The problem of the investigation of the mechanism of failure in compression of neat cement and mortar specimens is considered in this thesis. The study was made on two hundred specimens of cement paste and mortar, of which approximately one half were tension briquets and the other half compression cylinders. The underlying theory which led to this study was that failure in compression in specimens with aggregate (mortar and concrete) is due to the wedging action of the particles of aggregate within the matrix of cement paste. Steam-curing was used to avoid delay in the hardening of cement. It was found that the cement used was of the type which continues hardening after being steam-cured. The importance of having the specimens at a constant temperature throughout their mass and at room temperature when the tests were performed was realized. An investigation of the effect of end conditions on test cylinders in compression was conducted. It is considered that the confined rubber end conditions used were an improvement on testing with lubricated ends only. Observations were made on the effect of the bursting action of water in compression tests of moist specimens. A study of the effect of stress concentration around voids was made on tension specimens. Compression specimens made of neat cement, mortar and cement with inclusions in the form of balls were studied. Inclusions were placed in cement cylinders to imitate the action of the aggregate in mortar and concrete specimens. Tests on compression specimens with inclusions were useful in the interpretation of results of tests on neat cement and mortar cylinders and in the study of the stress-strain curves. Transverse bending tests of cylinders were made with the purpose of investigating the presence of transverse cracks formed in the cylinders as a consequence of the application of compressive loads. They did not provide a good method of investigation but were very useful in that they were an aid to realizing the effect of the horizontal cracks in the stress-strain curves. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

A high extractive-content temperate conifer wood (Pinus elliottii) was examined as a pulpwood source by organosolv pulping. Particularly, the behavior of the resin- and fatty acids during the lignin solvolysis process was studied in detail. For this purpose the resin-and fatty acids were characterized in the wood, and after pulping trials in order to reveal their fate during pulping, using catalyzed 80% aqueous alcohol (methanol) as solvent. Wood extractives were removed by both methanolic cold maceration and Soxhlet extraction techniques. The resin-and fatty acid fractions thus collected were saponified and/or methylated and characterized by gas liquid chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). No significant differences were found in regard to extraction efficiencies between the two types of cold extractions. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between these two types of cold extractions in comparison with the procedure described by TAPPI standard T 204 os-76. Pulping experiments were performed at 205°C for periods of 5, 20, 40, and 60 min. Lignins, which precipitated on cooling of the black liquor (Lignin fraction I), were set aside for further extractions and chemical analyses. The molecular weight distribution of these lignins was determined by size exclusion chromatography on an HPLC and their quantity was determined either gravimetrically or volumetrically. Precipitated Lignin Fraction I, suspected of containing some adsorbed extractives and some fiber fragments, was transferred to a tared crucible. The lignin and extractives were sequentially dissolved by using tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone and methanol. This solution was evaporated, the residue redissolved in methanol-water (80:20) and the solution liquid-liquid extracted with diethyl ether in a separatory funnel followed by methylation prior to GC and GC-MS analysis. Quantification of the resin- and fatty acids in the wood and those recovered after organosolv pulping was performed using an internal standard (methyl heptadecanoate) added prior to the extraction steps. The extractives dissolved in the black liquor were isolated by a ternary liquid-liquid extraction scheme using diethyl ether, methylated with fresh diazomethane, and the resin- and fatty acids methyl esters characterized by GC and GC-MS. The extractives present in the pulp were isolated (removed) by a Soxhlet extraction procedure with methanol and" the resin- and fatty acids fractions characterized as above. Resin- and fatty acids surviving the high-temperature pulping process, were found mainly in the black liquor. After the 60 min cook, the black liquor contained 78.1% and 71.6% of resin- and fatty acids, respectively, while the pulp retained 11.7% and 8.2%, respectively of the extractives originally present in wood. "Lignin fraction I" adsorbed 10.2% and 20.2% of the resin- and fatty acids, respectively. Contrarily, if all of the lignin is precipitated (Lignin fraction II). prior to liquid/liquid extraction of the black liquor with diethyl ether, 98% and 60.4% of the resin- and fatty acids co-precipitate with the lignin and 2.0% and 39.6%, respectively, remain dissolved in the aqueous filtrate. Industrial organosolv lignin isolated after solvent pulping of pine was thus shown to contain most (98%) of the resin acids and 39.6% of the fatty acids normally found in pines. Although not tested, it is supposed that lignins isolated by precipitation from the black liquor after organosolv pulping of other species cannot be considered as "pristine lignins" as described hitherto in the technical literature, since such lignins are heavily contaminated by the extractives of the wood species. In light of these findings all data on chemical and physical characterization of organosolv lignins and their reactivity will have to be reexamined and reassessed to remove the effect of the extractives as contaminants. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

Broadly defined, group testing is the study of finding defective items in a large set. In the medical infection setting, that implies classifying each member of a population as infected or uninfected, while minimizing the total number of tests.

A sequence of electrical tests was developed to provide a viable alternative to the performance of high magnification visual inspection for high reliability integrated circuits in a large volume production environment. The primary approach was based on: close monitoring of the Substrate-N epi I-V characteristics, voltage overstress exposure and subsequent verification of the devices' low level leakage and thermal response. This method was implemented and evaluated for the specific case of a 16K Bipolar Schottky PROM. Reliability tests indicated that devices processed using the proposed alternate screen sequence achieved failure rates as low as those obtained using high magnification visual inspection.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

The effect of uni-directional stress on the electrode potential of copper in aerated potassium nitrate solutions was studied. The influence of the variables time, temperature, concentration, magnitude of stress, mechanical condition of the metal, and pH was considered. The potential difference between two size #22 B & S copper wires was continuously recorded on a type G Speedomax automatic recorder. A balance pan was attached to one of the wires to which weights were added and the change in the potential difference between the two wires from the pre-stress potential difference was taken as the strain potential. At least four runs, using fresh pairs of wires for each run, were carried out to illustrate each specific point and to show the results have statistical significance and are reproducible. The following results were obtained: (A) Electronegative strain potentials have been obtained for copper metal in aerated potassium nitrate solution; these changes achieve a maximum at the instant of stressing and then decay with a negative acceleration with time. After an initial period of time, the strain potential decayed logarithmically with time. The magnitude of the electronegative strain potential for a given stress increased exponentially with the reciprocal of the absolute temperature and remained essentially unchanged for concentration changes ranging from 0.005N to 0.500N. (B) Experimental evidence was obtained to support the postulate that strain potentials of copper metal in aerated potassium nitrate solution and their time dependence parallel film rupture; the effect of the change in internal energy due to plastic deformation cannot be ignored. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

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