Orientador: Prof. Dr. Arilson da Silva Favareto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2017. / Costa do Descobrimento e Extremo Sul, no Estado da Bahia, são territórios que possuem elementos que a literatura considera trunfos ao desenvolvimento, como diversidade de agentes sociais, vigorosos investimentos privados e feixes de políticas públicas. Mas os dados demonstram, historicamente, avanço econômico desassociado de avanço nos indicadores sociais, revelando fragilidade na coesão territorial, ainda que tenha havido alguma convergência na primeira década e meia do século XXI, provocada por efeitos de políticas espacialmente cegas de cunho redistributivo. Esta tese tem por objetivo interrogar as razões deste contraste. Para tanto, propõe a análise dos territórios como campos, à maneira da sociologia bourdieusiana, porém combinada ao aporte de outras abordagens, como a Nova Economia Institucional. Pretende, com isso, demonstrar as interdependências entre duas dimensões cruciais: a diacrônica, materializada nas estruturas sociais formadas à longa duração e reveladas pela recomposição da trajetória histórica dos territórios e suas heranças para os dias atuais; a sincrônica, captável pelo entendimento das articulações entre distribuição desigual de ativos, conformação de sistemas de coalizões e oposições que envolvem os agentes locais e instituições que enfeixam este conjunto de instâncias empíricas sob a forma de regras formais e informais que estabilizam (ainda que de forma conflituosa) esta configuração complexa. Assume-se como proposição que arenas de ação, como o Fórum Florestal e os acordos de terras entre empresas de celulose e movimentos sociais, são centrais para a compreensão dos fatores que limitam o desenvolvimento com coesão na escala territorial, pois se colocam como ponto de intersecção entre coalizões sociais, heranças históricas restritivas e instituições vigentes. Elas se configuraram a partir de elementos endógenos e exógenos aos territórios, como resposta a profundos conflitos vinculados ao desenvolvimento sem coesão que se instalou sob coalizões muito restritas entre Estado e empresas. Nelas são debatidos temas socioambientais centrais e propostas novas instituições em torno deles. A hipótese apresentada é que os territórios avançaram no sentido da coesão com a formação de novas coalizões entre forças sociais, mais abertas e complexas. Entretanto, as mudanças institucionais produzidas ainda deixam de fora agentes dominados e dominantes ¿ como populações rurais mais fragilizadas e outros agentes econômicos expressivos ¿ e apenas iniciaram a proposição de arcabouços de políticas públicas espacialmente adequadas. Com isso, ainda são insuficientes para reverter a configuração das estruturas historicamente concentradas e pouco diversificadas que marcam o modelo de desenvolvimento territorial. / Costa do Descobrimento and Extremo Sul, in the State of Bahia, are territories that have elements that the academic literature considers to be development assets, such as diversity of social agents, vigorous private investments and strands of public policies. But the data historically demonstrates economic progress disassociated from the advance in social indicators, revealing fragility in territorial cohesion, although there has been some convergence in the first decade and a half of the 21st century provoked by spatially blind policies of a distributive nature. This research project aims to interrogate the reasons for this contrast. To do so, he proposes the analysis of territories as fields, in the manner of Bourdieusian sociology, but combined with the contribution of other approaches, such as the New Institutional Economy. The aim is to demonstrate the interdependencies between two crucial dimensions: the diachronic, materialized in the social structures formed to the long duration and revealed by the recomposition of the historical trajectory of the territories and their inheritances to the present day; the synchronic one, which can be grasped by the understanding of the articulations between the unequal distribution of assets, the conformation of coalition systems and oppositions that involve local agents and institutions that bundle this set of empirical instances in the form of formal and informal rules that stabilize this complex configuration. In the case of these territories, it can be assumed that proposing arenas of action, such as the Forest Forum and the land agreements between pulp companies and social movements, are central to understanding the factors that limit development with territorial cohesion, because they place themselves as a point of intersection between social coalitions, restrictive historical inheritances, and existing institutions. They were configured from endogenous and exogenous elements to the territories, as a response to the deep conflicts brought by the development without cohesion that was established under very restricted coalitions between the state and pulp companies. They debate central socio-environmental themes for the territories and propose new institutions around these themes. The hypothesis presented is that territories have moved towards greater cohesion, shaping more open and complex new coalitions between social forces. However, the institutional changes produced leave out dominated and dominant agents - such as the most vulnerable populations and other large economic agents - and only began proposing spatially adequate public policy frameworks. With this, they are still insufficient to reverse the configuration of historically concentrated and little diversified structures that mark the territorial development model.

The main objective that was imposed in this inquiry stripped from the participation of the social actors in Collegiate Territorial of the Western Backwoods of Sergipe and in Municipal Council of Sustainable Development of the local authority of Itabaiana-SE, the interests of a type of development that produces an established sociability are sheared by it pactuação of classes. The query participation has been sponsored in the political scenery as being a significant social profit, while the presuppositions of the democracy participative increased and became a condition of essential mediation. And so, reiterated by the wordy speech of which towards the common interest the differences are dissolved, it finds the pactuação of interests in participation spaces how that of Collegiate Authorities, and of Municipal Councils of Development, average efficient of there is practiced the political "power" inherent in the participation. But, however, this context has been collaborating, in fact, for the production of a condition of politicization of the social struggles, especially, as which the government policies start to have in the market his mediation of excellence, damaging and politicization for conquests you substantivize the struggle, what do not come down to mere reforms or partial conquests. For so much, a spacious bibliographical inquiry was made necessary, of where we weave the bases for a solid theoretical grounding. Parallel and concomitant we lean over the bibliographical revision in documentary inquiries from visits the organs that became necessary during it elapsing of the inquiry. The data collection was carried out from questionnaire techniques with open questions, formal and informal interviews, especially directed to the called local actors , workers, leaders and members of social movements, associations and representatives of the public power. The dialectic was the method that made possible an analysis ruled in the history, in the context, and in the totality of the relations. No separating the extract of the process, of the function and of the form. / O principal objetivo que se impôs nessa pesquisa foi o de desnudar a partir da participação social, os interesses de um tipo de desenvolvimento que produz uma sociabilidade estabelecida pelo consenso. Para tanto se privilegiou o processo de participação social objetivado no Colegiado Territorial do Sertão Ocidental de Sergipe e no Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do município de Itabaiana-SE. À medida que os pressupostos da democracia participativa se avolumaram e se tornaram condição de mediação imprescindível, o quesito participação passou a ser patrocinado no cenário político como sendo um significativo ganho social. E assim, reiterado pelo discurso de que em direção ao interesse comum as diferenças são dissolvidas, a participação social em processos decisórios da política passa a objetivar-se em espaços como os dos Colegiados Territoriais, e dos Conselhos Municipais de Desenvolvimento por um tipo de controle social traduzido pelo consenso de interesses. Esse contexto tem colaborado, assim, para a produção de uma condição de despolitização social, sobretudo, por que as políticas governamentais passam a ter no mercado sua mediação de excelência, o que prejudica o processo de luta por conquistas que transcendam perspectivas reformistas e setoriais. Para tanto, se fez necessário uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, de onde tecemos as bases para uma fundamentação teórica consistente. Paralela e concomitante a revisão bibliográfica nos debruçamos em pesquisas documentais a partir de visitas a órgãos que vieram a ser necessários durante o transcorrer da pesquisa. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de técnicas de questionário com perguntas abertas, entrevistas formais e informais, especialmente direcionadas aos chamados atores sociais , trabalhadores, líderes e membros de movimentos sociais, associações e representantes do poder público. A dialética foi o método que possibilitou uma análise pautada na história, no contexto, nas contradições e na totalidade das relações. Não separando a essência do processo, da função e da forma.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Arilson da Silva Favareto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018. / A literatura voltada à construção de Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs) é ampla, mas peca por normalmente tomar o território que a recebe como um mero receptor no processo de sua entrada, tendo seu foco em grande parte nos impactos negativos e no curto prazo. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem na qual o território é compreendido como capaz de refratar e absorver determinados efeitos desta infraestrutura, ou seja, busca-se compreender de que forma se dá a relação entre o território e a UHE. O princípio que norteia esta pesquisa é o de que a configuração do território tem peso fundamental, uma vez que a dimensão e a diversidade de agentes nas coalizões locais pode influenciar a forma como esta relação será estabelecida, e isso depende do quão restrita é a liberdade de agência e, assim, da participação social. A pesquisa foi conduzida nos territórios do Sertão do São Francisco, onde está instalada da UHE Sobradinho, e no Alto Uruguai, onde está a UHE Machadinho. A escolha destes territórios se deu pelo fato de que suas propostas de entrada de UHE ocorreram em um período muito próximo, e por possuírem trajetórias profundamente distintas. Foram realizados um movimento diacrônico, com vistas a caracterizar a configuração de cada território antes da entrada de sua UHE, como seu deu esse processo, e a configuração atual de cada um destes territórios, e um movimento sincrônico, com o propósito de comparar os resultados dos processos de entrada das UHEs entre os territórios. Os resultados indicam que no caso do Sertão do São Francisco, onde a configuração territorial era de grande concentração de poder, houve a formação de coalizões restritas, sendo a participação social dos atingidos suprimida, resultando na apropriação das oportunidades econômicas, sociais e políticas por parte de pequenos grupos, e o ônus sofridos pelos agentes com menor poder. No outro extremo, no Alto Uruguai a configuração territorial apresentava uma maior desconcentração de poder, o que permitiu a formação de uma ampla coalizão, o que tendo como resultados a diminuição dos efeitos negativos, e as oportunidades econômicas, sociais e políticas menos concentradas. / The scientific production about the construction of hydropower plants (HPPs) is broad, but it often fails by considering the territory that receives the infrastructure as a mere receptor in the process of its entry, focusing on the negative impacts and in short term. This research presents an approach in which the territory is understood as capable of refracting and absorbing certain effects of this infrastructure, that is, it seeks to understand how the relationship between the territory and the HPP occurs. The guiding principle of this research is that the territorial configurarion is fundamental because of the size and the diversity of agents in the local coalitions can influence how this relationship will be estabilished, and that depends on how restricted the freedom of agency is, and thus of social participation. The research was conducted in the territories of the Sertão do São Francisco, where it is installed the Sobradinho HPP, and in Alto Uruguai, where the HPP Machadinho is located. The choice of these territories was due to the fact that their proposals for the construction of the HPP occurred in a very near period, and because they have trajectories with deep differences. A diachronic movement was carried out in order to characterize the configuration of each territory before the entrance of its HPP, how this process occured, and the current configuration of each one, and a synchronic movement, with the aim of comparing the results of the processes of entry of the HPPs between the territories. The results shows that in the case of the Sertão do São Francisco, where the territorial configuration was of a big concentration of power, there was the formation of restricted coalitions, with the social participation of those affected being suppressed, resulting in the appropriation of economic, social and political opportunities by small groups, and the burden suffered by agents with less power. At the other extreme, in the Alto Uruguai the territorial configuration presented a bigger deconcentration of power, which allowed the formation of a broader coalition, which results in the reduction of negative effects, and the less concentrated economic, social and political opportunities.

Favorisées par les gouvernants en quête d’un nouveau modèle post-industriel, les économies basées sur la connaissance vont devenir en quelques décennies le référentiel à atteindre pour le développement de territoires soumis aux pressions de la globalisation.Longtemps considérés comme des éléments indispensables à la production et à la transmission du savoir, les établissements d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche, comme les universités, ont été de plus en plus intégrés dans les analyses sur le développement territorial à mesure que s’imposait le paradigme américain de la valorisation des activités de la recherche publique. Cette nouvelle mission imposée aux établissements de recherche, suppose qu’ils sont des facteurs d’un développement localisé. Mais le rôle qui leur est assigné est-il justifié ? À travers l’impact singulier de la recherche publique, on peut analyser la place de ces établissements sur leur territoire d’accueil. Apres avoir fait un état de l’art en matière d’analyse d’impact nous utilisons le cadre méthodologique de l’étude d’un cas illustrant cette problématique. L’agglomération de Brest mise sur la forte concentration d’établissements de recherche à vocation maritime pour développer le cluster local. Bien que non généralisable, ce cas éclaire les recherches dans ce domaine. Au-delà, la thèse apporte une autre vision sur les réformes de type top down des systèmes d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche considérant le savoir comme n’importe quel bien économique. Or la connaissance n’est pas un bien comme les autres. Et c’est cette singularité qui explique les difficultés d’analyse dans le champ de l’économie de la connaissance. / Promoted by governments seeking for a new post-industrial model, the knowledge-based economies will become in a few decades the repository to reach for the development of territories subject to the pressures of globalization. Regarded as essential to the production and transmission of knowledge, higher education and research institutions, such as universities, have been increasingly integrated into the analysis of territorial development while was emerging the american paradigm for valorisation of public research activities. This new mission imposed on research institutions, assume they are factors of localized development. Is this assigned role justified? Through the singular impact of public research, we can analyze the role of these institutions on their home territory. After a state of the art on the impact assessments, we developed a methodological framework for case study illustrating this problem. In the agglomeration of Brest, there is a high concentration of research institutions with maritime vocation on which rely the local cluster. Although not generalizable, this case enlightens the research in this domain. In addition, the thesis sheds new light on the top-down reforms of higher education and research systems considering knowledge as any economic good. But knowledge is not a commodity like others. And that would explain the difficulties of analysis in the field of the knowledge economy.

Depuis la chute du régime des Duvalier en 1986, Haïti se veut un État démocratique dans lequel les pratiques du développement territorial insistent sur l’implication et la participation des acteurs locaux. Les principes de la décentralisation sont alors proclamés impliquant une volonté de l’État haïtien de transférer des compétences et des moyens aux collectivités territoriales, dans le cadre de services publics de proximité. Deux phénomènes allaient marquer la société haïtienne à partir de cette date. Le premier est l’ouverture du pays aux échanges commerciaux (à l’échelle internationale) et le second revoie à la prolifération des ONG et de petits projets locaux dits de développement. Ces deux phénomènes traduisent, dans un sens large, la mise en projet du territoire haïtien à partir de ce que l’on appelle « le système aide-projet international ».Cette thèse poursuit deux grands objectifs conduisant à deux modèles différents, mais interreliés. Le premier objectif est de s’interroger sur les fondements de la dépendance politico-économique d’Haïti (dans une large mesure tous les PMA) dans le contexte d’aide publique au développement. Il s’agit de prendre en compte les dynamiques internes de son système de production (basé sur l’aide-projet) à partir des choix de politiques publiques de développement appliqués. Le second objectif s’intéresse aux disparités, à la fois spatiales et socioéconomiques, qui caractérisent le système aide-projet lui-même. Pour les étudier, la démarche s’interroge sur les externalités générées par le système tout en mettant l’accent sur les liens de proximités (géographique et organisée) des projets par rapport aux acteurs territoriaux.Les questions spatiales partent du postulat que les acteurs ou les territoires sont affectés par ce qui se passe dans son environnement et davantage dans son voisinage. Dans ce cas, leur proximité impose des comportements qui sont proportionnels avec la variabilité des facteurs. Autrement dit, chaque territoire (communal), accueillant un nombre de projets locaux, diminue les chances d’un autre territoire de les accueillir si l’on maintient le principe d’affectation dans le système aide-projet. Cela implique que les projets ont tendance à se concentrer en un petit nombre de territoires communaux alors que leur volume d’activité est très faible ailleurs. De ce fait, les populations locales ont tendance à immigrer vers les territoires ou lieux privilégiés, ce qui accentue les disparités territoriales et entraîne l’élargissement des bidonvilles. De la même manière, les acteurs locaux se spécialisent et deviennent plus efficaces pour attirer des projets (ou des ONG) en offrant une image pitoyable : la misère remplace la pauvreté.Si la prolifération des ONG, dans un pays comme Haïti, a progressé de manière régulière depuis 1986, le décollage économique n’a pas véritablement suivi. L’approche spatiale du système aide-projet apporte de nouvelles réflexions et de nouvelles hypothèses, sur les effets de distribution de l’aide par rapport au renforcement des liens de proximités (géographique et organisée) entre les acteurs locaux et leurs territoires. Elle montre que les ONG sont mobiles sur le territoire national et les projets locaux vont se regrouper lorsqu’un territoire communal expose son état de misère et offre aux ONG une bonne publicité sur le plan d’image. Dans les cas contraires, les projets seront dispersés. Il s’agit là d’un apport considérable dans l’analyse des effets (directs ou indirects) de distribution des projets locaux par rapport à la problématique du sous-développement en Haïti. Alors, on peut raisonner en matière de rendements du système aide-projet par rapport à cette problématique de développement territorialisé. / Since the fall of the Duvalier regime in 1986, Haiti has intended to be a democratic State in which the practices of territorial development put the emphasis on the involvement of the local actors. The principles of decentralization are therefore proclaimed, thus implying a will from the Haitian government to devolve powers and means to local authorities as part of community public services. Two phenomena have characterized the Haitian society from that date onward. The first phenomenon is the opening of the country to commercial trade – at international level – and the second one refers to the proliferation of NGOs and small local projects defined as development projects. These two phenomena reflect, by and large, the project-planning mentality at work on the Haitian territory on the basis of what is called “the international aid-project system.” This thesis aims at two main objectives leading to two different yet interconnected models. The first objective is to investigate on the foundations of Haiti’s political and economic dependence – and, to a larger extent, that of all the LDCs – in the context of the Official Development Assistance. It means taking into account the internal dynamics of its production system – based on the aid-project – on the ground of implemented choices made in terms of public policies for development. The second objective focuses on both geographic and socio-economic disparities which characterize the aid-project system itself. In order to study them, the approach is to investigate on the externalities generated by the system while highlighting the (geographic and organized) ties between projects and local actors.The geographic questions come from the assumption that actors or territories are affected by what goes on in their environment and even more so in their neighborhood. In this case, their proximity requires behaviors which are proportional to the variability of the factors. In other words, each (communal) territory that hosts a number of local projects reduces the opportunities for another territory to host them if the principle of assigning in the aid-project system is kept. It implies that projects have a tendency to concentrate in a small number of communal territories whereas their volume of activity is low elsewhere. Hence, local populations tend to migrate toward privileged territories or places, which aggravates territorial disparities and causes slums to grow. In a similar way, local actors specialize and become more efficient for attracting projects – or NGOs – by offering a pitiful image: misery replaces poverty.Though NGOs’ proliferation has steadily increased in a country like Haiti since 1986, economic “take-off” has not really ensued. The geographic approach to the aid-project system brings about new thinking and new assumptions on the effects of aid distribution with respect to the reinforcement of – geographic and organized – ties between actors and their territories. It indicates that NGOs are mobile on the national territory and local projects will come together whenever a communal territory displays its condition of misery and provides the NGOs with good publicity in terms of image. In other cases, projects will be scattered. This constitutes a considerable contribution to the analysis of – direct or indirect – effects of the distribution of local projects regarding the issue of underdevelopment in Haiti. It is, then, possible to reason in terms of performance of the aid-project system in relation to this issue of territorialized development.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux transformations et modalités de mise en œuvre de l’ingénierie territoriale. Elle se propose de l’analyser à travers l’émergence d’un nouvel instrument, l’observatoire territorial. Elle pose comme hypothèse que les compétences des professionnels du développement territorial sont déterminantes dans l’efficacité de cette ingénierie et qu’en retour, la structuration de celle-ci influe fortement sur l’évolution de ces compétences. Nous nous intéressons à la conception et aux usages d’observatoires sur les Pyrénées en mobilisant l’entretien auprès des acteurs de ces projets et à travers une position d’observation participante au sein d’une structure d’expertise territoriale.Les projets d’observatoire révèlent un enjeu de construction de compétences collectives dans l’ingénierie territoriale, indispensables pour ancrer l’expertise dans le territoire. Cet enjeu se déploie à différents niveaux : entre agents d’une même structure et entre agents de différentes structures. Ces niveaux font apparaître des médiateurs favorisant l’émergence et la consolidation des compétences collectives. Ces processus entraînent des transformations des compétences individuelles des professionnels ainsi qu’un métissage de celles-ci, aboutissant à l’émergence de profils professionnels hybrides. Par rapport aux compétences mobilisées dans des projets de développement territorial, celles nécessaires au projet d’observatoire territorial sont marquées par un besoin plus fort de stratégie, tout en faisant appel à des compétences techniques spécialisées. L’approche géographique de la compétence comme ressource de la construction territoriale est une avancée majeure de cette thèse. / This thesis is concerned with transformations and the different means for implementing territorial engineering. Its aim is to analyse territorial engineering through the emergence of a new instrument, the territorial observatory. It advances the hypothesis that the skills of territorial development professionals play a key role in the effectiveness of this engineering, whereas the way it is structured highly influences the evolution of these skills. We focus on the design and uses of observatories in the Pyrenees Mountains through interviews with the actors who participate in these projects, as well as from the viewpoint of a participating observer within a territorial expertise structure. Observatory projects illustrate the challenge involved in the construction of collective skills for territorial engineering, essential for integrating expertise into the territorial framework. This challenge exists at different levels : between representatives of the same structure and between representatives of different structures. These levels give rise to mediators who encourage the emergence and the consolidation of collective skills. These processes lead to transformations in the individual skills of professionals as well as a crossover between them, thus resulting in the emergence of hybrid professional profiles. In relationship to the overall skills mobilised in territorial development projects, those necessary for territorial observatory projects can be distinguished by a greater need for strategy, while requiring specialised technical skills. The geographic approach to skills as a resource for territorial construction is a major contribution of this thesis.

La thèse a comme objectif fournir des informations pour une évaluation critique du processus de décentralisation au Brésil, se basant sur l'analyse du système de planification du développement régional dans l'État de Santa Catarina entre 2003 et 2010, période de laquelle a vu création des Secrétariats et des Conseils de Développement Régional. Pour mettre en place ce processus innovant de gestion décentralisée, le gouvernement a modifié la structure politique et administrative de l'Etat, grâce au vote d'une loi complémentaire. Contextuellement, en 2003, le gouvernement a créé les Secrétariats de Développement Régional (SDRs) conjointement avec les Conseils de Développement Régional (CDRs). L'État de Santa Catarina a été divisé en 29 régions, dotée chacune d'un SDR et d'un CDR. Leur nombre a été étendu à 30 en 2005 et 36 en 2007. Selon le gouvernement, ce découpage devait permettre de modifier le système de planification du développement en vigueur, grâce à la décentralisation administrative que cette réforme provoquait. Dans le cadre de ce processus de décentralisation, l´État a ainsi mené trois expériences de planification du développement, les deux premières en 2004 et la troisième en 2006, quand a été mis en pratique le « Plan Catarinense de Développement », établi pendant la réforme administrative de 2005. Du point de vue du développement territorial, la thèse a révélé un certain nombre d'obstacles à la mise en œuvre d'un changement efficace dans la genèse, à Santa Catarina, d'un modèle innovant de développement (terme utilisé ici principalement pour exprimer des niveaux élevés de développement humain). L'état de l'art sur lequel se base la thèse suit une approche pluridisciplinaire, entre la sociologie politique la géographie appliquées au territoire. Par la suite, a été effectué une analyse descriptive du système de planification du développement à Santa Catarina, dans le but de comprendre la perspective dans laquelle ce dernier a été structuré, en mettant en avant les mécanismes de décentralisation et de développement territorial à l'œuvre à Santa Catarina. Les résultats obtenus par la thèse ont renforcé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la dynamique de la décentralisation administrative dans le but officiel de la promotion d'un « développement territorial durable » selon les critères de gouvernance territoriale a finalement été surtout au service d'une culture politique conservatrice, clientéliste et inspirée par l'idéologie libérale, allant à l'encontre des idées centrales du pacte fédératif garanti par la Constitution fédérale du Brésil de 1998. Du point de vue du développement territorial, l'analyse n'a pas trouvé les preuves de changements importants dans le réaménagement du développement de Santa Catarina, du fait de la faiblesse de l'application d'un modèle de développement favorisant la gouvernance territoriale. Toutefois, il convient de prendre en considération les aspects innovants du processus mis en œuvre à Santa Catarina dans la période étudiée, en termes de systèmes de planification du développement territorial. On ne peut nier également le potentiel de ce processus, dont l'examen ouvre sur une analyse plus approfondie de la société civile, moins imprégnée par les arrangements politiques partisanes et ayant intériorisé une vision plus large de l'environnement. / The thesis has the objective to provide information for the critical evaluation of the decentralization process in Brazil, based on the systemic analysis of regional development planning in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina between 2003 and 2010, a period during which the Secretariats and Regional Development Councils were created. To implement this innovative process of decentralized management, the government changed the political and administrative structure of the state, by passing a complementary law. Contextually, in 2003, the government created the Secretariats of Regional Development (SRDs) in conjunction with the Regional Development Councils (RDCs). The state of Santa Catarina was then divided into 29 regions, each with both its SRD and its RDC. Their number was expanded to 30 in 2005 and 36 in 2007. According to the Government, this division was meant to change the system of development planning in place, through the administrative decentralization that the reform authorized. As part of this decentralization process, the State has conducted three experiments in development planning, the first two in 2004 and the third in 2006, when the "Plan Catarinense Development" was enacted (after having being designed during the administrative reform of 2005). From the perspective of territorial development, the thesis has revealed a number of obstacles to the implementation of effective change in the genesis, in Santa Catarina, of an innovative model of development (the term is used here mainly to express high levels of human development). The state of the art on which the dissertation is based follows a multidisciplinary approach, both in political sociology and geography, always with a territorial focus. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis of the planning system development in Santa Catarina was performed, in order to understand the perspective from which it was structured, highlighting the mechanisms of decentralization and territorial development an work in this Brazilian state. The results of the dissertation have strengthened the hypothesis that the dynamics of administrative decentralization at work at far from its official purpose which was the promotion of "sustainable territorial development" according to criteria of territorial governance. It appears that the reform was finally put at the service of a conservative, clientelistic political culture, inspired by liberal ideology, going against the central ideas of the federative pact guaranteed by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1998. From the perspective of territorial development, the analysis found no evidence of significant changes in the structure of the development of Santa Catarina, due to weak implementation of a development model favouring territorial governance. However, it should consider the innovative aspects of the process implemented in Santa Catarina in the studied period, in terms of systems of territorial development planning. However, one cannot deny the potentials of this process: a deeper analysis of civil society revels that it is less steeped into partisan political arrangements and has internalized a broader view of the environment. / A tese tem o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para uma avaliação crítica do processo de descentralização no Brasil, com base na análise do sistema de planejamento do desenvolvimento regional no Estado de Santa Catarina entre 2003 e 2010, período em que houve a criação das Secretarias e dos Conselhos de Desenvolvimento Regional. Para implementar esse processo inovador de gestão descentralizada, o governo modificou a estrutura político-administrativa do Estado, por meio de Lei Complementar. Contextualmente, em 2003, foram criadas as Secretarias de Desenvolvimento Regional (SDRs) em conjunto com os Conselhos de Desenvolvimento Regional (CDRs). O Estado de Santa Catarina foi dividido em 29 regiões, cada uma com sua SDR e um CDR. Em 2005, o número de SDRs foi ampliado para 30 e, em 2007, para 36 Secretarias. Segundo o governo, em tese, esse recorte territorial romperia com o sistema de planejamento do desenvolvimento em vigor, por meio de uma proposta de descentralização político-administrativa. Como parte deste processo de descentralização, o Estado realizou três experimentos em planejamento do desenvolvimento: as duas primeiras em 2004 e terceira em 2006, quando foi posto em prática o “Plano Catarinense de Desenvolvimento”, estabelecido durante o reforma administrativa de 2005. Do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento territorial, a tese revelou uma série de obstáculos para a concretização de uma efetiva mudança na gênese do modelo catarinense de desenvolvimento (termo usado para expressar os altos níveis de desenvolvimento humano em Santa Catarina). O estado da arte em que a tese se baseia segue uma abordagem interdisciplinar entre a geografia e a sociologia política, com o foco de análise voltado às dinâmicas territoriais. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise descritiva do sistema de planejamento do desenvolvimento em Santa Catarina, a fim de compreender a perspectiva na qual foi estruturada e colocada em prática os mecanismos do processo de descentralização e territorialização do desenvolvimento em Santa Catarina. Os resultados encontrados reforçam a hipótese segundo a qual a dinâmica de descentralização administrativa visando, supostamente, a promoção de um “desenvolvimento territorial sustentável”, levando em conta os critérios de governança territorial, vem atendendo, fundamentalmente, aos interesses de uma cultura política conservadora, elitista e clientelista, indo na contra-mão das idéias centrais do pacto federativo garantido pela Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1998. Do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento territorial, a análise não encontrou evidências de mudanças significativas na reconversão do modelo de desenvolvimento catarinense, devido à frágil implementação de um processo de governança territorial. No entanto, deve-se considerar os aspectos inovadores do processo ocorrido em Santa Catarina, no período estudado, em termos de implementação de um sistema de planejamento do desenvolvimento territorial.Também não há como negar o potencial deste processo, que se abre para uma análise mais profunda sobre o papel da sociedade civil no planejamento dos territórios, menos permeada por arranjos políticos partidários e mais internalizada por uma visão mais ampla da dimensão socioambiental.

Depuis les années 1970, le développement territorial est mis en exergue en aménagement et en sciences économiques dans une perspective qui est celle de la création d’activités et d’emplois liés. La valorisation des ressources territoriales devient dès lors cruciale. Toutefois, la littérature n’interroge pas l’identité des acteurs alors que ceux-ci constituent la ressource territoriale centrale. La thèse qui est défendue est que ce ne sont pas les mêmes types d’acteurs qui sont mobilisés par les proximités dans les différentes étapes du développement territorial. Plusieurs hypothèses sont émises au sujet des modes de mobilisation des acteurs, de leur nature et de leurs interdépendances. Le raisonnement est structuré en trois parties. La première est consacrée à l’étude du Système Productif Local (SPL) Mecanic Vallée. L’objectif est de comprendre comment le développement local a été structuré dans cet espace physique, social et productif. Une deuxième partie est consacrée à l’étude, dans la littérature, du mode de mobilisation et de coordination des acteurs ; particulièrement dans le cadre territorial (proximités, gouvernance, développement territorial). Plusieurs faits stylisés sont construits pour faire le lien entre systèmes d’acteurs, proximités et étapes du développement. Ces faits sont appliqués au SPL Mecanic Vallée afin de produire une relecture de sa dynamique de développement. Ces faits portent sur deux projets productifs particuliers : les relations d’affaires et le financement des activités. Une troisième partie est consacrée aux résultats de la recherche. Ces résultats confirment une très forte interdépendance des acteurs ainsi que la particularité des modes de mobilisation dans la construction de la dynamique territoriale. / Since the 1970s, territorial development has been highlighted in planning and economic sciences from the perspective of the creation of related activities and jobs. The development of territorial resources therefore becomes crucial. However, the literature does not question the identity of the actors even though they constitute a central territorial resource. The thesis argues that the proximity in the different stages of territorial development does not mobilize the same types of actors.Several hypotheses are put forward about the modes of mobilization of actors, their nature and their interdependencies. The reasoning is structured in three parts. The first is devoted to the study of the Mecanic Valley Local Production System (SPL). The objective is to understand how local development has been structured in this physical, social and productive space. A second part is devoted to the study, in the literature, of the way actors are mobilized and coordinated; particularly in the territorial framework (proximity, governance, territorial development). Several stylized facts are constructed to make the link between systems of actors, proximity and stages of development. These facts are applied to the SPL Mecanic Vallée in order to produce a re-reading of its development dynamics. These facts relate to two specific productive projects: business relations and activity financing. A third part is devoted to research results. These results confirm a very strong interdependence of the actors as well as the particularity of the modes of mobilization in the construction of territorial dynamics.

Il y a presque une dizaine d’années, Baalbek-Hermel a commencé à changer d’identité. C’est une zone agricole riche en savoir-faire traditionnels mais pauvre et marginalisée par l’État depuis l’indépendance du Liban en 1943. Le nom de cette région est associé à la culture du cannabis et son éloignement de Beyrouth explique sa marginalisation. Dans notre thèse, nous chercherons à mettre l’accent sur l’importance de l’approche territoriale du développement durable et nous insistons sur le rôle du patrimoine et ses avantages économiques pour la communauté locale de Baalbek-Hermel. L’objectif est d’identifier au travers des critères économiques, sociaux et culturels les spécificités de la région et son potentiel de développer une activité touristique patrimoniale dans Baalbek-Hermel. A partir des résultats obtenus lors de l’étude de terrain, nous proposerons un modèle de développement touristique qui aboutira à la création d’une route touristique des savoir-faire et qui répondra aux attentes des différents acteurs tout en atténuant les faiblesses actuelles. / Almost a decade ago, Baalbek-Hermel began to change its identity. It is an agricultural zone, rich in traditional know-how but poor and marginalized by the government since the independence of Lebanon in 1943. The name of this region is associated with the cultivation of cannabis and its distance from Beirut explains its marginalization. In our thesis, we will seek to emphasize the importance of the territorial approach to sustainable development and the role of cultural heritage and its economic benefits for the local community of Baalbek-Hermel. The objective is to identify, through economic, social and cultural criteria, the specificities of the region and its potential to develop a heritage tourism activity in Baalbek-Hermel. Based on the results obtained during the field study, we will propose a model of tourism development that will lead to the creation of a tourist route of know-how and which will meet the expectations of the various stakeholders while extenuating the current weaknesses.

Le mouvement accru de rationalisation des dépenses publiques conduit les acteurs publics français et notamment les collectivités territoriales à faire de nombreux choix et arbitrages parmi les initiatives menées en-dehors du champ traditionnel de leurs compétences obligatoires. « Que faire de l'Action Internationale ? » est au centre des débats, alors que la demande sociale est toujours plus conséquente sur les territoires français. Comment comprendre qu'en parallèle des efforts de plus en plus importants demandés aux citoyens, on dépense de l'argent public ailleurs? En période de crise, certaines politiques publiques sont remises en question et peuvent paraître superflues. Au premier regard, l'action internationale est de celles-ci. Ce travail vise à répondre à la question suivante : pourquoi les collectivités territoriales coopèrent-elles à l'échelle internationale ?Les actions internationales des collectivités territoriales relèvent historiquement d'une démarche de solidarité internationale. La perception de la coopération décentralisée comme outil d'aide au développement dans les pays partenaires est, encore aujourd'hui, une réalité constamment rappelée dans les discours des élus locaux, des associations partenaires, et de l'Etat. Aussi, la coopération décentralisée ne révolutionne-t-elle pas les objectifs généraux de l'Aide Publique au Développement, dans la mesure où elle constitue davantage un changement d'échelle qu'un changement de modèle. Pourtant, ces dernières années, apparaissent des visions plus « stratégiques » de l'AICT, qui a connu des évolutions en termes notamment de diversification géographiques et thématiques. On voit ainsi se développer de plus en plus d‘actions internationales à caractère économique ou visant le rayonnement des territoires et leurs positionnement sur la scène internationale.En 2013, l'Action Internationale des Collectivités Territoriales se situe donc, selon les contextes, quelque part entre l'aide et une véritable co-opération. La nécessaire synthèse entre les attentes émises par les collectivités territoriales étrangères et l'intérêt local pour les territoires français oblige alors à questionner les aspects fondamentaux que sont le partenariat et la marge de négociation des deux parties. La réciprocité peut-elle exister ? Est-il possible de penser l'Action internationale comme un outil de résolution des problématiques locales ? De quelle(s) manière les expériences des collectivités territoriales partenaires peuvent elles représenter des sources d'inspiration et d'innovation utiles au développement des territoires français ? Ces différentes questions nous amèneront à interroger la place de l'Action internationale au sein des politiques publiques locales : une compétence à part entière ou un mode d'exercice et d'amélioration des compétences « traditionnelles » ? / Increasing cuts of local expenses lead French public authorities make decisions and choices between public policies which do not look priority. In times of economic crisis, some policies may look useless and can be questioned. Should local governments maintain international action whereas social demand is deeply increasing on French territories? Is it still justifiable to keep on spending public money abroad?Local government's international actions (LGIA) are historically based on an international solidarity practice. Decentralized cooperation does not seem to really “revolutionize” Development Public Aid: the scale has changed, not the model. Nevertheless, these last years, LGIA knew real deep geographical and thematic evolutions. Strategic visions are emerging. Economic cooperation, international forecasts…local government's international action became a way for territories to position on international scene.In 2013, Local Government's International Action is located, depending on the contexts, somewhere between aid and real cooperation. Which synthesis can be made between foreign partners' wishes and local interest? Partnership and negotiations between the two parties are key-notions. How to evaluate relationships between territories? Does reciprocity really exists? Can LGIA be part of territorial projects and seen as a strategic way to work on French territorial stakes? How can local governments improve their own practices by inspiring from foreign experiences? Is LGIA a fully local public policy or a transversal operating mode?