This dissertation explores how different understandings of power in IR theory lead to different understandings of world order. In particular, I examine how notions of power have informed recent 'debate about empire' and what the term empire might usefully mean in the context of contemporary international relations. I start by investigating how power is understood in relation to the role of shared understandings. Mainstream or "Rationalist" scholars of IR have argued that shared norms and principles are epiphenomenal, existing only to the extent that sovereign states find utility in them. 'Reflectivist' scholars, on the other hand, have suggested that we attribute a much greater degree of autonomy to what they call "constitutive knowledge". That is, the intersubjective and historically contingent truths about world politics that inform the values and norms of state behavior. What is noteworthy about the recent debates about "empire" is that, for better or for worse, Rationalist scholars have tended to explain America's recent unilateralism in terms of a return to the logic of political realism which gives primacy to state power. However, following the Reflectivist argument, I argue that it is a mistake to limit the analytic scope of unilateralism to the egoistic agency of any one state. Instead, it may be more precise to situate American unilateralism in the context of an emerging regime or formation of shared understandings which is more global in scope. To explore this possibility, I turn to Foucault's theory of power which explores how liberal governments both direct their populations and rationalize the use of certain forms of violence. I turn also to Hardt and Negri who, taking their lead from Foucault, offer a novel definition of the term empire as a quality or condition of the practice of global governance particular to late modernity. Hardt and Negri define empire as a new form of global sovereignty that has emerged along with the global market and global circuits of production. My research explores how this definition can be used to refine such key concepts and categories of IR theory research as sovereignty, political economy and security. Through the reinterpretation of these key categories, I show how theories based on constitutive knowledge are capable of recognizing that there is in fact a great deal more going on in contemporary global power relations than American unilateralism. / Ph. D.

“Lo que trae la noche” es un cortometraje de ficción de los géneros terror y suspenso que surge a partir de las experiencias personales de los realizadores y las nuevas formas de convivencia familiar forzadas por la reciente pandemia del coronavirus. De modo que se muestran situaciones cotidianas e incómodas de una familia monoparental y explora temas de salud mental como la adicción a los videojuegos, la ansiedad, el delirio, la autolesión e incluso el suicidio. Además, se busca fomentar los géneros terror y suspenso en la realización audiovisual del país, ya que no es un género muy reconocido en el Perú y viene cargado de muchos retos desde la concepción de la idea y la realización hasta la conquista del espectador. Para ello se ha tenido en cuenta la idea de lo paranormal, la presencia de fantasmas y monstruos, la imaginación de los personajes y el mundo digital, esto fue adquiriendo solidez a través de los estudios de autores como Franz Kafka, quien fusionó elementos realistas con fantásticos en la literatura y muestra temas como conflictos paternofiliales, la ansiedad, el existencialismo, la brutalidad física y psicológica, la culpa, entre otros. También, se recogió la postura de Isaac Asimov sobre el papel del hombre y su relación con la tecnología, y cómo se adaptan el uno al otro. Así pues, nos aventuramos en un viaje de introspección para construir el perfil de los personajes: Alex y su madre, y poder contar una noche en la vida de ambos, que parecería una noche cualquiera, de no ser por la decisión fatal de Alex de quitarse la vida al no saber controlar sus pensamientos ni lidiar con sus propios demonios. / Lo que trae la noche” is a fictional short film of horror and suspense genres that arises from the personal experiences of the filmmakers and the new forms of family coexistence forced by the recent coronavirus pandemic. So it shows routine and uncomfortable situations in a single parent family and explores mental health topics such as video game addiction, anxiety, delirium, self-harm and even suicide. In addition, it seeks to promote the horror and suspense genres in the audiovisual production of the country, since it is not a very recognized genre in Peru and it comes loaded with many challenges from the conception of the idea and the realization to the conquest of the viewer. For this, the idea of the paranormal, the presence of ghosts and monsters, the imagination of the characters and the digital world have been taken into account, this was acquiring solidity through the studies of authors such as Franz Kafka, who fused realistic elements with fantastic in literature and shows topics such as parent-child conflicts, anxiety, existentialism, physical and psychological brutality, guilt, among others. Also, Isaac Asimov's position on the role of man and his relationship with technology, and how they adapt to each other, was collected. So, we ventured on a journey of introspection to build the profile of the characters: Alex and his mother, and to be able to narrate a night in their lives, which would seem like any other night, were it not for Alex's fatal decision. of committing suicide by not knowing how to control his thoughts or deal with his own demons.

Much of the first generation literature on counter terrorist financing made sweeping generalisations and observations regarding these interventions based on relatively limited case study data. Given that the UK approach to counter terrorism clearly attests to the symbiosis between terrorism and money, this thesis evaluates the contemporary relevance of Cicero's aphorism that “the sinews of war are infinite money.” Drawing on a series of discussions and formal interviews with CTF practitioners into several of the most recent high profile terror attacks in the United Kingdom, it confirms a notable shift in terrorist financing methodology in recent years and underscores the trend towards increasing operational independence and financial autonomy. It thus considers the continuing centrality of money in the terrorism equation and has been framed specifically to examine the financing challenges posed by domestic terror cells in the UK, given the trend towards low cost terrorism with its emphasis on self sufficiency and the emergence of more discreet and ‘criminally sterile' funding methodologies. This thesis is primarily concerned with reviewing the efficacy of the UK counter terrorism-financing (CTF) model as perceived by practitioners, both in policy terms and in the context of operational outcomes. The increasing emphasis on new funding methodologies and the ensuing lack of visibility and opportunities for interdiction at the conspiracy phase of terrorist plots, further highlights the operational challenges posed for practitioners in confronting these ‘new' threats. As such, this research encourages several new perspectives, including a review of UK corporate knowledge on previous CTF interventions and consideration of military ‘threat finance' practice to deliver greater operational impact. In particular, it advocates a new focus on micro CTF interventions to address changes in the ‘economy of terror'. Finally, this thesis strongly attests to the continued relevance of finance or more specifically, the 'financial footprint' to inform and provide intelligence insight for counter terrorism responses generally. In doing so, it also considers the impact on privacy from increasingly intrusive financial and digital data collection and the trade-offs that inevitably emerge when liberty and security collide.

Den här studien är en totalundersökning av hur svenska tryckta medier skrivit om europeiska kvinnor som anslutit sig till Islamiska staten (IS), under perioden 1 januari 2015 till 11 april 2016. Studien bygger på två metoder, kvantitativ innehållsanalys av 96 artiklar och kritisk diskursanalys på sex uppslag. Vi har valt en eklektisk ansats i vårt teoretiska ramverk och haft utgångspunkt i fyra teorier, gestaltningsteori, genusteori, kriminologisk teori om det idealiska offret samt postkolonial teori om skapandet av ”den andra”. Frågorna som besvaras berör hur kvinnor som ansluter sig och deras handlingar framställs och hur man kan förstå varför kvinnorna framställs på det sättet. Studien visar att i 65 % av artiklarna ger medierna tydliga förklaringar till varför subjekten anslutit sig, men endast i 9 % av artiklarna vi har gått igenom framställs subjekten som att de fattat ett eget medvetet beslut. I övrigt fann vi fyra typiska inramningar kring kvinnors anslutande till IS. Dessa är att hon har blivit lurad dit, att hon gör det för en partner, att hon åker för att hon har en tom tillvaro hemma och att hon har lockats via internet. I undersökningen kommer vi också fram till att subjekten sällan själva får komma till tals. Kvinnorna som har anslutit sig eller som varit på väg att ansluta sig framställs nästan genomgående som att de fallit offer för IS propaganda. Med vårt teoretiska ramverk förstår vi att kvinnorna inte skrivs om som gärningsmän för att de framställs med stereotypt kvinnliga egenskaper. Kvinnorna framställs som antingen ofullständiga eller som att vara i motsats till det som männen är. I en dikotom relation till mannen tillskrivs kvinnorna egenskaper såsom passiv, underordnad, svag och irrationell.

This research builds upon and explores an enigmatic set of experiences which theorists in the Object Relations tradition have characterised as regression to dependence, a return to a primitive, pre-verbal relational process presenting in some clients in psychotherapy. This research is a study of the concept of regression to dependence, its manifestation within the psychotherapy process, and facilitation within the therapeutic relationship. The Psychoanalytic theoretical positions on regression to dependence are explored, together with the Relational/Developmental perspective which recognises regression and its importance within psychotherapy. This exploration seeks to understand the experience of regression to dependence, how regression to dependence can be effectively worked within Integrative Psychotherapy, and makes recommendations for Integrative practitioners and theorists related to effective facilitation of clients, showing how the Relational/Developmental approach can effect repair. The study employs a qualitative methodology. A heuristic study was undertaken in which eleven practicing psychotherapists were interviewed and data was collected via semi-structured interviews. Most participants were interviewed twice, with a view to collecting data on both their personal experience as a client in psychotherapy and also their experiences as practitioners when working with clients who were experiencing regression to dependence. The transcripts from these interviews were analysed for emergent themes. The themes are discussed in the context of and with reference to the Psychoanalytic theoretical position and the Relational/Developmental perspective. An account is offered of how these experiences have come to be understood as recollecting difficulties in early infantile relationships. Reflections are made on the essence and qualities of a therapy that can facilitate regression to dependence in order to promote healing. Recommendations are made for the practice of Integrative Psychotherapy and the training of Integrative Psychotherapists in order to prepare them for this work. These recommendations for therapists include; having sufficient preparation, knowledge and understanding to be able to recognise and work with a regressive process emerging in the client; having an understanding of the need to facilitate this process for some clients; and to be aware of the need for particular adaptations in the therapeutic stance in some circumstances, and the difficulties which may arise. Recommendations are also offered regarding the support needed for the therapist whilst working with this process, which include the need for ongoing personal therapy, and supervision. The researcher’s personal story is an intrinsic part of the research, and as an integral part of this study is in accordance with the heuristic and autoethnographic styles, and with the practice of Integrative Psychotherapy, where the use of self is seen as a crucial clinical tool in the therapeutic process. Throughout this study reflexivity has been used regarding the personal experiences of the researcher as client, therapist and researcher.

Diploma thesis is aspiring to cover and interpret processes, which in the period of culminating Stalinism determined course and results of intraparty terror in the local - mainly regional and departmental - organizations of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. It is thoroughly addressing the state of affairs on the lower levels of the party organism. It is monitoring not only techniques of functioning or on the contrary dysfunction of hierarchic machinery, but also various interests of given individuals or even whole groups emerging in the party. Under the label of intraparty terror it then comprises dictatorial practice of leading officials which established itself on the local level as well as fight against it headed be lower functionaries and active party members. Both actualities are not interpreted from the outside by some general causes, but as autonomous phenomenons with their own preconditions and dynamics, more or less different in every region. Resulting scenarios consequently demonstrated considerable variety. Finally great scope is dedicated to the Stalinist ideology, which is not percepted as a constricted doctrine creating loyal subjects, but as a complex discourse providing party members with language in which they can act and pursue their goals. It endowed necessary instruments...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Pereira de Lucena Rodrigues Guerra.pdf: 2065772 bytes, checksum: 8dc59fbda1134a24046d591f9f13a756 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the battle against Terrorism and Terror on the Human Rights International Law. From the constitution of a mentality arisen post-Second World War, with its fundamental characteristics, and the most relevant Human Rights international instruments, it is asserted that Terrorism and the battle against Terror have represented an enormous challenge not the say the biggest one to Human Rights International Law. On the twenty-first century, humanity has witnessed the rebirth of an ancient phenomenon, re-dimensioned on its characteristics and proportions: the globalized and trans-national Terrorism. There are basically two actors directly related to contemporary Terrorism: the Islamic fundamentalism and the United States from George W. Bush doctrine. Although there are many international conventions about Terrorism, its provisions are not sufficient to combat the phenomenon, mainly due to the absence of an accurate and clear definition of Terrorism. The risks of a unilateral anti-Terrorism politics are extremely oppressive for humanity, as they are based on Human Rights violations, torture, and arbitrary detention of individuals for indefinite time, vilification on the innocence presumption, on the adversary system and on full defense. Not to mention the use of lies and the figure of the objective enemy as domination means. Considering this scenario, it is indispensible that the fight against Terrorism operates accordingly to Human Rights International Law, with full respect to Human Rights fundamental core and to the nondiscrimination principle, through the adoption of a global strategy against Terrorism, based on five principles. Humanity truly and deeply needs to experience the freedom from want, the freedom from fear and the freedom to live in dignity / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a forma pela qual o combate ao Terrorismo e ao Terror tem impactado o Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. Partindo da configuração da mentalidade emergente pós- Segunda Guerra mundial, com suas características fundamentais, e dos principais instrumentos internacionais de proteção dos Direitos Humanos, verifica-se que o Terrorismo e a luta contra o Terror têm representado um grande desafio - senão o maior deles ao Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. Acontece que, em pleno século XXI, a humanidade tem testemunhado o ressurgir de um fenômeno antigo, redimensionado em suas características e proporções: o Terrorismo globalizado e transnacional. São basicamente dois atores diretamente relacionados ao Terrorismo contemporâneo: o fundamentalismo islâmico e os Estados Unidos da doutrina George W. Bush. Não obstante haja uma série de convenções internacionais que disciplinem o Terrorismo, suas disposições não se afiguram como sendo suficientes para combatê-lo, principalmente pela ausência de uma definição clara e precisa de atos terroristas. São assaz gravosos para a humanidade os riscos de uma política unilateral de combate ao Terrorismo, baseada na violação de Direitos Humanos, na prática da tortura, na detenção arbitrária de pessoas por tempo indeterminado, no vilipêndio à presunção de inocência, aos princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa. Ainda mais utilizando- se do uso da mentira e da figura do inimigo objetivo como forma de dominação. Para tanto, indispensável que o combate ao Terrorismo se opere sob a égide do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, no mais amplo respeito do núcleo inderrogável dos Direitos Humanos e do princípio da não discriminação, por meio da adoção de uma estratégia global de combate a esse fenômeno. Afinal de contas, a humanidade precisa, verdadeiramente, experienciar a liberdade livre de necessidades, a liberdade livre do medo e a liberdade de viver na mais plena dignidade

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-08T11:33:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jussaramar da Silva.pdf: 2370521 bytes, checksum: 37bbc5a72b0346472d4366ee888da000 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T11:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jussaramar da Silva.pdf: 2370521 bytes, checksum: 37bbc5a72b0346472d4366ee888da000 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis deals with the repressive connections in the Southern Cone between the 1960s and 1990s, looking at how these countries have transformed their security systems into what can be called a singular repressive system, based on the articulation between agents and unity in Modus operandi adopted among various nations of this sub-continent, creating the practice of State Terror. Such connection merged the Counterrevolutionary War Doctrine with the National Security Doctrines, both practiced by external orientation, either French, or North American; Creating an International System of Repression. The strategies and tactics adopted in the persecutory actions against the "internal enemy" prove this connection; Demonstrating the financing of National States with this practice through the creation of training centers in order to standardize such actions or with the involvement of military attachés, whose most terrifying face is evident in the extermination practices, torture and extrajudicial actions that involved The official armed forces or their illegal arms, such as paramilitaries and death squads / Esta tese versa sobre as conexões repressivas no Cone Sul entre as décadas de 1960 a 1990, verificando como esses países transformaram seus sistemas de segurança no que se pode denominar um sistema repressivo no singular, tendo como fundamento a articulação entre os agentes e a unidade no modus operandi adotado entre as diversas nações deste sub-continente, criando a prática do Terror de Estado. Tal conexão fundiu a Doutrina de Guerra Contrarrevolucionária com as Doutrinas de Segurança Nacional, ambas praticadas por orientação externa, seja francesa, seja norte-americana; criando um Sistema Internacional de Repressão. As estratégias e táticas adotadas nas ações persecutórias contra o “inimigo interno” comprovam tal conexão; demonstrando o financiamento dos Estados Nacionais com tal prática, através da criação de escolas de formação, a fim de uniformizar tais ações, ou com o envolvimento de adidos militares, cuja face mais tenebrosa se evidencia nas práticas de extermínio, torturas e ações extrajudiciais que envolveram as forças armadas oficiais ou seus braços ilegais, como paramilitares e esquadrões da morte

A presente dissertação trata da relação entre democracia e poderes emergenciais tendo como análise o caso dos Estados Unidos depois dos atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001. Fundamentalmente, tratamos da expansão dos poderes do presidente norte-americano, George W. Bush, propiciada pela chamada “guerra contra o terrorismo”. Nosso objetivo é o de demonstrar como se deu essa ampliação dos poderes do presidente, tratando especificamente das questões atinentes à Ordem Militar de novembro de 2001 que possibilitou a prisão de suspeitos de terrorismo por parte das forças armadas norte-americanas e seu envio à Base Naval de Guantánamo, Cuba. Além disso, analisamos o comportamento da população, do Legislativo e do Judiciário durante a primeira administração republicana, demonstrando a fragilidade do sistema de checks and balances durantes emergências. Por fim, concluímos que ocorreu, por parte do Executivo, uma interpretação soberana da Constituição e das leis que, com o maciço apoio da população, impôs restrições ao funcionamento dos checks and balances e possibilitou a violação de direitos de cidadãos e estrangeiros, como mostrou o caso dos detentos em Guantánamo e em solo norte-americano. / This dissertation deals with the relationship between democracy and emergency powers, analyzing the case of the United States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Fundamentally, we study the expansion of the powers of U.S. President George W. Bush, provided by the "war on terror”. Our goal is to demonstrate how did this expansion of presidential powers, dealing specifically with issues related to the Military Order of November 2001 that led to the arrest of suspected terrorists by the armed forces of U.S. and sent to the Naval Base Guantanamo, Cuba. Furthermore, we analyze the behavior of the population, the legislature and the judiciary during the first Republican administration, demonstrating the fragility of the system of checks and balances during emergencies. Finally, we conclude that occurred by the Executive, a sovereign interpretation of the Constitution and laws, with massive popular support, has imposed restrictions on the operation of checks and balances and the possible violation of rights of citizens and foreigners, as shown the case of detainees in Guantanamo and U.S. soil.

The 1990’s did not only see the end of the Cold War, it experienced several man-made humanitarian crises, an emerging debate on the responsibility to protect, and an increased number of sanctions. All at the same time. How does these relate to each other? International economic sanctions can be seen as having the purposes of both punishing and making others comply with certain norms (Galtung, 1967:379). I believe that both of these purposes are visible when imposing sanctions as reactions to violations of international humanitarian law. Because of this, I argue that violations of IHL are likely to be met with sanctions. In this thesis, I study whether or not this hypothesis holds true. Specifically, I test the probability of receiving sanctions after the following IHL rules have been violated: the prohibition of child soldiers, torture, use of terror, one-sided violence and sexual violence. Most research on economic sanctions focuses either on their effect on armed conflict, or exclusively on one international institution. This thesis contributes to the research field by presenting a quantitative study on the effect violations of international humanitarian law can have on the imposition of economic sanctions, and whether there is a difference in how different violations are being reacted to.