At this point, post-missionary Christianity had reinterpreted the Christian concept of God on the basis of a traditional Raya concept of God. The main question faced them is an application of the Ruhanga model according to its frame of reference, although partially applied it paved the way for a full application in later times. Fourthly, in response to the challenges raised by earlier interpretative approaches, missionaries, converts and post-missionary Christianity, the study embarked on interpreting the Trinity in traditional tenns. It aimed at reaching a higher stage of understanding the Trinity by all Haya converts, even the simplest ones. It demanded an investigation of the hypothesis that a Haya invocation of the Deity in a threefold fonn is a key to understanding both the Haya and the Christian concepts of God. An application of it involved addressing the question of how it could be applied at the church level to interpret and understand the Trinity in Haya idiom. It is proposed that initially this will be achieved through an interpretation and christianisation of the Haya concept of God and a re-interpretation and indigenisation of the Christian concept of God. While biblical, classical and contemporary interpretations of the Trinity are a referral basis for each approach, social and theological models are key methodological instruments. Finally, the need of this study has roots in the fact that, through my pastoral ministry, I have pondered and cross-examined myself on what the Haya and Africans as a whole can contribute to the enrichment of Christian theology. An investigation of the converts' interpretation of the Trinity into their own version of a Haya theology of the Trinity is looked upon as a small part of this contribution. / Thesis (Ph.D. ; School of Theology) - University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have, in the recent past, attracted enormous attention as important tools for socio-economic development. However, the role of ICTs in fostering development and addressing the needs of the poor, especially in developing countries, has become the subject of a heated debate. This contestation is due to the high failure rate of the ICTs for development projects and a widening gap between the expectations of what ICTs can possibly do and the experiential reality of how these technologies are actually being used. More often than not ICTs have been regarded as a panacea or a „magic bullet‟ that will solve all development problems, with ill-conceived expectations of how they would be used. This study examined the relationship between ICTs and sustainable livelihoods in selected rural areas of Tanzania. The aim was to investigate how and for what purposes ICTs are used by people in the selected rural areas of Tanzania and to study the effect that ICTs have had on the various aspects of their livelihoods. A combination of the sustainable livelihoods framework and other ICTs for development models formed the theoretical foundation of the study. The investigation was carried out using ICT services provided by the telecentres and mobile phone services. The study was conducted in four rural districts in Tanzania which have telecentres. It used a multi-case study research design. A mixed paradigm methodology was adopted and the qualitative research was used as a dominant paradigm. Data was collected through structured interview protocols administered to 203 users and non-users of ICTs in communities surrounding the telecentres. Semi-structured interview protocols were administered to four managers of the telecentres. In addition, eight focus group discussions were conducted in communities surrounding the telecentres. An observation checklist was used to verify data obtained from managers, users and non-users of the telecentres. The study administered semi-structured interview protocols to officers from the ministry responsible for ICTs in Tanzania, that is the Ministry of Infrastructure Development (MoID), The Tanzania Communication and Regulatory Authority (TCRA) and a national research institution (The Commission for Science and Technology- COSTECH). The findings of the study indicated that, contrary to the use of mobile phones, which was characterised by greater uniformity across socio-economic groups and gender, telecentre users in the researched areas were generally young. The majority were males with higher levels of education. It was found that telecentres management have failed to take into consideration the appalling conditions of the extremely poor and disadvantaged individuals in their provision of ICT services to the community. The study established that the urban rural digital divide still exists and is still a reality in the areas reviewed, despite some efforts that are under way to bring ICTs to those communities. Old ICTs such as radio and television are not universally available. It was observed that inadequate road infrastructure makes it difficult for farmers to transport their produce to markets outside the districts, even in cases where farmers are provided with information on the availability of those markets. Inadequate electricity supply hinders large-scale uptake of ICTs in rural areas. The findings show that telecentres managers were not aware of the information needs of the communities they serve and therefore they were not in a position to meet such information needs. Due to personnel‟s inadequate skills and capacity the Ministry of Infrastructure Development did not play its policy-making function effectively. This problem, coupled with delayed implementation of important policy objectives such as the universal access policy and even the national ICT policy itself, affects the development of the ICT sector in rural areas of Tanzania. The findings further show that while the necessary conditions for access exist in all the telecentres involved in the study, sufficient conditions for access are still lacking, especially with regard to skills, awareness and affordability. On the relationship between ICT and rural livelihoods the findings of the study show that while ICTs may not fully support and sustain socio-economic development in poor communities, the impact of these technologies extends to various aspects of the livelihoods of the rural people. Economically, these technologies lead to better earnings and savings. Socially, they help in community interaction and knowledge-sharing, better follow-up for remittances and creation of savings and credit co-operative societies. In relation to human capital, the technologies‟ implications extend to ICT literacy, improved farming techniques and better access to information on new cash crops. The use of ICTs in rural areas is still faced with many barriers. These range from affordability to language problems and the lack of basic infrastructure such as electricity. Language was particularly found to be a substantial barrier to effective use and application of ICTs. The study recommends that telecentre managers should re-design programmes with the aim of bringing the under-represented groups such as farmers back to the centre of their projects, rather than treating them as passive receivers of ICT services. On the issue of mobile phones, there is a need to develop services that are nuanced towards the real needs of the rural people and incorporate them into the mobile technology. The study recommends that universal access policies should involve old ICTs such as radio and television, or people in the rural areas, who have fewer resources, will eventually pay too much for basic communication services, as in the case of satellite television and radio. Capacity-building is important, not only in the regulatory authorities, but also in the ministries responsible for ICTs and other institutions involved with ICTs, so as to provide effective national ICT leadership. The study recommends that managers of telecentres learn about the different aspects of access, in order for them to go beyond the provision of physical access to ICTs. Continuous improvement and renewal of telecentre services is necessary to ensure survival of the telecentres. Collaboration of the telecentres and other organisations, such as academic institutions, is needed to create content both for the telecentres and the community radios. Telecentres and other information systems developed or adopted to serve the people must meet the needs of the people intended to be served. This can be done by regularly conducting information needs assessment. / Thesis (Doctor of Phil. (Information Studies)) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

The ELCT Southern Diocese is recognised by the ELCT as having made substantial and exciting strides in Theological Education by Extension (TEE). It has further acquired the reputation of having a strong philosophical commitment to the cause of the TEE programme and of having a conviction regarding the importance of TEE as a means of improving Christian education among its members as well as increasing the number of church workers. The TEE programme has been running since 1990 when the ELCT Southern Diocese embarked on the TEE philosophy transformation. TEE is considered capable of playing a major role in achieving TEE goals and aspirations. The year 1990, in particular, when the plan was launched, marks a concrete take-off point for the rapid improvement of adult Christian education especially for parish workers, on a kind of scale which had hitherto been unprecedented. This thesis is an attempt to document the spirit and substance of TEE development in the ELCT Southern Diocese. The scope of the different kinds of development that have taken place in TEE during this time is too wide to give a detailed and comprehensive treatment of the subject within the covers of a thesis of this size. An attempt is made to highlight the major features of TEE development in the Southern Diocese between 1990 and 1997. The thesis is supported by extensive reference to primary and secondary sources on TEE. Interviews with key informants from the various churches provide rich information. The thesis describes the TEE philosophy and policies behind the programme. The success story of the TEE programme is supported by a number of tables and the problems are given some possible solutions. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

Background: Half a million women died during pregnancy or childbirth in 2005. Bleeding, infections, high blood pressure, obstructed labor, unsafe abortions, malaria and HIV/Aids were the main causes. Tanzania is a highly affected country with 460 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births. Nurses and midwives play an important role in preventing maternal mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore and analyze nurses’ and midwives’ experiences of maternal mortality prevention on the Tanzanian island of Unguja. Method: Interviews with nine nurses and midwifes from four different hospitals and health care facilities were conducted with the assistance of an interpreter. A structural analysis designed by Ricoeur was undertaken. Results: The findings suggest that family planning, a more accessible health care, referral of severe cases, medical interventions, health education, community resource persons and involving fathers in maternal health care are preventive strategies that can reduce maternal mortality. Conclusion: To further improve the quality of maternal mortality prevention further knowledge aboutindividual differences in learning from health education is needed.  Involvement of all fathers in maternal health care should also be considered. Training of unskilled personnel is believed to improve early identification of life-threatening complications and thereby reduce maternal mortality. / Bakgrund: En halv miljon kvinnor i världen dog under graviditet eller förlossning under 2005. Huvudorsaker var blödningar, infektioner, högt blodtryck, långdragna förlossningar, osäkra aborter, malaria samt HIV/Aids. Tanzania är ett drabbat land med 460 fall av mödradödlighet per 100 000 levande födda barn. Sjuksköterskor och barnmorskor spelar en viktig roll i det preventiva arbetet mot mödradödlighet. Syfte:  Syftet med studien var att utforska och analysera sjuksköterskors och barnmorskors upplevelser och erfarenhet av  arbetet mot mödradödlighet på ön Unguja, Tanzania. Metod: Intervjuer med nio sjuksköterskor och barnmorskor från fyra olika sjukhus/hälsocentraler genomfördes med hjälp av en tolk. En strukturanalys utformad av Ricoeur genomfördes. Resultat: Resultatet visar att familjeplanering, en mer tillgänglig hälso- och sjukvård, remitterande av patienter med allvarliga komplikationer, medicinska interventioner, hälsoutbildning, resurspersoner i samhället och att involvera pappor i mödrahälsovården var preventiva strategier som kan minska mödradödlighet. Slutsats: För att ytterligare förbättra arbetet mot mödradödlighet tycks mer kunskap om individers förmåga att ta till sig hälsoutbildning behövas. Att i ännu större utsträckning även välkomna alla blivande pappor till mödrahälsovården föreslås också kunna fungera preventivt. Utbildning för outbildade kvinnor som hjälper till vid förlossningar (Traditional Birth Attendants) tros kunna förbättra tidig identifikation av livshotande komplikationer och därmed kunna minska mödradödligheten.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the children in the Maasai villages in Tanzania are learning the Maasai’s musictraditions and ngoma. What is the importance of the school compared with the family? Tanzania has an old tradition of ngoma of many different cultures. The Maasai’s are a nomadic people and have traditions of their own. To get answers for the purpose of this study, these questions have been formed: How do the children learn the Maasai’s musictraditions? When do the children learn the Maasai’s musictraditions and start to practise them? What role and significance do the school have when it comes to teaching the Maasai’s musictraditions? For this study I have interviewed three informants who have good knowledge about the Maasai’s and their traditions. I have also been visiting some Maasai villages to get to know more about the traditions and see them in real life. I have also visited a primary school and questioned about the music education in the school.  This study will show that for the Maasai’s the family is the most important part to get to know the musictraditions and ngoma. The school has almost no part in educating the pupils in different cultures and traditions. Music education in school is brief and the school that I visited had almost all music education theoretical and none practical.

<p>Neck pain is a common health problem affecting the general population and it can be associated with significant activity limitation, It contributes to a number of lost work days and high costs in its management. The purpose of this study was to identify the trends in the physiotherapy management of patients suffering from episodes of neck pain at the physiotherapy department of the Muhimbiki Orthopaedic Institute (MOI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</p>

<p>Neck pain is a common health problem affecting the general population and it can be associated with significant activity limitation, It contributes to a number of lost work days and high costs in its management. The purpose of this study was to identify the trends in the physiotherapy management of patients suffering from episodes of neck pain at the physiotherapy department of the Muhimbiki Orthopaedic Institute (MOI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</p>