The topic of this diploma thesis is: The Legal consequences of the loss of territory for a state and its inhabitants. This thesis focuses on the loss of the territory due to the submerging of the island states because of a sea level rise. This work is divided into four chapters. The first chapter concerns climate change and its causes, as it is climate change that is responsible for the rising sea level. The subsequent chapter analyses the state as a subject of public international law, and focuses on the criteria for statehood. The third chapter explores the loss of territory and its consequences on the statehood of the affected state. The final section considers the inhabitants of the state and their likely legal status. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the criteria for statehood, first defined in the Montevideo Convention from 1933, are still relevant today. Moreover, the goal is to clarify whether it is necessary for a state to possess a territory (i.e. one of the criteria for statehood) for its further existence. If the territory would indeed be indispensable, then this thesis examines the possibilities of how new territory can be acquired. Additionally, this work discusses the question of the liability of the polluters for climate change. In particular, the question of whether...

L’OGC Nice en 2003 et le Stade Brestois 29 en 2004, clubs de football professionnel, ont accédé à la division supérieure. En scindant le concept de performance en deux processus (le compétitif et le performatif), il est possible de déterminer si le social a influencé leurs résultats. Dans les deux cas, la série d’entretiens thématiques semi-directifs s’appuyant sur le discours journalistique de leur parcours sportif montre la prédominance de l’identité locale lors d’un événement déclencheur de la performance au cours duquel l’équipe se transcende. Le Kairos reçu des dieux est ce moment particulier qui marque le début de leurs performances. Les matches deviennent des rites sportifs dont le but est d’accéder au sacré. Ce rite a son origine dans le rite sacrificiel mais la mimésis ne sert pas à transférer la violence vers une victime émissaire. Elle devient le support d’une accession au sacré. La puissance qui passerait de la société à l’équipe n’est que la prise de conscience du joueur qu’il peut mobiliser sa propre puissance de concert avec ses partenaires. La saison sportive est ainsi une perpétuelle reconstitution de la société avec, semble-t-il, comme canevas les contes et les mythes. Elle devient l’incarnation d’un imaginaire qui s’appuie sur l’affectivité humaine pour exister. L’homme est en quelque sorte un territoire ou l’imaginaire se lie au réel : il est un champion qui s’ignore et qui ne le découvre qu’en saisissant le Kairos. / Two professional football clubs, OGC Nice and Stade Brestois 29 reached the upper division in 2003 and 2004 respectively (Ligue 1 for OGC Nice and Ligue 2 for Stade Brestois 29). In order to determine whether their results were influenced by social issues or not, the concept of performance will be split into two processes (competitive and performative). In both cases, the series of semi-structured thematic interviews based on journalists’ speeches on their sports career shows the predominance of local identity during an event triggering their performance and during which the team transcends itself. The Kairos received from the gods stands for this particular moment when their performances begin. Matches are becoming sports rites aiming the sacred. Such rite originates in the sacrificial rites but mimesis is not use for transferring violence onto a scapegoat. It becomes the medium to get to the sacred. The strength which is supposed to go from society to the team is nothing but the player’s awareness of his ability to mobilize his own strength together with his team mates. Sport season is therefore a perpetual reconstruction of society with seemingly tales and myths as its framework. It becomes the embodiment of a fantasy based on human emotions. Man is somehow a territory where imaginary is linked to reality: he is an unconscious champion who only discovers it thanks to the Kairos.

L’objet de cette thèse est d’analysé les processus de construction de territorialités et de territoires transfrontaliers. Discontinuité géographique majeure, la frontière est traditionnellement définie comme la limite d’un territoire d’Etat, symbole de sa souveraineté. Les frontières Sénégal-Gambie et Sénégal-Guinée Conakry qui gardent cette fonction, créent de nombreux effets-frontières largement exploités par les populations. Les acteurs sociaux et marchands des zones frontalières sénégambiennes, à travers leurs diverses mobilités consécutives à l’effet-frontière connectent divers lieux de part et d’autre de la frontière. Ils produisent ainsi divers territoires, espaces vécus et appropriés. La frontière est ici, lien et couture. Espaces partagés et de fortes solidarités intercommunautaires, ces territoires transfrontaliers sont cependant l’objet de compétitions et de conflits qui sont aujourd’hui pris en charge par les acteurs locaux à travers diverses initiatives de coopération transfrontalière. Le renforcement voire l’institutionnalisation de ces initiatives locales pourrait se faire dans le cadre d’une gouvernance transfrontalière impliquant les diverses familles d’acteurs (société civile locale, collectivités territoriales, Etat). Cette gouvernance transfrontalière bénéficie du processus de décentralisation en cours au Sénégal, en Guinée Conakry et en Gambie et d’autre part, des progrès réalisés récemment par la CEDEAO dans le cadre de l’institutionnalisation de la coopération transfrontalière. Elle pourrait cependant être handicapée par les divergences d’intérêts et les tensions entre les Etats, notamment sénégalo-gambien. / The object of this thesis is to analyze the processes of construction of territorialities and of cross-border territories. Open major geographic, the border is traditionally defined as the limit of a State territory, the symbol of its sovereignty. The borders Senegal-Gambia and Senegal-Guinea Conakry, who keep this function, create many borders-effects widely exploited by the populations. The social actors and merchants of the border areas of Senegambia, through their various motilities, consecutive to the border-effect connect various locations on both sides. Therefore they create various territories, spaces experienced and owned. The border is here, link and separation. Shared spaces and strong communal solidarities, these cross-border territories are however the object of competitions and conflicts which are today supported by local actors through various initiatives for cross-border cooperation. The strengthening or even the institutionalization of these local initiatives could be done within the framework of cross-border governance involving the various families of actors (local civil society, territorial communities, and the State). This cross-border governance benefits from the ongoing process of decentralization in Senegal, Guinea Conakry and the Gambia and on the other hand, the recent progress made by ECOWAS in the framework of the institutionalization of cross-border cooperation. It could however be hampered by differences of interests and tensions between States, including Senegalese-Gambian.

M.Sc. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

[pt] Pensar o espaço urbano da cidade do Rio de Janeiro remete, num primeiro momento, a pensamentos de violência e medo. Destarte essa cidade vem assistindo a um forte e intenso processo de fragmentação de seu tecido sociopolítico-espacial. Compondo esse violento cenário emergem as facções criminosas de compra e venda de entorpecentes, que dominam grande parte das favelas cariocas, as forças do estado, via de regra apenas o braço policial, e a população comum que assiste abismada e amedrontada, a intensos conflitos armados, mormente a população localizada em favelas. O poderio sociopolítico-econômico alcançado pelas facções criminosas na metrópole do Rio de Janeiro é bastante influente, a ponto de se tornar legitimado nas unidades de internação de jovens infratores e nas unidades prisionais de adultos. Dessa forma esses locais de clausura em associação com as favelas se configuram em territórios de intensa disputa política e bélica, assumindo papel crucial no desenrolar da dinâmica cotidiana da cidade. Essa correlação é percebida e analisada através de um estudo transescalar, que permite enxergar o espaço não só em sua feição territorial - de contenção, de cárcere - mas também sob a forma de lugar, lugar de vida e lugar de clausura, simultaneamente. Portanto assiste-se à formação e a consequente interligação transescalar de diferentes territórios do cárcere em locais fechados, como as unidades de internação para jovens infratores, e em locais de residência, como as favelas e os condomínios exclusivos. Esta constatação tem importância vital para o desenvolvimento da rotina narcotraficante, influenciando diretamente a vida da população carioca. / [en] Think about urban space in Rio de Janeiro first refers to thoughts of violence and fear. Thus the city has been through a strong and intense process of fragmentation of its socialpolitical and spatial dimensions. Compounding this violent scenary emerge the drug dealers factions that dominates most of Rio’s favelas, the state forces – in fact just the police – and ordinary people who watch terrified and afraid, the intense armed conflict, especially the population living in favelas. The sociopolitical and economic power reached by criminal gangs in metropolis of Rio de Janeiro is so influent that legitimates itself at young offenders internment units and adult prisons. Thus these places of confinement connected with the favelas configured territories of intense political and war dispute and play a crucial role in the conduct of the daily dynamics of the city. This correlation is perceived and analyzed through a trans-scalar study which allows us to see the space not only in their territorial feature - as a contention, a prison - but also as a place of life and place of confinement simultaneously. Therefore we are witnessing the formation and its subsequent transescalar interconnection of different prison territories such as young offenders internment unities and places of residence like the favelas and exclusive condominiums. This finding is vital for the drug dealers faction routine development , directly influencing the lives of people in Rio.

[pt] O objetivo principal deste trabalho dissertativo é tentar provar que a implantação de cursos superiores na modalidade de ensino à distância tem a capacidade de promover a existência de novos territórios e, conseqüentemente, territorialidades. Para tal, foi feito um resgate histórico, com ênfase no século XX, no intuito de verificarmos o quanto a difusão do meio técnico-científico informacional contribuiu para que o ensino à distância proliferasse no Brasil, e mais precisamente, a partir de três instituições de ensino superior que oferecem tal modalidade, de modo a gerar novos territórios. Assim, tento demonstrar que a técnica possui relevante papel na efetivação dos mesmos. O conceito de territorialidade utilizado no embasamento teórico foi a definição de Robert Sack, que as considera como sendo estratégias de controle e influência sobre pessoas e objetos através do controle de um território, conjugada com a definição ofertada por Rogério Haesbaert como as formas e as relações políticas, culturais, sociais e econômicas produzidas e reproduzidas por um grupo ou grupos sociais no território. Isso possibilitou concluir que: sendo a oferta deste tipo de serviço o resultado de um conjunto de políticas públicas e privadas, é possível que diferentes estratégias sejam traçadas a partir do ensino superior à distância por cada uma das instâncias já citadas com igualmente diferentes objetivos, gerando novas relações de poder e, como conseqüência, novos territórios. / [en] The main objective of this work reported and try to prove that the establishment of courses in distance learning mode has the ability to promote the existence of new territories and, consequently, territorialities. To this end, it was made a historical review, with emphasis on the twentieth century, in order to verify how the diffusion of technical means and scientific informational contributed to distance learning proliferated in Brazil, and more specifically, from three institutions higher education that offer such a mode, to generate new territories. So I try to demonstrate that the technique has significant role in attaining them. The concept of territoriality used in the theoretical framework was the definition of Robert Sack, who considers them as strategies to control and influence over people and objects through the control of a territory, coupled with the definition offered by Rogerio Haesbaert as the forms and relations political, cultural, social and economic produced and reproduced by a group or social groups in the territory. This led us to conclude that: being the provision of such service, the result of a combination of public and private policies, it is possible that different strategies are drawn from higher education at a distance by each of the aforementioned instances also with different goals, generating new power relations and, consequently, new territories.

Cette recherche vise à étudier l’influence du contexte et du territoire et plus spécifiquement celle de la ruralité sur la trajectoire scolaire des filles issues des milieux ruraux. Elle a été conceptualisée grâce aux théories de la Reproduction, des recherches sur le genre et sur une étude longitudinale d’une cohorte de 2400 élèves depuis 1999 effectuée par l’Observatoire de l’École Rurale. C’est à travers une méthode expérimentale que l’étude a été construite. Une enquête par questionnaire a été effectuée en incluant les résultats du diplôme du brevet national des collèges. Des données ont été recueillies auprès d’un échantillon de 315 élèves afin d’effectuer une comparaison de deux groupes distincts. Le premier groupe est issu du milieu urbain et l’autre des milieux ruraux. Cette étude montre que les filles s’orientent plus que les garçons en seconde générale et technologique. Le résultat confirme l’effet du genre sur l’orientation. Mais elle montre que l’écart entre les élèves garçons et les élèves filles est supérieur aux données statistiques au niveau national. De plus, l’étude permet de conclure que les filles issues des milieux ruraux en fin de troisième s’orientent majoritairement plus en seconde générale et technologique que les filles issues du milieu urbain. Le contexte territorial influerait donc sur l’orientation des filles en leur faveur. Ces résultats sont une étude à un instant donné, elle compare deux régions distinctes. Est-il envisageable de les généraliser ? Le contexte étant un facteur important de cette étude, on ne peut conclure pas sans reproduire cette étude à d’autres territoires. Toutefois, elle interroge sur les raisons de cette réussite des filles dans ce milieu. / This research aims at studying the influence of the context and the territory And more specifically that of the rurality on the school trajectory of the girls stemming from rural areas. It was conceptualized thanks to the theories of the Reproduction, the researches on the genre and on the longitudinal study of a troop of 2400 pupils since 1999 made by the « Observatoire de l’École Rurale ». It is through an experimental method that the study was built. A survey by questionnaire, was perform by including the results of the diploma of the « brevet national » of middle schools. Data were collected with a sample of 315 pupils to make a comparison of two different groups. The first group arises from the urban area and other one of the rural areas. This study shows that the girls turn more than the boys in second general and technological. But she shows that the gap between the pupils boys and the pupils girls is upper to the statistical data at the national level. Furthermore, the study allows to conclude that the girls stemming from rural areas at the end of third turn mainly more in second dress rehearsal and technological than the girls stemming from the urban area. The territorial context would thus influence the orientation of the girls in their favor. These results are a study at the given moment, he compares two different regions. Is he possible to generalize them? The context being an important factor of this study, we cannot end without reproducing this study in other territories. However, he questions about the reasons of this success of the girls in this environment.

Le tourisme à La Réunion est un secteur jugé prometteur pour le développement économique de l'île mais de nombreuses questions subsistent concernant la fréquentation et le devenir des espaces touristiques. Ce travail de recherche a ainsi mis la problématique spatiale, notamment au niveau des cirques, au cœur de l'analyse. Cilaos, Mafate et Salazie sont les cirques de La Réunion et constituent l'originalité et l'une des images les plus attractives de l'île. Ils sont aussi au centre des problématiques liées à la conciliation du développement économique et de la protection environnementale. Après avoir abordé la phase de touristification des cirques qui a structuré des espaces, aujourd'hui en « mal développement », l'étude se focalise sur les pratiques, les représentations et les acteurs touristiques qui démontrent que les cirques sont devenus en réalité, un seul territoire, transformation qui devait jouer un rôle moteur pour la destination Réunion. La thèse s'inscrit alors dans une démarche de prospective territoriale qui soulève les enjeux de la gouvernance, dans la mise en place d'un projet de territoire touristique durable. / In Reunion Island, tourism is a promising area for its economic development. However, many questions still raising about the attendance and future of the tourist spaces. Cilaos, Mafate and Salazie are the cirques of the island and reflect the originality and promote an appealing image of Reunion Island. Conciliation proceedings between economic development and environmental protection are at the heart of the reflexion. Having dealt with the touristification stage of the cirques which structured the spaces and needed to be developed, the study is focusing upon the touristic practices, its representations and its tourism stakeholders. Actually, as the cirques became one territory, they should have played a key role for Reunion Island destination. In regard to territorial prospective, the research reveals the governance issues and challenges according the implementation of a sustainable tourism project.

Paris occupe une place centrale dans l’œuvre romanesque de Patrick Modiano. C’est sa ville natale, la ville de sa jeunesse et celle où il a passé presque toute sa vie. Il est resté irrémédiablement fasciné par elle. Plusieurs romans ont pour cadre spatial essentiel les rues, les boulevards et les quartiers parisiens. Le nom propre de la capitale française est le plus cité dans l’ensemble des textes modianiens. Aussi hétérogène que soit le cadre spatial, il évoque, dans la plupart des récits, le cadastre parisien. Comment Modiano appréhende-t-il la ville? Comment est-elle décrite dans ses récits? Modiano emprunte-t-il le regard d’un parisien, d’un urbain qui connaît mieux que quiconque cet espace ou celui d’un visiteur, d’un passeur? Paris est-il simplement un espace où le protagoniste vit et qu’il décrit ou existe-il un autre type de représentation de cette ville dans les textes de ce romancier? Comment l’espace réel se transforme-t-il en représentation ? Nous estimons qu’une recherche en géographie est indispensable en ce qui concerne l’œuvre romanesque de Patrick Modiano. L’espace modianien contient par excellence une dimension géographique qui saute aux yeux à la première lecture de ses romans. L’espace, chez Modiano, est d’abord et principalement réel. La capitale française est réellement conçue par cet écrivain, avec ses boulevards, ses carrefours, ses avenues et ses quartiers. Or, de ce lieu réel émerge une autre topographie purement imaginaire. / Paris occupies a central place in the Patrick Modiano of novels. It's his hometown, the city of his youth and one where he spent most of his life. He remained hopelessly fascinated by it. Several novels have essential spatial framework for streets, boulevards and Parisian districts. The proper name of the French capital is the most cited in all modianiens texts. As heterogeneous as is the spatial context, he mentioned, in most stories, the Paris Maps. Modiano how he apprehends the city ? How is it described in his stories? Modiano he borrows the look of a Paris, a city that knows better than anyone that space or that of a visitor, a smuggler ? Paris is it simply a space where the protagonist lives and it describes or is there another type of representation of the city in the texts of the novelist ? How real space he turns into representation ? We believe that a geographic research is needed regarding Patrick Modiano of novels. The space contains modianien excellence by a geographical dimension that jumps to the first reading of his novels. The space, in Modiano, is first and foremost real. The French capital is actually designed by this writer, with its boulevards, intersections, avenues and neighborhoods. But this real place emerges another purely imaginary topography.

Un territoire correspond à une entité spécifique et à une logique qui lui est propre. Le rôle du juriste est de créer des règles et des concepts pour prévenir, gérer et protéger ledit territoire. Ce territoire doit être géré de manière intégrée, que ce soit au niveau terrestre ou au niveau maritime. On note bien que cette gestion intégrée du littoral méditerranéen, et plus particulièrement la gestion intégrée des zones côtières, a une influence directe sur la plaine du Var. Réciproquement, la partie terrestre avec l’outil juridique de l’Opération d’Intérêt National promeut une gestion intégrée de ladite plaine. Ce concept de ville durable de la plaine du Var se traduit juridiquement par des règles d’urbanisme (OIN) qui sont en adéquation avec un développement durable et des normes protectrices de l’environnement. Le régime juridique utilisé sur ce territoire est dérogatoire au droit commun de l’urbanisme. Il reste l’une des dernières manifestations de la puissance publique, caractéristique de la France. Ce régime juridique cultive les paradoxes et présente donc un intérêt scientifique de premier ordre. / A territory corresponds with a specific entity which has its own logic. The jurist’s role is both to create rules and concepts in order to organize prevention, protection and management of the aforementionned territory: the “Var’s Plain”. It is well noticed that this integrated management of the Mediterranean Coast and more particulary, coastal’s zones integrated management has a direct impact on the “Var’s Plain”. Reciprocally, the land territory with legal tool of the Interest National Operation promotes one integrated management of the aforementioned Plain. Moreover, the tittle of the thesis suggests the idea according which there‘s a mutual influence, an elective affinity as would say Max WEBER, from the earth towards the coast and vice-versa, in order to manage sustainably the territory. This management is done by the establishement of legal provisions. The legal regime commonly used on this territory is an exception of the common law of urbanism. However, it remains one of the last demonstration of public authorities, which is a characteristic of France. This legal regime cultivates paradoxes and thus presents a leading science interest of first class.