The primary objective of this dissertation is to present and analyze Marx's theory of technological unemployment. Chapter I is a brief evaluation of the modern perspectives on this question. The levels of analysis in Marx are also identified. Chapter II considers Marx's short term model on technological unemployment when no net accumulation occurs. It includes a discussion of different measures and types of technological change. Chapter III complements the previous chapter. A theoretical definition of compensation is advanced, and the different forms of compensation in Marx are evaluated. This chapter also includes a broader discussion of the compensation controversy. Chapter IV constitutes Marx's long term model when technological change, population growth and accumulation occur simultaneously. Here, crises are ignored. Chapter V identifies the linkages between crises and technological unemployment. Throughout the dissertation, the short term, long term and crisis models are developed and compared. Included are two appendices, one dealing with the neo-classical approach, and the other with the role of wage flexibility in Marx's theory of technological unemployment.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. [90]-98.

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Ever since the first Industrial Revolution, during which many textile artisans lost their jobs to weaving machines, the relationship between technological progress and unemployment has been explored and examined by researchers and policy makers. Existing empirical research, mostly at the microeconomic level, has presented ambiguous results. Procuring data on 51 U.S. states for a period of 19 years and a large number of controls, this paper studies the employment effect of technological innovations with a novel state-level macroeconomic analysis. Using commercially-supplied Research and Development expenditure as a proxy, this paper finds that although technological innovations have a non-significant effect on employment at the general state level, there are a few factors that determine how well each state’s labor market responds to technological changes. More specifically, non-urbanized, non-tech-savvy, or states with a large number of workers employed in Manufacturing or Accommodation and Food Services industry experience a more severe unemployment effect than the other states. The results also suggest that unemployment rate is more negatively affected by technological innovations during the Obama Administration, compared with the Clinton and Bush Administration. This paper adds to the limited, macroeconomic literature on technological unemployment, and provides policy makers with important implications on how to prepare citizens for the imminent waves of technological changes.

Η άποψη ότι κατά τη διάρκεια των τελευταίων χρόνων είμαστε μάρτυρες θεαματικών εξελίξεων στις τεχνολογίες πληροφοριών και επικοινωνιών είναι πλέον κοινός τόπος. Οι εξελίξεις, όμως αυτές, επηρεάζουν άμεσα τη παραγωγικότητα της εργασίας με συνέπεια τη μετάλλαξη και του ίδιου του εργασιακού περιβάλλοντος τόσο ποιοτικά όσο και ποσοτικά. Οι έννοιες της πληροφορίας και της γνώσης αποκτούν ιδιαίτερη σημασία στο νέο τεχνο-οικονομικό παράδειγμα που ουσιαστικά βασίζεται σε αυτές, αναπτύσσοντας καινοτομικές δραστηριότητες στη παραγωγική διαδικασία, στις δεξιότητες των εργαζομένων και στη λειτουργία των επιχειρήσεων γενικότερα. Η ολοένα και πιο έντονη, όμως, εισροή των τεχνολογιών πληροφορικής και επικοινωνιών, ενώ δημιουργεί νέες αγορές και νέα προϊόντα και άρα αυξάνει τις θέσεις εργασίας, παράλληλα εκτοπίζει εργατικό δυναμικό αφού πλέον η μηχανή αντικαθιστά τον άνθρωπο. Αποτέλεσμα αυτού, οι αλλαγές στις εργασιακές σχέσεις και νέες προκλήσεις τόσο στην εκπαίδευση όσο και στον εργαζόμενο και την επιχείρηση. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αναλύει τις αλλαγές που επιφέρει στην απασχόληση η τεχνολογία πληροφοριών και επικοινωνιών και παρουσιάζει τα στοιχεία που συνθέτουν τη νέα οικονομία στην οποία είμαστε ήδη εισηγμένοι. Παράλληλα, προσδιορίζει τις επιδράσεις της νέας τεχνολογίας και τις προκλήσεις που δημιουργούνται μέσα από αυτή. / The fact that last years we are witnesses of spectacular developments in the technologies of information and communications is worldwide accepted. However, these developments influence directly the productivity of work and the result of this is the mutation of the labour environment in quantity and quality. The significances of information and knowledge acquire particular importance in the new [techno]- economic example which substantially is based on them, developing innovative activities in the productive process, in the skills of employees and in the operation of business generally. However the continuously surge of technologies of information and communications, while it creates new markets and new products and increases the employment and at the same time displaces workforce with machines. As a result of this, are the changes in the labour relations and new challenges in the education and business. The present diplomatic thesis analyzes the changes that effect in the employment because of the technology of information and communications and presents the elements that compose the new economy in which we have been already in. At the same time, it determines the effects of new technology and the challenges that are created through this.

On previous occasions in society when the labor market has changed due to new technology, there has been concern that people would lose their jobs. Over the past year, the development of various AI tools has emerged, which has affected people both in their personal lives and professional careers. By examining previous research in conjunction with interviewing individuals working as programmers, a depiction is presented of how the perception of AI looks within the specific professional role. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted, where individuals with different experiences and roles shared their perceptions of the development. The data from the interviews was analyzed and compared with the theory and previous research presented. The respondents' overall perception is positive, and they believed that AI would rather serve as an aid in their profession in the future. According to all respondents, the industry will undergo some changes, but primarily through streamlining and reducing manual work, rather than taking over their roles. Some of the respondents believed that AI could pose a threat to the programming profession, but it will take longer than ten years for that to happen.

The thesis investigates the effects of industrial automation on post-secondary education enrollment. To assess the effects, we build linear regression models to estimate the impact of the surge in the stock of industrial robots on post-secondary enrollment across 50 U.S. states and 41 countries. Drawing upon these estimates and the literature documenting the structural shift in the labor market, we find that recent developments in the fields of automation and robotics have contributed to a shift in demand for post-secondary education, with panel data models that control for both country and time fixed unobservables indicating a significant decline in enrollment for 4-year degree programs internationally.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Euzebio Jorge Silveira de Sousa.pdf: 5605701 bytes, checksum: d49a9afa71b2e4ad6d4076512161019c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-11 / Technological change is a key variable in the inherent accumulation process of the capitalism system. Every major transformation leads to qualitative and quantitative changes in the way the labor force is inserted on the production process. Even before the first industrial revolution there is controversy whether or not technological advancement creates structural unemployment, this debate pervaded by classical economics, still present today among structuralists and neo-Schumpeterian economists. In this paper, we analyzed the three major technological transformations of capitalism system, and if such changes are responsible for substantial changes on the employment levels. We identified that unemployment arising from technological progress assumes a cyclical character, but also follows non-economic variables. There were found different institutional arrangements and unemployment levels for similar technological standards, thus suggesting that the high level of unemployment, with low growth and productivity - seen in the post-Fordism - can be caused by factors that transcend the new technologies. By analyzing the new economic environment in Brazil, it was found that the traditional sectors generate more jobs and growth to the country, but are unable to sustain this growth in the medium and long term due to low productivity and competitive advantage. The most dynamic and technological sectors tend to generate more indirect jobs and by the income effect, diverges its technological advances to other sectors of the economy, allowing more investments and job generation / A mudança tecnológica é uma variável chave no processo de acumulação capitalista. A cada grande transformação das forças produtivas ocorrem mudanças qualitativas e quantitativas da inserção do homem na produção. Desde antes da primeira revolução industrial existe a polêmica se o avanço tecnológico cria ou não desemprego estrutural, este debate perpassou pela economia clássica, estando presente até os dias de hoje, sobretudo nos pensamentos estruturalista e neoschumpeteriano. Neste trabalho, analisamos as três grandes transformações tecnológicas do capitalismo, para verificar se tais mudanças são responsáveis por substanciais modificações nos níveis de desemprego. Verificamos que o desemprego proveniente do progresso tecnológico assume um caráter cíclico, mas também obedece a variáveis não econômicas. Foram detectados diferentes arranjos institucionais e níveis de desemprego no mesmo padrão tecnológico, sugerindo assim que o elevado nível de desemprego, com baixo crescimento e produtividade - verificado no pós-fordismo - pode ser causado por fatores que transcendem às novas tecnologias. Ao analisar a economia brasileira na nova economia verificou-se que os setores tradicionais geram mais empregos e crescimento no Brasil, mas que não são capazes de sustentar esta expansão no médio e longo prazo por possuírem baixa produtividade e vantagens competitivas. Os setores de maior dinamismo e conteúdo tecnológico tendem a gerar mais empregos indiretos e por efeito renda, irradia seus avanços tecnológicos em outros setores da economia, possibilitando mais investimentos e geração de empregos

Le premier chapitre de cette thèse s’intéresse à la relation entre les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) et la productivité dans 8 pays de l’OCDE. L’objectif est de trouver une explication à la coexistence d’un progrès technologique marqué associé à l’absence de rupture dans les performances de productivité sur les dernières décennies. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il y a une relation positive entre la diffusion des TIC et le progrès technique tandis les variations d’efficience sont associées négativement avec ces technologies. Ces résultats suggèrent que les économies étudiées sont toujours en phase d’adaptation. Le deuxième chapitre analyse le rôle des TIC dans la polarisation du marché du travail. En utilisant des données de 8 pays industrialisés, nos résultats attestent d’une contribution des TIC à cette dynamique et d’un impact différencié par pays et par industrie. Nous relevons aussi que la diffusion des TIC s’accompagne d’abord d’un biais technologique en faveur des travailleurs les plus qualifiés (SBTC) puis contribue à la polarisation du marché du travail. Nous notons également un affaiblissement de la relation positive entre TIC et demande de travailleurs qualifiés. Le troisième chapitre évalue le risque de destructions d’emploi par le capital informatique au Japon. Nous estimons que près de 55% de l’emploi est susceptible d’être réalisés par des outils informatique dans les prochaines années. Ce type de risque semble égal si l’on prend en compte la différence de genre des travailleurs. En revanche, nous notons que les travailleurs les plus précaires sont soumis à un risque plus important. / The first chapter of this thesis investigates the relationship between Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and productivity within 8 OECD countries. It aims at providing explanations for the coexistence of this strong technological evolution together with the absence of break in the productivity trend during the last decades. Our results suggest that there is a clearly identifiable positive relationship between computerization and technical progress, while ICT diffusion negatively affects pure efficiency changes. Our findings support that the economies under consideration are still in a phase of adaptation.The second chapter analyses the role of ICT on the job market polarization. Using data for 8 industrialized economies, our results show a significant contribution of ICT on polarization dynamics with some differences between countries and industries. We also find evidence that diffusion of ICT is initially accompanied by a Skill Bias Technological Change (SBTC), then contributing to job market polarization. Finally, our findings highlight a progressive weakening of the positive link between ICT diffusion and the increasing demand for high-skilled workers over time.The third chapter evaluates the risk of job destructions induced by computer technology in Japan. Relying on recent methodology, we found evidence that approximatively 55% of jobs are susceptible to be carried by computer capital in the next years. We also show that thereis no significant difference on the basis of gender. On the contrary, non-regular jobs (those that concern temporary and part-time workers) are more vulnerable to computer technology diffusion than the others.