Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-26T14:09:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianomazzoccoli.pdf: 1325202 bytes, checksum: 7054f92647dc1e9d86442d0be8eec899 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T15:47:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianomazzoccoli.pdf: 1325202 bytes, checksum: 7054f92647dc1e9d86442d0be8eec899 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T15:47:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianomazzoccoli.pdf: 1325202 bytes, checksum: 7054f92647dc1e9d86442d0be8eec899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-29 / A talidomida é utilizada no tratamento de diversas doenças incluindo o eritema nodoso leproso (ENL), uma complicação inflamatória da Hanseníase. Contudo, apresenta atividade teratogênica severa e novos análogos podem ser usados no tratamento da doença sem apresentar este efeito colateral. Uma série de compostos diamínicos contendo duas subunidades ftalimídicas abertas foram escolhidos como análogos da talidomida. Nossos resultados mostram que compostos contendo dois grupos ftalimídicos podem ser facilmente obtidos em elevada quantidade através da condensação de anidrido ftálico ou anidrido 3-nitroftálico com diferentes diaminas comercialmente disponíveis. O efeito destes compostos na produção de TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10 e NO, e na expressão de CD80 e CD86 em células J774A.1 estimuladas com LPS/IFN-γ foi investigado. O nível de mRNA para TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10 e iNOS em J774A.1 foi analisado por RT-PCR em tempo real. Células do sangue periférico humano (PBMC) foram usadas para avaliar a produção de TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ , CXCL9 e CXCL10. A produção de citocinas foi avaliada por ELISA, a produção de NO pelo método de Griess, e a expressão de CD80, CD86, CXCL9 e CXCL10 por citometria de fluxo. As células J774A.1 foram incubadas com diferentes concentrações dos compostos (entre 1 a 880 μM) e após 1h foram estimuladas com LPS (1 μg/ml) e IFN-γ (0,4 ng/ml) por 18h. PBMC humano foi incubado de forma similar e estimulado com LPS (2 μg/ml). Três compostos inibiram de forma elevada a produção de TNF-α , IL-12 e NO, conquanto que aumentaram a produção de IL-10. Além disto, inibiram a expressão de CD80, mas não de CD86. Os resultados analisados por RT-PCR em tempo real indicaram que esses compostos atuaram em eventos pós-transcricionais. Os compostos N, N'-Di-(2-carboxi-benzoil)-1,3-propanodiamina, N, N'-Di-(2-carboxi-3-nitro-benzoil)-1,2-etilenodiamina e N, N'-Di-(2-carboxi-3-nitro-benzoil)-1,6-hexanodiamina inibiram mais a produção de TNF-α do que a talidomida (IC50 de 55 μM, 5 μM, 6,1 μM e 220 μM, respectivamente) e também tiveram efeito inibitório na produção de IFN-γ, IL-6, CXCL9 e CXCL10. Os compostos não tiveram efeito na viabilidade celular avaliada por azul de Trypan e por MTT. Este trabalho mostra a síntese e caracterização de novos análogos da talidomida, obtidos em bom rendimento utilizando metodologia simples. Nossos resultados sugerem que a potencial atividade anti-inflamatória e imunorregulatória destes compostos diamínicos apresentam potencial aplicação no tratamento de ENL e outras doenças. / Thalidomide is used to treat various diseases including erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), an inflammatory complication of leprosy. However, it has severe teratogenic activity and novel thalidomide analogues might be used to treat the disease without this severe side effect. A series of diamine compounds containing two hydrolyzed phthalimido structures were chosen as analogues of thalidomide. Our results show that compounds bearing two phthalimido units could easily be obtained in high yield by condensation of phthalic or 3-nitrophthalic anhydride with the different diamines comercially available. The effects of these compounds on production of TNF-γ, IL-12, IL-10 and NO, and on expression of CD80 and CD86 in LPS/IFN-γ stimulated J774A.1 cells were investigated. The level of TNF-, IL-12, IL-10 and iNOS mRNA in J774A.1 was analyzed by real time RT-PCR. Human peripheral blood (PBMC) was used to evaluate TNF-γ, IFN-α, CXCL9 and CXCL10 production. Cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA, NO production by the Griess assay, and CD80, CD86, CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression by cytometry. J774A.1 cells were incubated with different concentrations of the compounds (between 1 and 880 μM) and after 1h stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) and IFN-γ (0,4 ng/ml) for 18h. Human PBMC were similarly incubated with the compounds and stimulated by LPS (2 μg/ml). Three compounds greatly inhibited TNF-α, IL-12 and NO production while enhancing IL-10. In addition, CD80 expression was inhibited, but not CD86. The result analyzed by real time RT-PCR indicates that these compounds act in the blocking of post-transcriptional events. The compounds N, N'-Di-(2-carboxy-benzoyl)-1,3-propanediamine, N, N'-Di-(2-carboxy-3-nitro-benzoyl)-1,2-ethylenediamine e N, N'-Di-(2-carboxy-3-nitro-benzoyl)-1,6-hexanediamine inhibited TNF-α production by PBMC greater then thalidomide (IC50 de 55 μM, 5 μM, 6.1 μM and 220 μM, respectively) and also had a inhibitory effect on IFN-γ , IL-6, CXCL9 and CXCL10 production. The compounds had no effect on cell viability, evaluated by Trypan blue exclusion and MTT assay. This work describes the synthesis and characterization novel thalidomide analogues, prepared in good yields using simple methodology. Our results suggest that the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of these diamine compounds is potentially applicable in treating ENL and other diseases.

The expanding therapeutic use of thalidomide (TD) remains limited by its species-specific teratogenicity in humans and rabbits, but not rodents. The R and S isomers of TD may be selectively responsible for its respective therapeutic and teratogenic effects, but rapid in vivo racemization makes this impossible to confirm. Fluorothalidomide (FTD), a fluorinated TD analogue with stable, non-racemizing isomers, may serve as a model compound for determining stereoselective effects. In vivo, FTD was undetectable in plasma, suggesting rapid breakdown, as confirmed in vitro, where FTD hydrolyzed up to 22-fold faster than TD. Unlike TD, FTD in pregnant rabbits and mice was highly toxic and lethal to both dams and fetuses. In rabbit embryo culture, FTD initiated optic (eye) vesicle and hindbrain but not classic limb bud embryopathies. Chemical instability, potent general toxicity and absence of limb bud embryopathies make FTD an unsuitable stereoselective model for TD teratogenesis. TD teratogenesis may involve its bioactivation by embryonic prostaglandin H synthases (PHSs) to a free radical intermediate that increases embryopathic reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. However, the teratogenic potential of rapidly formed TD hydrolysis products and the determinants of species-specific teratogenesis are unclear. For some teratogens, mouse strains that are resistant in vivo are susceptible in embryo culture, suggesting maternal and/or placental determinants of risk. However, TD and two hydrolysis products, 2-phthalimidoglutaramic acid (PGMA) and 2-phthalimidoglutaraic acid (PGA), were non-embryopathic in CD-1 mouse embryo culture. Also, mice deficient in oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which repairs oxidatively damaged DNA, were resistant to TD embryopathies in culture and in vivo. Therefore, murine resistance to TD teratogenesis is dependent on embryonic factors, rather than maternal/placental determinants or increased DNA repair. In contrast, rabbit embryos exposed in culture to TD, PGMA and PGA exhibited head/brain, otic (ear) vesicle and classic limb bud embryopathies, validating the first mammalian embryo culture model for TD teratogenesis and providing the first evidence of a teratogenic role for TD hydrolysis products. Pretreatment with eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), a dual PHS/lipoxygenase inhibitor, or phenylbutylnitrone (PBN), a free radical spin trapping agent, completely blocked TD, PGMA and PGA-initiated embryopathies, implicating a PHS-dependent, ROS-mediated embryopathic mechanism.

The expanding therapeutic use of thalidomide (TD) remains limited by its species-specific teratogenicity in humans and rabbits, but not rodents. The R and S isomers of TD may be selectively responsible for its respective therapeutic and teratogenic effects, but rapid in vivo racemization makes this impossible to confirm. Fluorothalidomide (FTD), a fluorinated TD analogue with stable, non-racemizing isomers, may serve as a model compound for determining stereoselective effects. In vivo, FTD was undetectable in plasma, suggesting rapid breakdown, as confirmed in vitro, where FTD hydrolyzed up to 22-fold faster than TD. Unlike TD, FTD in pregnant rabbits and mice was highly toxic and lethal to both dams and fetuses. In rabbit embryo culture, FTD initiated optic (eye) vesicle and hindbrain but not classic limb bud embryopathies. Chemical instability, potent general toxicity and absence of limb bud embryopathies make FTD an unsuitable stereoselective model for TD teratogenesis. TD teratogenesis may involve its bioactivation by embryonic prostaglandin H synthases (PHSs) to a free radical intermediate that increases embryopathic reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. However, the teratogenic potential of rapidly formed TD hydrolysis products and the determinants of species-specific teratogenesis are unclear. For some teratogens, mouse strains that are resistant in vivo are susceptible in embryo culture, suggesting maternal and/or placental determinants of risk. However, TD and two hydrolysis products, 2-phthalimidoglutaramic acid (PGMA) and 2-phthalimidoglutaraic acid (PGA), were non-embryopathic in CD-1 mouse embryo culture. Also, mice deficient in oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which repairs oxidatively damaged DNA, were resistant to TD embryopathies in culture and in vivo. Therefore, murine resistance to TD teratogenesis is dependent on embryonic factors, rather than maternal/placental determinants or increased DNA repair. In contrast, rabbit embryos exposed in culture to TD, PGMA and PGA exhibited head/brain, otic (ear) vesicle and classic limb bud embryopathies, validating the first mammalian embryo culture model for TD teratogenesis and providing the first evidence of a teratogenic role for TD hydrolysis products. Pretreatment with eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), a dual PHS/lipoxygenase inhibitor, or phenylbutylnitrone (PBN), a free radical spin trapping agent, completely blocked TD, PGMA and PGA-initiated embryopathies, implicating a PHS-dependent, ROS-mediated embryopathic mechanism.