La Pennsylvanie est un État complexe dans sa géographie économique, urbaine et raciale et, partant, dans les comportements électoraux de ses citoyens. Cette thèse examine la manière dont le Tea Party s’y est organisé et les modes de mobilisation qu’il a adoptés. Fort d’une tradition conservatrice souvent sous-estimée, l'État de William Penn constitue un bon observatoire pour étudier l'évolution et les mutations du mouvement conservateur et de son bras armé électoral, le Parti républicain. L’observation de terrain démontre que le Tea Party ne peut pas être appréhendé indépendamment d’une large galaxie de groupes nationaux et locaux, de think tanks, de médias avec lesquels il entretient des relations souvent conflictuelles.La thèse met en lumière la mutation d’un mouvement social médiatisé en une mobilisation politique dont les efforts se concentrent à l’échelle fédérée et locale. Rétifs à toute institutionnalisation, les groupes locaux voudraient restituer aux citoyens des processus de décision que l’appareil républicain aurait confisqués à son profit. Stratégie d’entrisme, pressions sur les élus, travail idéologique d’organisations de terrain, action concertée au Congrès ont fait glisser le centre de gravité du GOP vers un conservatisme pour lequel la capacité à nouer des compromis pour gouverner est disqualifiée. En dépit d’une force militante en recul, la nébuleuse Tea Party soumet idéologiquement le mouvement conservateur et le Parti républicain à de fortes pressions qui ne sont pas étrangères à la confusion qui caractérise la situation politique actuelle du pays. / Pennsylvania is a complex state in its economic, urban, and racial geographies, accordingly complex is the electoral behavior of its citizens. This thesis examines the ways in which Tea Party groups in Pennsylvania mobilized and organized. The often overlooked conservative tradition of William Penn’s state makes it an excellent case study to examine the evolution and mutations of the conservative movement and of its electoral arm, the Republican party. The fieldwork conducted in this thesis shows that the Tea Party cannot be understood without taking into account a great number of national and local groups, think tanks, and media personalities with whom it often has chaotic relationships.This work focuses on the evolution of a visible social movement into a political mobilization that targets the state and local levels. Local Tea Party groups, who are opposed to any form of institutionalization, fight to snatch power from the hands of the GOP establishment to give it back to the voters. Gradual infiltration of the Republican party, constant pressure on elected officials, ideological work conducted by advocacy organizations, and concerted action in Congress have driven the GOP towards a brand of conservatism that rejects any idea of compromise in governing. Despite a drop in the number of activists, the Tea Party movement has subjected the conservative movement and the Republican party to heavy ideological pressure, which partly explains the current confusion in the country’s political landscape.

Ce mémoire étudie les conditions d’émergence du mouvement Tea Party. Nous cherchons à savoir si la mobilisation a été facilitée par la présence d’opportunités politiques, telles que proposées dans la littérature sur les mouvements sociaux. À l’aide d’une analyse de contenu, il a été possible d’observer trois opportunités dans une période comprise entre février 2009 et octobre 2010. Dans cette même période, il a été aussi possible d’identifier la fréquence et la nature de la mobilisation, qui prend la forme de protestations et de réunions informelles. Nous en arrivons à la conclusion que ces opportunités étaient présentes lors de l’émergence du mouvement social. En effet, la présence d’enjeux spécifiques, d’une division partisane ainsi que d’alliés coïncide avec une augmentation substantielle de la mobilisation. Les élections de mi-mandat semblent avoir transformé un mouvement axé sur les protestations vers une action politique conventionnelle. / This thesis looks at the emerging conditions of the Tea Party movement. Our main effort was to know if the mobilization has been facilitated by political opportunities, as theorized by the social movement framework. By using a content analysis method, it was possible to observe three opportunities in a period between February 2009 and October 2010. During this period, it was also possible to look at the frequency and the nature of the mobilization, which takes the form of protests and informal meetings. I find that these opportunities were there during the emerging phase of the Tea Party. It is reasonable to think that the presence of specific issues, division within political coalitions and support of allies explain the substantial increase of the mobilization. Those external conditions seem to have turned a protest-based movement into a traditional political movement, eager to win the 2010 midterm elections.

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Submitted by Giovanna Brasil (1154060@mackenzie.br) on 2017-09-26T20:06:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Silvia Gusman.pdf: 1662793 bytes, checksum: d6b09a4b830903987c08648ef6b55d0f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-09-28T18:23:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Silvia Gusman.pdf: 1662793 bytes, checksum: d6b09a4b830903987c08648ef6b55d0f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T18:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Silvia Gusman.pdf: 1662793 bytes, checksum: d6b09a4b830903987c08648ef6b55d0f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-17 / Introduction and Objectives: Evidence is added that motor development disorders impact the social functioning of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Systematic studies on the subject are scarce. The aimed of this cross-sectional exploratory-descriptive study with convenience sample were (1) to apply the Rosa Neto Motor Development Scale - EDM in children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); (2) Evaluate fine motor, global motor, balance, body scheme, spatial and temporal organization and laterality in each child of the sample; (3) To test the applicability of the scale comparing the application among children with ASD and children with typical development; (4) Test the hypothesis of applicability of the Motor Development Scale by investigating the reliability between two evaluators. Method: The sample consisted of 10 children with typical development and 10 children diagnosed with ASD, between 6 and 8 years old, male and children with verbal ASD, without intellectual disability and without comorbidities. The evaluation of each child was performed in two moments with interval of at least 1 week, and applied by 2 evaluators. Results: It was possible to identify that children with typical development of the sample are within the normative average of the normal motor development index, and the correlation between the results of the motor areas by 2 evaluators was high, between 0.7 and 0.9 for all measures, except for balance that was of intermediate value, 0.51. Children with ASD are below the normative average motor development index for Brazilian children. There was no difference between the 2 evaluators for all motor profile measurements. The correlations between both were positive. The values were: fine motor: (0,24); global motor: (0,22); balance: (0,40); body scheme / speed: (0,72); spatial organization: (0,63); language / temporal organization: (0,43). Conclusion: The Rosa Neto Motor Development Scale can be applied by different professionals, in different contexts, both in typical children and in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, once the applicator training is done. / Introdução e Objetivos: Somam-se as evidências de que os transtornos do desenvolvimento motor impactam o funcionamento social dos indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Estudos sistematizados sobre o assunto são escassos. Os objetivos deste estudo exploratório-descritivo de corte transversal com amostra de conveniência foram (1) aplicar a Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor de Rosa Neto – EDM em crianças diagnosticadas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA); (2) Avaliar a motricidade fina, motricidade global, equilíbrio, esquema corporal, organização espacial e temporal e lateralidade em cada criança da amostra; (3) Testar a aplicabilidade da escala comparando a aplicação entre crianças com TEA e crianças com desenvolvimento típico; (4) Testar a hipótese de aplicabilidade da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor pesquisando a confiabilidade entre duas avaliadoras. Método: a amostra foi composta de 10 crianças com desenvolvimento típico e 10 crianças diagnosticadas com TEA, faixa etária entre 6 e 8 anos de idade, sexo masculino e crianças verbais, sem deficiência intelectual e sem comorbidades. A avaliação de cada criança foi realizada em dois momentos com intervalo de no mínimo 1 semana, e aplicadas por 2 avaliadoras. Resultados: Foi possível identificar que as crianças com desenvolvimento típico da amostra estão dentro da média normativa do índice de desenvolvimento motor normal, e a correlação entre os resultados das áreas da motricidade por 2 avaliadoras foi alta, entre 0,7 e 0,9 para todas as medidas, com exceção de equilíbrio que foi de valor intermediário, 0,51. As crianças com TEA estão abaixo da média normativa do índice de desenvolvimento motor para as crianças brasileiras. Não houve diferença entre as 2 avaliadoras para o conjunto das medidas do perfil motor. As correlações entre ambas foram positivas. Os valores foram: motricidade fina: (0,24); motricidade global: (0,22); equilíbrio: (0,40); esquema corporal/rapidez: (0,72); organização espacial: (0,63); linguagem/organização temporal: (0,43). Conclusão: a Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor de Rosa Neto pode ser aplicada por diferentes profissionais, em diferentes contextos, tanto em crianças típicas como em crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista desde que seja efetuada a capacitação do aplicador.

The problem discusses the influence that tea trade between England and China may have had on eighteenth-century English garden architecture and aesthetics. Five chapters include an historical overview of non-Oriental influences on the garden, the relationship between Britain and China, the evolution of the tea trade, the motifs and decoration of tea wares, and a summary with conclusions. Conclusions reached were that tea was responsible for importation of porcelains in Britain, architectural structures in the garden were inspired by scenes on tea wares, predilection for Chinese motifs in the minds of the English may have resulted from their drinking tea, and it seems probable that affected garden aesthetics but there is no conclusive evidence.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / L. Susan Williams / This study is about two grassroots political organizations that formed prior to the 2012 presidential election in the United States, each concerned with the nation's economy, corporate favoritism, government involvement, and growing income inequality. The study outlines an historical account of a culture of control, and then analyzes actions of two contemporary protest organizations – The Tea Party, known as politically conservative; and Occupy Wall Street (OWS), characterized as liberal – as the national election unfolded. Each group sought to change the political landscape and influence the outcome of the presidential election, but with competing messages and very different approaches. Seeking change from the inside, The Tea Party emphasized limited government regulation of the market economy. OWS intended to crumble the system by outside resistance and demanded government attention to economic inequality. Field research and content analysis provide insight into behaviors, beliefs, and actions of each group, which, in turn, identify efforts to resist the status quo. Content analysis of print news provides evidence of state responses toward each group, while also offering insight into media framing and public influence. Finally, a survey of official responses from host communities reveals specific efforts to control protest organizations, ranging from acts of diplomacy to violent opposition. Findings demonstrate how roles of the Tea Party and OWS are not always in conflict, such as media often portray; for example, both groups contested corporate control. The Tea Party met token success, but stopped short of influencing top echelons. OWS brought attention to system inequities, but failed to maintain significant pressure; instead, participants were criminalized for acts of protest. Ironically, in the end, both groups' efforts reinforced the culture of control they sought to resist. Theoretically, a cultural criminology framework, integrating symbolic interaction and social control, demonstrates how structural constraints oppose grassroots political efforts.

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A neotenia é um importante processo biológico-evolutivo que conserva traços fenotípicos do jovem no indivíduo adulto. A neotenia modifica a velocidade típica da ontogênese das características morfológicas compartilhadas pelos ancestrais. Essas mudanças podem representar oportunidades de mudanças fenotípicas dramáticas com poucas alterações genéticas, possibilitando alterações de estados especializados. O etólogo Konrad Lorenz reconheceu características neotênicas em humanos e algumas espécies de mamíferos na fórmula estrutural do corpo (principalmente da face) típica de infantes. Essa fórmula corpórea foi batizada por Lorenz de Kindchenschema. Os humanos típicos respondem quando observam traços infantis ativando uma resposta chamada de Efeito Kindchenschema (EK). Neste efeito verifica-se uma diminuição da agressividade, estimulação do cuidado parental e engajamento social. São raros os trabalhos de escaneamento do olhar em portadores de disfunções do neurodesenvolvimento, como a Síndrome de Williams (SW) e o Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). O presente trabalho é o primeiro na literatura a investigar o escaneamento do olhar em portadores de SW e TEA usando estímulos faciais neotênicos de humanos e animais. Na presente investigação foram estudados 21 portadores de SW e 25 portadores de TEA, o grupo controle (GC) contou com 33 participantes. Encontramos uma correspondência entre os resultados declarados do estímulo preferido e o tempo de fixação. Os resultados mostraram que todos os participantes fixaram mais a região dos olhos de humanos e animais, sendo que o GC fixou mais tempo do que os portadores de SW e TEA. Foi possível separar usando o tempo de fixação nos olhos e HeatMaps os três grupos investigados. É viável a produção de um exame clínico auxiliar rápido e não-invasivo para indivíduos com suspeita de uma disfunção do neurodesenvolvimento. Talvez a região do nariz e boca sejam menos importantes e as orelhas mais importantes do que pensávamos nos estímulos neotênicos. Os estímulos mais neotênicos de infantes humanos e animais produziram um padrão semelhantes do tempo de fixação nos três grupos estudados. Esses resultados demonstram que portadores de SW e TEA respondem positivamente a estímulos faciais neotênicos. Sugerimos que as novas investigações na área incorporem também como variáveis faciais as orelhas, cor do cabelo e olhos, e simetria facial / Neoteny is an important biological-evolutionary process that retains phenotypic traits of the young in the adult individual of a species. Neoteny modifies the typical ontogeny velocity of the morphological characteristics shared with the ancestors. These changes may represent opportunities for dramatic phenotype modifications with few genetic changes, allowing for alterations in specialized states. The ethologist Konrad Lorenz has recognized neotenic characteristics in humans and some species of mammals in the structural formula of the body (mainly of the face) typical of infants. This body formula was named by Lorenz Kindchenschema. Typical humans respond when they observe infant traits by activating a response called the Kindchenschema Effect (KE). In this effect, there is a decrease in aggressiveness, stimulation of parental care and social engagement. There is a paucity of eye scanning in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders such as Williams Syndrome (WS) and Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The present work is the first in the literature to investigate the eye scanning in WS and ASD patients using neotenic facial stimuli of humans and animals. In the present investigation, 21 WS and 25 ASD participants were studied. The control group (CG) had 33 participants. We found a correspondence between the stated results of the preferred stimulus and the fixation time. The results showed that all the participants fixed more the region of the eyes of humans and animals, and the CG fixed more time than the WS and ASD participants. It was possible to distinguish, using the fixation time in the eyes and Heat Maps, the three groups. The production of a rapid and non-invasive auxiliary clinical examination is feasible for individuals suspected in presenting a neurodevelopmental dysfunction. Perhaps the nose and mouth areas are less important, and the ears are more important than previously considered with respect. The more neotenic stimuli of human and animal infants produced a similar pattern of fixation time in the three groups studied. This may represent a greater adaptive value than we thought of those with WS and ASD. We suggest that the new investigations can also incorporate facial variables as ears, hair color and eyes, and facial symmetry

O alto índice de obesidade populacional favorece o aumento das complicações associadas ao excesso de peso corporal, afetando a qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Vários alimentos têm sido investigados com o objetivo de auxiliar no controle do peso, e, dentre esses alimentos, o chá verde, derivado das folhas da planta Camellia sinensis, parece ser eficiente tendo um efeito termogênico, além de promover maior oxidação da gordura corporal. O consumo desse chá possivelmente pode alterar a composição corporal e a taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR), mas até o momento poucos estudos nessa área têm sido realizados e nenhum deles avaliou mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade. O objetivo deste estudo duplo cego, controlado com placebo, foi avaliar os efeitos do consumo de chá verde e da prática ou não de exercício físico resistido sobre a TMR e a composição corporal em mulheres com Índice de Massa Corporal entre 25 a 35Kg/m2 divididas em quatro grupos (grupo 1 chá verde; grupo 2 placebo; grupo 3 chá verde mais exercícios resistidos; grupo 4 placebo mais exercícios resistidos) durante um período de dois meses. As voluntárias dos grupos 3 e 4 realizaram testes de 1 repetição máxima, sendo estes no supino reto, puxador-costas e leg-press 45º para a realização de um programa de exercícios físicos resistidos. Todas as voluntárias dos quatro grupos foram submetidas às análises bioquímicas e às avaliações da TMR por meio de calorimetria indireta e da composição corporal pela bioimpedância elétrica. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo 1 perdeu uma quantidade de peso relevante para o período de estudo, e apresentaram diminuição da TMR com acompanhamento da perda de peso, diminuíram a gordura corporal, com manutenção da massa magra. As voluntárias do grupo 2, utilizando placebo, não perderam peso, ganharam massa gorda e apresentaram diminuição da massa magra e da TMR. Quando os grupos com exercícios físicos resistidos foram comparados, observou-se que as voluntarias do grupo 3 apresentaram resultados significativamente melhores que as do grupo 4, ou seja, não perderem peso, porém tiveram sua composição corporal modificada, com perda de gordura e ganho de massa muscular; apresentaram aumento da força muscular e redução dos níveis de triglicérides. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o consumo de chá verde pode ser um aliado alimentar efetivo para a perda de peso e diminuição da gordura corporal, sem que haja perda da massa muscular. Seu consumo aliado à prática de exercício físico resistido auxilia na redução do triglicérides, ganho de força muscular, ganho de massa magra e na redução da massa gorda. / The high rate of obesity contributes to the greater complications associated with excess body weight, affecting the individual\'s life quality. Several considered functional foods have been investigated in order to help weight control, and among these foods, green tea, derived from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, appear to be an ally with a thermogenic effect and increases the oxidation of fats. Consumption of green tea could possibly alter body composition and metabolic rate (BMR), but so far few studies have been conducted in this area and none of them to evaluate women with overweight and obesity. The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to evaluated the effects of green tea consumption and the practice or not of resistive exercise on BMR and body composition in women with body mass index between 25 35Kg/m2 divided into four groups (group 1 green tea; group 2 placebo; group 3 green tea plus resistance training; group 4 placebo plus resistance exercises) during a period of two months. The subjects of groups 3 and 4 trials of 1-repetition maximum, which are the bench press, puller-back and leg press 45 ° to carry out a program of resistive exercise. All the volunteers of the four groups were evaluated at biochemical analysis and at evaluations of BMR by indirect calorimetry and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The results showed that group 1 lost a significant amount of weight for the period of study, and showed a decrease in TMR with accompanying weight loss, decreased body fat while maintaining lean body mass. The subjects in group 2, using placebo, have not lost weight, gained fat mass and showed a decrease in lean body mass and BMR. When groups with resistance exercise were compared, it was observed that the subjects in group 3 showed significantly better results than those of Group 4, in other words, not losing weight but your body composition had changed, with fat loss and gain muscle mass had increased muscle strength and reducing triglyceride levels. The results of this study suggest that consumption of green tea can be an effective ally food for weight loss and decreased body fat without losing muscle mass. Consumption combined with the practice of resistive exercise helps in reducing triglycerides, gain muscle strength gain lean mass and reducing fat mass.

O chá verde (CV) é um fitoterápico produzido a partir da planta Camellia sinensis e apresenta propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias, anticancerígenas e antiobesidade. Foi realizado um estudo para investigar se o CV seria capaz de modular alguns parâmetros funcionais de linfócitos de animais induzidos à obesidade por dieta hipercalórica. Os grupos suplementados receberam 500 mg/kg de CV durante 22 dias seguida da dieta hipercalórica por mais 44 dias acompanhada também do tratamento com o CV. O tratamento com o CV reduziu a proliferação celular, a atividade das enzimas metabólicas hexoquinase e glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, aumentou a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, diminuiu a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, a produção de citocinas pró- inflamatórias (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) e restaurou os índices de IL-10 que se encontrava diminuído no grupo obeso. Os efeitos observados pelo CV podem proporcionar um ambiente mais adequado para o bom funcionamento celular, diminuindo a produção de mediadores inflamatórios que estão presente na obesidade. / Green tea (GT) is a phytochemical produced from Camellia sinensis and it has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to investigate whether the GT was able to modulate some lymphocyte functional parameters of obesity - induced animals by hypercaloric diet. Supplemented groups received 500 mg/kg GT for 22 days followed by hypercaloric diet for additional 44 days, together with the GT treatment. Treatment with GT reduced the cell proliferation capacity, the activity of metabolic enzymes hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased the production of reactive oxygen species, production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and restored the levels of IL-10 which was reduced by obesity. The GT effects can provide a more suitable environment for proper lymphocyte function, also reducing production of inflammatory mediators in obesity.