Le taux de scolarisation dans l'enseignement supérieur au Cambodge augmente rapidement dans les deux dernières décennies. Cette augmentation est associée, pourtant, avec des inquiétudes sur la difficulté des diplômés à trouver des emplois correspondant à leur niveau et domaine d'études, ce que l'on appelle les inadéquations verticales et horizontales.Cette thèse vise à examiner les impacts des inadéquations éducatives dans les pays en développement avec un accent particulier sur le Cambodge.Le chapitre 1 examine le lien entre les risques des inadéquations et la durée du chômage. Théoriquement, en supposant que les chercheurs d'emploi ne peuvent accéder qu'à des informations imparfaites sur les offres d'emploi disponibles, les individus font face à deux choix alternatifs : accepter la première offre d'emploi qui pourrait être inadéquate à leur qualification ou rester au chômage pour attendre un emploi plus adéquat. En revanche, si les travailleurs sont hétérogènes et les opportunités d'emplois sont limitées, il est possible que certains travailleurs ne parviennent pas à trouver une position adéquate et restent au chômage pour une durée plus longue.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature sur trois points. Premièrement, nous étendons la recherche au pays en développement. Deuxièmement, nous tenons compte l’endogénéité des inadéquations éducatives et considérons ces inadéquations dans les deux formes et dans toutes les dimensions. Troisièmement, nous proposons une analyse sous deux angles : un modèle théorique et empirique appliquée sur une enquête en 2011 auprès de dix-neuf universités au Cambodge. Les résultats soulignent que la durée du chômage augmente avec les risques d'inadéquations éducatives.Le chapitre 2 examine si les inadéquations diminuent les salaires. Il existe un consensus théorique sur l’impact négatif des inadéquations sur le salaire. En effet, travailler dans un emploi inadéquat ne permettrait pas les travailleurs d'exploiter leurs compétences potentielles, et par conséquent, ils seraient moins productifs et gagneraient moins (Sattinger, 1993). Pourtant, des limites existent encore dans les études empiriques.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en trois points. Premièrement, il analyse un autre cas de pays en développement, alors que les études existantes concernent les pays relativement plus avancés. Deuxièmement, il analyse les effets combinés des inadéquations verticales et horizontales. Troisièmement, nous tenons compte le problème du biais de sélection en proposant un modèle de Heckman ordonné, appliqué sur les données d’enquêtes en 2014 de huit universités au Cambodge. Les résultats économétriques nous permettent de conclure que le salaire diminue avec le niveau des inadéquations.Le chapitre 3 examine les impacts de la suréducation sur la croissance économique au sein de trente-huit pays en développement. D’un point de vue théorique, deux approches s’affrontent. D’abord, la productivité d'un travailleur dépend à la fois des attributs du travail et des caractéristiques individuelles. Ainsi, les travailleurs suréduqués sont plus productifs que leurs collègues dans le même emploi, ce qui est favorable à la croissance économique. Pourtant, les travailleurs suréduqués peuvent être insatisfaits de leur travail, ce qui induit des comportements contre-productifs tels que des taux élevés d'absentéisme et de roulement, et donc négatif pour la croissance.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en deux points. Premièrement, ce chapitre contribue en termes de données sur le taux de suréducation dans des différents pays en développement, ce qui permet d’analyser les impacts de la suréducation au niveau macroéconomique sur ces pays. Deuxièmement, ce chapitre traite l'hétérogénéité non observée des pays et l'endogénéité de la suréducation en employant la méthode des moindres carrés en deux étapes avec des effets fixes. Le résultat montre que la suréducation a un effet négatif sur la croissance / The enrollment rate in higher education in Cambodia has risen rapidly in the last two decades. Nevertheless, concerns on the graduates' employability exist: University graduates seem to be more and more struggled to find jobs corresponding to their level and field of education, the so-called vertical and horizontal mismatches.This thesis aims at examining the impacts of educational mismatches among graduates in developing countries with a special attention to the Cambodia's case.Chapter 1 examines the relation between education-job mismatches and unemployment duration among graduates in Cambodia. Theoretically, by assuming that job seekers can only access to limited information about the available job opportunities, they face two alternative choices between accepting the first job offer that can be mismatched to their qualification and staying unemployed to wait for a better suitable job. In contrast, if workers are heterogeneous and the job opportunities are limited, it is possible that some workers may fail to find a matched position and stay unemployed for a longer duration.This chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, we extend the research into the developing country. Second, we take into account the endogeneity of educational mismatches and consider them in their both forms and all dimensions: Vertical or horizontal, single or double mismatch. Third, we propose an analysis from two angles: A theoretical model and an empirical model applied on a survey data in 2011 from nineteen higher education institutions (HEI) in Cambodia. The results underline that unemployment duration increases with the risks of mismatches.Chapter 2 examines whether education-job mismatches lower individual wages. There exists a theoretical consensus on the negative impact of mismatches on wages. Indeed, working in a mismatched job would not allow workers to exploit their potential skills, and consequently they would be less productive and earn less than if they were employed in a matched occupation. Yet, some limits remain in empirical studies.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, it analyzes another case of developing country, while the existing studies focus on relatively more advanced countries. Second, it analyzes the combination effects of vertical and horizontal mismatches. Third, we take into account the selection bias problem by proposing an ordered Heckman model applied on a survey data from eight HEI in Cambodia in 2014. The econometric results allow us concluding that wages decrease with the level of mismatches.Chapter 3 examines the impacts of overeducation on economics growth in thirty-eight developing countries. Two theoretical approaches confront each another. First, a worker's productivity depends on both job attributes and individual characteristics. Thus, overeducated workers are more productive than their counterparts in the same job, which is good for the economic growth. In contrast, overeducated workers may be dissatisfied with their jobs, which induces to counterproductive behaviors, such as high rates of absenteeism and turnover, that is bad for the growth outcome.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in two points. First, this chapter contributes in terms of data, allowing to analyze the impacts of overeducation on economic growth in developing countries. Second, this chapter deals with unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of overeducation by employing two-stage least squares regression with country fixed-effects. The results show that overeducation has a negative impact on economic growth

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Rodriguez.pdf: 1690800 bytes, checksum: d7314b26c213c6834849a25fbf8cfae2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-18 / Based on the available information on the development of private higher education in Brazil, this study aims to identify what factors influence the decision process of the student for admission to this level of education. Understanding the factors influencing the graduate student takes the measure in recent years, higher education institutions strongly compete for the attention of a new student profile, which until then had no opportunity to enter higher education. The methodology used is the multiple case study conducted with students entering two IES: The Catholic University of Sao Paulo School (PUC-SP) and Eniac, located in the cities of São Paulo and Guarulhos, respectively. The proposition of this research is comparatively evaluate the factors that influence the decision making process of students of both institutions. It is assumed the importance of knowing the similarities and individual differences, environmental influences and social as well as the factors preceding the date of the decision process according to the personal formation of each individual. The work also discusses the theories of consumer behavior in the course of the decades of the last century and their influence on marketing strategies. Is adopted, although an analysis model adapted to understanding the decision process of the student who had recently joined. The data, collected through in-depth interviews were the main sources of student discourse analysis, which considered the individual dimensions, the social and professional student. The results indicate similarities and differences in the speech of students of both institutions, revealing that the individual brings greater or lesser relevance to the variables under discussion, according to their social and personal. The expectations of students regarding the enrollment in higher education also vary in each institution. While a student seeks his professional and social ascent, the other aims to maintain the social status and family where you are / Fundamentado nas informações disponíveis sobre a evolução do ensino superior privado no Brasil, este trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar quais são os fatores de influência no processo de decisão do estudante para o ingresso neste nível educacional. A compreensão dos fatores influentes do aluno de graduação se dá à medida que, nos últimos anos, as instituições de ensino superior competem fortemente pela atenção de um novo perfil de aluno, que até então não tivera oportunidade de ingressar no ensino superior. A metodologia utilizada é o estudo de caso múltiplo realizado com alunos ingressantes de duas IES: A Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e a Faculdade Eniac, localizadas nas cidades de São Paulo e Guarulhos, respectivamente. A proposição da pesquisa é avaliar, comparativamente, os fatores de influência no processo decisório dos alunos de ambas as instituições. Assume-se a importância de conhecer as similaridades e diferenças individuais, as influências ambientais e sociais, bem como os fatores antecedentes ao início do processo de decisão de acordo com a formação pessoal de cada indivíduo. O trabalho ainda discorre sobre as teorias do comportamento do consumidor, no transcorrer das décadas do século passado, bem suas influências sobre as estratégias de marketing. Adota-se um modelo de análise adaptado para compreensão do processo de decisão do estudante recém-ingresso. Os dados obtidos e coletados, por meio de entrevista em profundidade, foram as principais fontes de análise do discurso dos estudantes, que considerou as dimensões individuais, as sociais e a profissional estudante. Os resultados obtidos indicam semelhanças e diferenças no discurso dos estudantes das duas instituições, revelando que o indivíduo aporta maior ou menor relevância às variáveis em discussão, de acordo com a sua condição social e pessoal. As expectativas dos estudantes com relação ao ingresso no ensino superior também variam em cada instituição. Enquanto um estudante busca a sua ascensão profissional e social, o outro tem como objetivo de manter a condição social e familiar em que se encontra

It has been the primary objective of this doctoral thesis to determine the level of the quality of teaching at a particular tertiary professional school and suggest avenues leading to potential further improvement of the quality of the teaching. Quality of teaching is a relatively broad term; therefore, the thesis places emphasis primarily on the level of the students' key competences, primarily the competence for employment and entrepreneurial activities. In order to fulfil this objective we need to define the quality standards of the teaching at tertiary professional schools, obtain relevant information about contents and structure of curricula, teaching methods and forms deployed at the school and also information about the students' level of knowledge and skills. Last but not least, students and their future employers should express their opinion of the quality of teaching. Scientific benefit of this thesis is the creation of my own model of quality evaluation of the teaching at tertiary technical schools, which in the future, after further verification in practice, could become a basis for elaboration of a uniform methodology for quality evaluation of the teaching at tertiary professional schools, particularly those with economic specialisation. The secondary scientific benefit of the thesis can be found in obtaining the information about contents and methods of education used at a particular economic tertiary professional school and utilisation of such information for development of key competences, with emphasis on the competence for employment and entrepreneurial activities. Results of the research may also serve as a basis for creation of the teaching and learning document for similar branches and also as a basis for decision-making as to whether and in which form should the integrating subject be included into the teaching. The objective of the thesis has been achieved by means of the research made at the Tertiary Business Entrepreneurial School (Vyšší obchodní podnikatelská škola), Masná 13, Prague 1. The research consists in analysis of the contents, method and forms of education at this school, and also in the experiment when an integrating subject is included into the teaching in the third grade. The final output is the recommendations and generalisations applying to tertiary professional schools in general, particularly to tertiary professional schools with economic specialisation. The thesis deals with the issue from two points of view, advancing from the general to the specific so that generally valid recommendations can be pronounced in the conclusion again. The first part of the thesis introduces general startpoints for the ensuing research task. It is subdivided into five chapters. The first chapter describes the subject and methodology of the research. The second chapter defines the significance of human capital for competitiveness of the Czech Republic. The third chapter summarizes the startpoints and tools of the school reform with emphasis on educational objectives in the area of students' key competences. The fourth chapter deals with the substance and tools of entrepreneurial education and thinking. The fifth chapter describes the history and the present of tertiary professional school education, suggesting its potential development in the future. The subsequent part containing the research itself is subdivided into three chapters. The sixth chapter characterises the Tertiary Business Entrepreneurial School, analysing its conditions for educating students, monitoring its competitors and defining its strong and weak points, its opportunities and threats. The seventh chapter contains the substance of the research task itself. The eighth chapter subsequently evaluates the results of the research, verifies the hypotheses and formulates recommendations applicable to tertiary professional schools in general.

This Master thesis called Approach to university and non-university media studies in the Great Britain and Germany: A comparative study compares the approaches of Great Britain and Germany to tertiary education, which is thematically linked to the media. The thesis shows specific concepts in this field of study in two different environments that have developed under different historical circumstances and as a result of different processes of adoption of media studies as a university subject. The boundaries of this subject are not specifically stated, which provides countries with an opportunity to put their own concept into this subject. This thesis examines tertiary education connected to media institutions of higher education, within individual study programs, in leading professional publications, in the national assessment of educational documents and in approach of multinational organizations. The text defines relevant bodies and syllabi, identifying core competences of graduates of these studies, the processes through which they become experts and educational activities connected to media education. The thesis analyzes differences, expectations and methods in the documents using an in-depth analysis. The core question is whether the approaches of the Great Britain and Germany remain different...

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-03-31T14:16:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio M. Galleao.pdf: 2800324 bytes, checksum: 2c116c6b576bf1b760a81ad0fb34a631 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-31T14:16:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio M. Galleao.pdf: 2800324 bytes, checksum: 2c116c6b576bf1b760a81ad0fb34a631 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-12 / Universidade Católica de Santos - Católica de Santos / In face of a scenario characterized by privatization and mercantilization of education, this study has the purpose of understanding the meaning and pedagogical possibilities of a university class, considered, within this work, as the core element of the formal teaching and learning process. Based on the assumption that the class influences and is influenced by the environment, a bibliographic / documental research of exploratory character was initially developed, aiming at providing foundation to the theoretical assumptions of this subject of study: the university class. That phase was supported by Almeida; Bernheim; Buarque; Chauí; Cunha, L.; Demo; Freire; Imbernón; Masetto; Neves, C.; Nogaro; Rué; Santos; Silva; Snyders; Teixeira; Zabala and Zabalza. The field research, carried out on students of three Engineering night courses from a Higher Education institution in the Baixada Santista Region, highlighted the voice of students regarding university classes. The qualitative approach research was structured in three stages: first, gathering data on the perception of students regarding the classes already attended before this research was established; second, an action research with the purpose of experiencing classes that moved away from the reproductive class model; and a third stage, aimed at providing reflection on the experience lived by the participants of stage 2. The analysis of data collected in the study was based on the dialectical hermeneutics with operational support of Content Analysis. From the methodological standpoint, the work counted on the following authors: Bardin; Bodgan and Biklen; Ghedin and Franco; Lüdke and André; Franco, M. A; Franco, M. L.; Minayo; Thiollent and Tripp. Data analysis made possible to infer that students that took part in this research also bring with them a concept of class that is compatible with the one established from the theoretical studies: the class as spacetime of human formation, based on the active participation of students and professor; a spacetime in which all participants can learn, which provides incentive to the critic spirit, research, reflection, dialogue; a class that allows the attendee to go beyond the contents studied therein, and that seeks a deeper level of learning. At the end of the work, it was possible to reach the conclusion that the class can constitute a privileged spacetime of human formation, despite the complex and contradictory context of Graduate Higher Education currently made available in Brazil. / Diante de um cenário caracterizado pela privatização e mercantilização da educação, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo principal compreender o significado e as possibilidades pedagógicas da aula universitária, considerada, neste trabalho, como elemento central do processo formal de ensino e aprendizagem. Partindo do pressuposto de que a aula influencia e é influenciada pelo meio, desenvolveu-se inicialmente uma pesquisa bibliográfica/documental, de caráter exploratório, a fim de fundamentar os pressupostos teóricos deste objeto de estudo: a aula universitária. Essa fase contou com o apoio de autores como Almeida; Bernheim; Buarque; Chauí; Cunha, L.; Demo; Freire; Imbernón; Masetto; Neves, C.; Nogaro; Rué; Santos; Silva; Snyders; Teixeira; Zabala e Zabalza. A pesquisa de campo, realizada com alunos de três cursos noturnos de Engenharia de uma instituição de ensino superior da Baixada Santista, destacou a voz dos alunos a respeito de aulas universitárias. Sob uma abordagem qualitativa, foi estruturada em três etapas: a primeira para colher dados sobre a percepção dos alunos a respeito das aulas já vivenciadas antes da pesquisa; na segunda etapa, uma pesquisa-ação com o intuito de vivenciar aulas que se afastassem do modelo de aula reprodutiva; e uma terceira etapa com a finalidade de proporcionar reflexão sobre a experiência vivida pelos participantes na etapa 2. Para a análise dos dados colhidos, o estudo utilizou a Hermenêutica-dialética com o apoio operacional da Análise de Conteúdo. Sob o ponto de vista metodológico, contou com o apoio de Bardin; Bodgan e Biklen; Ghedin e Franco; Lüdke e André; Franco, M. A; Franco, M. L.; Minayo; Thiollent e Tripp. Por meio da análise dos dados, pode-se inferir que os alunos participantes desta pesquisa também trazem uma concepção de aula compatível com aquela estabelecida a partir dos estudos teóricos: a aula como espaçotempo de formação humana, baseada na participação ativa de alunos e professor; um espaçotempo em que todos os participantes podem aprender, que incentiva o espírito crítico, a pesquisa, a reflexão, o diálogo; uma aula que permite ir além do conteúdo nela estudado, que busca um nível mais profundo de aprendizagem. Ao final do trabalho, foi possível concluir que a aula pode constituir-se em um espaçotempo privilegiado de formação humana, apesar do contexto complexo e contraditório do ensino superior de graduação atualmente oferecido no Brasil.

Ao iniciar um curso de nível superior, o aluno ingressante se depara, geralmente, com um ambiente diferente daquele vivenciado na educação básica e, em particular, o contato inicial dos calouros do curso de licenciatura em Matemática com a matemática dessa nova etapa pode ser traumático. Para avaliar a transição entre a educação básica e a superior, no que tange a licenciatura em Matemática no Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo, e propor alternativas para que tal transição seja mais suave e menos traumática foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre o assunto, além de aplicado um questionário aos ingressantes do ano de 2015 e entrevista com aqueles que tiveram matriculas canceladas (por evasão, transferência, desistência, etc.). Pode-se perceber que existem diversos fatores que contribuem para a dificuldade dessa transição e que portanto vários meios podem ser trabalhados, juntos ou separadamente, para atenuar a dificuldade dos ingressantes, como por exemplo: mudança na grade ideal do curso ou mesmo introdução de disciplinas e/ou projetos de apoio no início do curso; diminuição da carga horária anual pensada para os estudantes trabalhadores, mas desde que acompanhada de tutorias/monitorias que auxiliem-nos no início de sua graduação; escolha pensada e minuciosa dos docentes que ministram aulas para os ingressantes; etc. Mas o que deve ser destacado é o fato de sempre se estar atento as taxas de evasão e reprovação das turmas de ingressantes para poder procurar alternativas cabíveis sempre que estes números começarem a aumentar. Mesmo sabendo que existem meios de minimizar o impacto da transição entre esses dois níveis da educação, deve-se lembrar que gerações mudam, assim como as alternativas que precisam ser repensadas. / When initiating a tertiary education, the entering student faces, in general, a different environment from the one experienced in basic education, and, in particular, the initial contact between the newcomer Mathematics students and the mathematics itself in this new phase can be traumatic. In order to evaluate the transition from secondary to tertiary education, concerning the Mathematics course in the Instituto de Matemática e Estatística at Universidade de São Paulo, and propose alternatives for such transition to be smoother and less traumatic, a bibliographic search was carried out concerning this subject, besides applying a questionnaire to the entering students from the year 2015 and interviews with those who had their enrolments cancelled (due to evasion, transference, dropout, etc.). It is observed that there are several elements which contribute for this transition to be difficult and, therefore, several means can be worked, together or separately, to mitigate the entering students\' difficulty, for instance: changing the course\'s ideal grid or even introducing support disciplines and/or projects at the beginning of the course; decreasing the annual course load thought for working students, as long as associated with tutoring / monitoring which help us at the beginning of their graduations; a well-thought, thorough choice of the lecturers who teach classes to the entering students, etc. But what should be highlighted is the fact that the evasion and reprobation rates of the newcomers\' classes should always be monitored closely, in order to be able to seek suitable alternatives every time these numbers begin to rise. Even knowing that there are means to minimize the impact of the transition between these two levels of education, it must be held in mind that generations change, as well as the alternatives which need to be rethought.

My diploma work is divided into theoretical and practical part. In theoretical part I engage with particular defect of studying, their types and demonstration. I also deal with their diagnostic and amendment. In the connection to particular defects of studying I also describe the trouble of defect of behaviour, mostly ADHD, including the defect of studying of adults. I also focus on education of individual with the particular defect of studying at university. I describe the system of studying at university with the possibility of advantage for students with particular defect of stuyding. The end of my theoretical part I aim on University of South Bohemia itself, its history and operating of each faculty. In my practical part I deal with analyze of students´branch/programmes of daily studying in two faculties of University of South Bohemia - Faculty of Economy and the Faculty of Fishing. Each subjects which are taught in particular studying branch I analyze and I show the requirements which are needed to pass that subject. After this I try to deduce the charge on students which has been defined on the base of analyze of each students branch in different faculties. It will be confronted with the theoretical piece of knowledge, which relates to needs and rarity of the students with the particular defect of studying while being a student at university.

In 2002 New Zealand�s government set out to "accelerate" the nation�s "transformation into a knowledge society" (Ministry of Education, 2002a, p. 16). Underpinning the development of this so-called 'knowledge society' was a new approach in the way tertiary education was funded. This included introducing a new contestable model of research funding called Performance-Based Research Funding (PBRF). The research reported here was conducted at a critical juncture in the ongoing development and implementation of PBRF because it captures the experiences of fifteen academics as they encounter PBRF and the Quality Evaluation exercise for the first time. Their experiences of the inaugural 2003 Quality Evaluation exercise were examined using a discourse analysis approach informed by Michel Foucault�s (1926-1984) ideas of 'subjection' and 'governmentality'. 'Subjection' occurs when individuals shape their identities by responding to the multiple discourses that are available to them at any particular time and within any historical context (Foucault, 1969). 'Governmentality' refers to a particular instrument, technique or activity that guides and shapes conduct by producing a compliant human subject capable of supporting the interests and objectives of the state (Foucault, 1994a). In the case of academics this might mean conforming to PBRF policies and practices and participating in the development and transformation of a new 'knowledge society'. In this thesis I examine the potential for PBRF to reshape and redirect the nature of research and suggest that some assessment elements of the 2003 Quality Evaluation were flawed and, as a result, a number of participants in this study were now making decisions about their research that appeared contrary to their best interests. I also investigate PBRF as a field of compliance and argue that the Quality Evaluation exercise represents a technology of government that targets the activities and practices of New Zealand�s research academics with the effect of manifesting a more docile and compliant academic subject. I then question PBRF�s impact on the career aspirations and opportunities of academics and claim that the PBRF Quality Evaluation framework has already shifted from being a mechanism for distributing funds for research to one that identifies and rewards the most 'talented' researchers via institutional appointments and promotions. Finally, I interrogate the pursuit and practice of academic freedom and argue that as a consequence of PBRF, a number of participants in this study have positioned themselves in ways that could diminish and constrain their traditional rights to academic freedom. PBRF has the potential to locate academics within a new status-driven hierarchy of professional validation whereby the Quality Evaluation exercise will purportedly measure, evaluate and reward the most 'talented' researchers and the 'best' research. In this thesis I argue that the PBRF Quality Evaluation framework operates as a form of disciplinary power exercised as part of an international trend of intensifying audit and assessment practices in higher education. In this sense, I claim that PBRF exists as an instrument of governmentality capable of constituting a new type of academic subject by significantly shifting the way academics will have to think and conduct their professional selves in relation to their work and research.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate patterns in educational enrollment and attainment in educational levels among women in South Africa. Some evidence from the literature suggest a slow increase in women&rsquo / s education and employment opportunities in South Africa. However, little is known about the way in which this slow pattern reflects at all levels and fields of education with special reference to the female population in South Africa. The thesis aims at examining changes of attainment in women&rsquo / s education from a sociodemographic perspective between 2004 and 2007. Factors affecting women&rsquo / s education in South Africa are also considered as they play major roles in women&rsquo / s enrollment and completion at school. The study focuses on women through different social and demographic attributes, by taking account of variables such as age, education attainment, geographic areas, population group to name but a few. All educational institutions are covered and two female groups are considered, women at school and women who left school. The study makes use of already existing data from General Household Survey conducted in 2004 and 2007 respectively, to bring some comparative perspective. The scope of the study is national in that, all the nine provinces are covered making distinction of rural and urban areas.</p>

Inspired by the Bologna Process and other globalising influences from modern higher education, and driven by policy reform for national development after the ravages of the 1994 conflict and genocide, Rwanda’s tertiary education has embarked on a number of policy reform for national development after the ravages of the 1994 conflict and genocide, Rwanda’s tertiary education has embarked on a number of policy reforms that have ushered in expectations, requirements and demands that call for both reinvigorated and new academic literacies in undergraduate study since 2007. With its aim of producing a highly skilled human resource as a panacea for Rwanda’s social and economic development deficits, the tertiary education curriculum is more than never before focused on outcomes that are linked to further education and the labour market. However, one of the problems to contend with is academic and professional under- preparedness of students entering and exiting undergraduate study, respectively. Theoretically these developments involve distancing oneself from a previous pedagogy whereby the teacher imparts knowledge to the student but instead places greater responsibility on the student to search for knowledge either individually or in a group, as well as critically examine and be able to argue a point of view in writing and through other modes of communication. Therefore, this study has been informed especially by the New Literacy Studies and the Academic Literacies Approach to understanding the development of tertiary academic literacies. The study has also been inspired by the concept of educational scaffolding. It is against this backdrop that my study set out to investigate the academic literacies requested in undergraduate study, and to explore approaches adopted by tertiary learning institutions in the country to embed academic literacies acquisition into the mainstream curriculum over the last decade. Furthermore, the study sought to explore how technology is integrated at different levels to support the acquisition of academic literacies, including technological and information literacies. In order to achieve the aforementioned, the study embarked on a qualitative blend of cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. Principal data were gathered from official documents obtained from the government and tertiary learning institutions. Drawing on the synergies of qualitative content analysis and intertextual analysis, the documentary data were analysed and then qualitatively interpreted. The data were supplemented by a couple of questionnaire mini-surveys which were also subjected to qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that a new and expanded definition of literacy in the 21st century implies  students’ development of a set of interrelated and transferable academic competences which are elaborated in the thesis. Curriculum discourses show that there is a shift of curricular and pedagogical  emphasis from general linguistic competence as a vehicle for developing academic literacies to a more integrated embedment of a number of literacies including English for Specific Purposes (ESP), study skills, as well as information, communication and technological literacies. Regarding the use of ICT as a scaffolding tool for learning, findings show that the use of technologies has the potential to support students’ processes of academic literacies development from a highly dependent level to a more autonomous level, given that the ICT integration policies and strategies could fully materialise. / Inspirerad av Bologna Processen och andra globala strömningar inom modern högskolepedagogik har man i Rwanda inlett en mängd policy reformer inom högre utbildning för att skapa nationell utveckling efter den förödande konflikten och folkmordet 1994. Sedan 2007 ställs nya förväntningar och krav på studenter inom den grundläggande högskoleutbildningen som skapar behov av att förstärka det som i forskningen benämns som ’new literacies’. Teoretiskt tar denna strömning avstånd från en tidigare pedagogik där läraren ger studenten kunskap och lägger i stället ett allt större ansvar på studenten att enskilt eller i grupp kunna söka kunskap, kritiskt granska och kunna argumentera för en ståndpunkt i skrift. Utbildning, och särskilt högre utbildning, ses som ett universalmedel för att råda bot för Rwandas sociala och ekonomiska underutveckling. Nya krav ställs också på att utbildningen både ska ha ett relevant akademiskt ämnesinnehåll som kan leda till fortsatt utbildning och vara anpassad till en kommande  yrkespraktik. Detta ställer i sin tur krav på att blivande studenter är väl förberedda när de går in i utbildningen och att de vid genomförda studier har både akademisk kunskap och är förberedda för en yrkesprofession. Mot denna bakgrund är syftet med denna studie att undersöka vilka krav på ’academic literacy’ som har ställts på studenter i Rwanda över tid. Det sätt på vilket stöd för sådana kunskapskrav integreras i den allmänna kursplanen under det senaste årtiondet och hur kunskap i och om IKT kan integreras för att ge stöd i att uppnå kursplanens mål har också undersökts. Data består huvudsakligen av insamlade officiella dokument från regeringen samt ett tvärsnitt av institutioner för högre utbildning. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och intertextuell analys har dokumenten tolkats för att se vilka centrala förändringar vad gäller ’academic literacy’ som skett över tid. Datainsamlingen kompletterades med mindre enkätstudier som också analyserats kvalitativt. Studien visar att en ny och utvidgad definition av ’academic literacy’ vuxit fram under 2000-talet som innebär att studenter behöver utveckla ny akademisk kompetens som är relaterad till och kan överföras mellan olika områden. Diskursen i de dokument som studerats visar att det skett en förändring som innebär att allmän språklig kompetens inte räcker som medel för att utveckla ’academic literacies’ utan den har utvidgats till att även integrera ämnesspecifik språkkunskap, olika former av studieteknik och IKT. När det gäller IKT som stödjande redskap för lärande visar studien att givet att politiska beslut och strategier för IKT-användning kan genomföras, förväntas användningen av dessa redskap ha en potential att stödja studenterna i den process som det innebär att gå från att vara helt beroende av lärarens undervisning till att mera självständigt söka och utveckla kunskap. Sammanfattningsvis understryks i studien att den kritik som framförts om  högskolestudenters bristande förberedelse både för akademiska studier och för arbetslivet är utanför deras kontroll. Kritiken ska snarare ses som ett imperativ för institutioner inom högre utbildning att skapa lämpliga kurser och pedagogiska miljöer för att ge studenterna förutsättningar att kunna utveckla en ’academic literacy’ som alla studenter har rätt att tillägna sig.