Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Notostraca) occurs in ephemeral habitats like rain pools or floodplain pools distributed over a large geographical range. The named habitats are disturbed by human impacts and, consequently, T. cancriformis is endangered throughout its distribution range. In the present thesis the populated habitats and threats are characterised and further morphological and genetic variations detected among and within European populations are reported. On the basis of recent investigations it is shown that T. cancriformis subspecies separation is hampered by an individual variability which points to the necessity of species revision. The analysis of mitochondrial gene sequence data suggests that the species has colonised most of Europe very recently. The advantage of a complex reproductive strategy in T. cancriformis in this process is discussed. The population structure resolved with nuclear DNA markers highlights that there is low allelic diversity among and within populations compared to other Branchiopoda (Daphnia). By means of the present study it can be shown that habitat conservation is most important to protect T. cancriformis.

Base flow recession curve during a dry period is a distinct hydrologic signature of a watershed. The base flow recession analysis for both streamflow and spring flow has been extensively studied in the literature. Studies have shown that the recession behaviors during the early stage and the late stage are different in many watersheds. However, research on the transition from early stage to late stage is limited and the hydrologic control on the transition is not completely understood. In this dissertation, a novel cumulative regression analysis method is developed to identify the transition flow objectively for individual recession events in the well-studied Panola Mountain Research Watershed in Georgia, USA. The streamflow at the watershed outlet is identified when the streamflow at the perennial stream head approaches zero, i.e., flowing streams contract to perennial streams. The identified transition flows are then compared with observed flows when the flowing stream contracts to the perennial stream head. As evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.90, these two characteristics of streamflow are found to be highly correlated, suggesting a fundamental linkage between the transition of base flow recession from early to late stages and the drying up of ephemeral streams. At the early stage, the contraction of ephemeral streams mostly controls the recession behavior. At the late stage, perennial streams dominate the flowing streams and groundwater hydraulics governs the recession behavior. The ephemeral stream densities vary from arid regions to humid regions. Therefore, the characteristics of transition flow across the climate gradients are also tested in 40 watersheds. It is found that climate, which is represented by climate aridity index, is the dominant controlling factor on transition flows from early to late recession stages. Transition flows and long-term average base flows are highly correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.82. Long-term average base flow and the transition flow of recession are base flow characteristics at two temporal scales, i.e., the long-term scale and the event scale during a recession period. This is a signature of the co-evolution of climate, vegetation, soil, and topography at the watershed scale. The characteristics of early and late recession are applied for quantifying human impacts on streamflow in agricultural watersheds with extensive groundwater pumping for irrigation. A recession model is developed to incorporate the impacts of human activities (such as groundwater pumping) and climate variability (such as evapotranspiration) on base flow recession. Groundwater pumping is estimated based on the change of observed base flow recession in watersheds in the High Plains Aquifer. The estimated groundwater pumping rate is found consistent compared with the observed data of groundwater uses for irrigation. Besides streamflow recession analysis, this dissertation also presents a novel spring recession model for Silver Springs in Florida by incorporating groundwater head, spring pool altitude, and net recharge into the existing Torricelli model. The results show that the effective springshed area has continuously declined since 1988. The net recharge has declined since the 1970s with a significant drop in 2002. Subsequent to 2002, the net recharge increased modestly but not to the levels prior to the 1990s. The decreases in effective springshed area and net recharge caused by changes in hydroclimatic conditions including rainfall and temperature, along with groundwater withdrawals, contribute to the declined spring flow.

No description available.

[pt] O objetivo principal da dissertação é o exame da potencialidade criativa do design de espaços de curtos períodos de fruição do público na elaboração e implantação de soluções rumo a redução do seu impacto ambiental. A atividade foco da pesquisa será designada como design de espaços do acontecimento, uma atividade comumente chamada cenografia, mas que transborda os palcos. Intensificada no final do séc. XX, tal atividade se torna cada vez mais potente no ambiente contemporâneo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Identifica-se, contudo, um paradoxo no que tange a dinâmica de criação e construção desses espaços e o ciclo de vida dos materiais utilizados. A extensa gama de materiais geralmente especificados nessas construções apresenta inúmeras propriedades favoráveis, como facilidade de manuseio e transporte, resistência estrutural, flexibilidade e leveza, além de diversificadas qualidades estéticas. Por outro lado, tais materiais apresentam também uma durabilidade infinitamente maior do que os curtos períodos de uso aos quais são submetidos. Observa-se necessário evidenciar o eufemismo que mascara a realidade não efêmera, mas essencialmente descartável dessas construções, através da análise de suas durações e de sua cadeia criativa-produtiva. Serão apresentados e analisados casos referência que se constituem como protótipos de soluções para a aproximação da criação e construção dos espaços do acontecimento aos valores inerentes aos ciclos efêmeros biológicos da natureza. Conclui-se que é necessário e possível encontrar novas soluções menos agressivas com o meio ambiente a partir da problematização de cada etapa da cadeia criativa-produtiva da atividade, assim como também que a inserção dos projetos em sistemas pré e ou pós existentes a ele, resultam em possibilidades de caminhos rumo a uma descontinuidade sistêmica da atividade e a redução do seu impacto ambiental. / [en] The main objective of this dissertation is the examination of the creative potentiality at the elaboration and implantation of solutions within set design for public enjoyment through short periods, in towards the reduction of their environmental impact. The focus activity of this research will be designated as happening s set design. This area of activity is commonly called in Brazil scenography, but it doesn t specific apply to spaces out of the stage. Intensified at the end of the 20th century, this activity becomes increasingly powerful in the contemporary environment of the city of Rio de Janeiro. However, there is a paradox regarding the creation and construction dynamics of these spaces and the life cycle of the materials. The extensive range of materials generally specified in these constructions has numerous favorable properties, that includes friendly handling and transportation, structural resistance, flexibility and light weight, in addition to a diversity of aesthetical qualities. On the other hand, such materials also have infinitely longer durability than the short periods of use to which they are subjected. It is necessary to point out the euphemism that masks the nonephemeral but essentially disposable reality of these constructions, through the analysis of their durations and their creative-productive chain. We will present and analyze reference cases that constitute as prototypes of solutions for the approximation of the creation and construction of the spaces of the event to inherent values of nature biological ephemeral cycles. The conclusion is that it is necessary and possible to find new solutions less aggressive to the environment through each stage problematization of the creative-productive chain, as well the insertion of the projects in pre and post existing systems to it, result in possibilities of new paths towards a systemic discontinuity of the happening s set design and the reduction of its environmental impact.

[ES] Este trabajo de investigación explora y presenta formas contemporáneas del espacio público que han sido denominadas experiencias alternativas emergentes, las cuales cuestionan distintas prácticas de la planeación y gestión urbana convencional, y los conceptos tradicionales que han definido y caracterizado al espacio público como ámbito de estudio urbano. Las experiencias emergentes surgen de manera espontánea con iniciativas participativas, son más cercanas a las realidades de las comunidades y barrios, y generan identidad, apropiación y empoderamiento de la ciudadanía. Se contemplan a partir de varios métodos como el placemakig, el urbanismo táctico y el urbanismo hecho a mano; se desarrollan a partir de las acciones resultantes de procesos participativos; se conciben a partir de medios como el reciclaje urbano y el reciclaje desde la materialidad; e incluyen expresiones provenientes del arte urbano. Se explican en la tesis a partir de diversas posturas teóricas y un amplio ejercicio de casos de estudio de diversas ciudades en el mundo, expuestos en cuatro grupos: los efímeros, los consolidados desde la escala barrial, los estructurados desde el arte y los semilleros. La resignificación del espacio público es la conclusión de este trabajo, desarrollada por nuevos insumos provenientes de estas manifestaciones, abriendo un debate sobre otros caminos de concebir el espacio público, resaltando las características de cohesión, de la prioridad de las actividades por encima de la infraestructura física, de la posibilidad de gestión a través de tácticas y formas efímeras que permiten ser escalones para el mejoramiento, lo fundamental de la participación ciudadana e intermediación de colectivos en las distintas etapas de los proyectos, la pequeña escala de las intervenciones, y la importancia del espacio público como factor de bienestar para las personas como interfaz social y de calidad de vida de las ciudades. / [CA] Este treball d'investigació explora i presenta formes contemporànies de l'espai públic que han sigut denominades experiències alternatives emergents, les quals qüestionen distintes pràctiques de la planeación i gestió urbana convencional, i els conceptes tradicionals que han definit i caracteritzat a l'espai públic com a àmbit d'estudi urbà. Les experiències emergents sorgixen de manera espontània amb iniciatives participatives, són més pròximes a les realitats de les comunitats i barris, i generen identitat, apropiació i apoderament de la ciutadania. Es conceben a partir de diversos mètodes com el placemakig, l'urbanisme tàctic i l'urbanisme fet a mà; es desenrotllen a partir de les accions resultants de processos participatius; es conceben a partir de mitjans com el reciclatge urbà i el reciclatge des de la materialitat; i inclouen expressions provinents de l'art urbà. S'expliquen en la tesi a partir de diverses postures teòriques i un ampli exercici de casos d'estudi de diverses ciutats en el món, exposats en quatre grups: els efímers, els consolidats des de l'escala vaig agranaral, els estructurats des de l'art i els iniciadors. La resignificació de l'espai públic és la conclusió d'este treball, desenrotllada per nous insumos provinents d'estes manifestacions, obrint un debat sobre altres camins de concebre l'espai públic, ressaltant les característiques de cohesió, de prioritat de les activitats per damunt de la infraestructura física, de la possibilitat de gestió a través de tàctiques i formes efímeres que permeten ser escalons per al millorament, el més important de la participació ciutadana i intermediació de col·lectius en les distintes etapes dels projectes, la reduïda escala de les intervencions, i la importància de l'espai públic com a factor de benestar per a les persones com a interfície social i de qualitat de vida de les ciutats. / [EN] This research explores contemporary forms of public space that have been called emerging alternative experiences, which question different practices of conventional urban planning and management, and the traditional concepts about the characterization and definition of public space as a field of urban study. Emerging experiences arise spontaneously with participatory initiatives, are closer to the realities of communities and neighborhoods, and generate identity, ownership and empowerment of citizens. They are conceived from some methods like the placemaking, the tactical urbanism and the handmade urbanism; they have been developed by initiatives and actions of participatory processes; they are conceived through the urban recycling and recycling from materiality; and include expressions from urban art. The thesis explains the alternative experiences based on theoretical positions and a wide exercise of case studies from different cities in the world, exposed in four groups: ephemeral, consolidated from the neighborhood scale, structured from art and initiators. The resignification of public space is the conclusion of this work, developed by new inputs from these manifestations, creating questions about other ways of conceiving public space, the characteristics of cohesion, the priority of activities over physical infrastructure, the possibility of management through tactics and ephemeral forms as a previous steps for improvement, the fundamentals of citizen participation and mediation of organizations in the different moments of the projects, the small scale of the interventions, and the importance of public space as a factor of well-being for people as a social interface and quality of life in cities. / Bueno Carvajal, JM. (2022). La resignificación del espacio público contemporáneo: experiencias alternativas emergentes [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185056

Botswana is a water scarce country. Rainfall is highly variable, leading to limited surface and groundwater resources. Due to persistently dry conditions most rivers found in Botswana are ephemeral. The Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the numerous ephemeral river sub-Basins, in Botswana. Key environmental challenges, resulting from human activities, in the sub-Basin are: increased pressure on local resources due to overstocking, overgrazing and over-harvesting; reductions in wildlife numbers; denudation of vegetation and the resultant exposure of the soil to wind erosion. As a major step, to pilot implementation of river basin management in the ephemeral river basins in southern Africa, the Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the key areas identified for study under the Ephemeral River Basins in the Southern African Development Community SADC (ERBSADC) Project. This study was initiated, as part of the ERB-SADC project and its aim is to investigate the socio-economic status of the Boteti River sub-Basin and determine the potential for developing integrated management of water and land resources in the sub- Basin. Its key objectives are to identify and assess types and patterns of water use; to identify and assess key livelihood activities; and to critically assess community participation in water resources management in the sub-Basin. A questionnaire was administered to 293 households, a focus group discussion was held with twelve community representatives of six villages in the sub-Basin, six traditional leaders and five local government officers were interviewed as key informants, and informal discussions were held with three local farmers. Results from the study indicate low livelihood levels based on livestock and arable agriculture, high dependence on natural resources and low participation of communities in water management. The study concludes that a livelihood approach to integrated water resources management can help deal with environmental challenges and enhance community participation. / Environmental Sciences / Thesis (M.A. (Environmental Science))

Botswana is a water scarce country. Rainfall is highly variable, leading to limited surface and groundwater resources. Due to persistently dry conditions most rivers found in Botswana are ephemeral. The Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the numerous ephemeral river sub-Basins, in Botswana. Key environmental challenges, resulting from human activities, in the sub-Basin are: increased pressure on local resources due to overstocking, overgrazing and over-harvesting; reductions in wildlife numbers; denudation of vegetation and the resultant exposure of the soil to wind erosion. As a major step, to pilot implementation of river basin management in the ephemeral river basins in southern Africa, the Boteti River sub-Basin is one of the key areas identified for study under the Ephemeral River Basins in the Southern African Development Community SADC (ERBSADC) Project. This study was initiated, as part of the ERB-SADC project and its aim is to investigate the socio-economic status of the Boteti River sub-Basin and determine the potential for developing integrated management of water and land resources in the sub- Basin. Its key objectives are to identify and assess types and patterns of water use; to identify and assess key livelihood activities; and to critically assess community participation in water resources management in the sub-Basin. A questionnaire was administered to 293 households, a focus group discussion was held with twelve community representatives of six villages in the sub-Basin, six traditional leaders and five local government officers were interviewed as key informants, and informal discussions were held with three local farmers. Results from the study indicate low livelihood levels based on livestock and arable agriculture, high dependence on natural resources and low participation of communities in water management. The study concludes that a livelihood approach to integrated water resources management can help deal with environmental challenges and enhance community participation. / Environmental Sciences / Thesis (M.A. (Environmental Science))

A pesquisa observa as novas relações de produção e difusão da arte que surgiram com a utilização da internet e das novas tecnologias, pelas instituições culturais, para a expansão de suas atividades. A investigação propõe que essa nova forma de comunicação pode unir o alcance das plataformas virtuais, a credibilidade de grandes centros artísticos e a força dos processos colaborativos de criação em rede para ampliar a propagação da arte e da cultura. O estudo pretende mostrar como museus, galerias e instituições culturais em geral, têm desenvolvido trabalhos na world wide web, desde o começo dos anos 90, de forma a ampliar o acesso do público, não apenas a seus acervos e exposições, mas também à possibilidade de criação conjunta do conhecimento museológico e de nossa herança cultural. Através da observação dos conteúdos disponibilizados na rede por museus variados, nacionais e internacionais, relacionados a artigos sobre questões contemporâneas da museologia, são analisados como os objetivos das instituições artísticas quanto ao uso do ciberespaço têm evoluído. Há um crescente esforço em suprir as necessidades culturais dos novos espectadores da era conectada da internet. Hoje, modelos de exposições virtuais permitem que formatos de arte efêmera, como performances ou intervenções, possam efetivamente fazer parte dos espaços museológicos. Foi criada uma nova ligação com o visitante do museu, que pode estar em qualquer lugar do mundo e, utilizando redes sociais e mídias móveis, passa a ser criador e difusor de conteúdo, além de receptor. Por fim, há a reflexão sobre como, enquanto se adéquam às novas relações do homem com a arte e a cultura através do mundo virtual, as instituições devem se preocupar com a responsabilidade social e a democratização do acesso aos bens culturais por aqueles que ainda não tem contato frequente com as novas tecnologias. / The research points the new relations of production and dissemination of art that emerge with the use of the Internet and new technologies, by cultural institutions to expand their activities. The research suggests that this new form of communication can put together the reach of virtual platforms, the credibility of major artistic centers and the strength of networks for collaborative creation processes, to enlarge the propagation of art and culture. The study aims to show how museums, galleries and cultural institutions in general, have developed activities on the world wide web since the early \'90s, in order to increase public access, not only to their collections and exhibitions, but also to the possibility of joint creation of the museological knowledge and cultural heritage. How the goals of art institutions in the use of cyberspace have evolved are analyzed through observation of the content provided on the net by various museums, national and international, related with articles about issues on contemporary museology. There is a growing effort to meet the cultural needs of the new spectators of internet connected age. Nowadays, virtual exhibitions models allow ephemeral art formats, such as performances or interventions, to effectively be part of the museum spaces. A new connection was created with the museum visitor, who can be anywhere in the world and, using social networks and mobile media, becomes a creator and disseminator of content, as well as a receiver. Finally, there is the observation on how, while adapting with the man\'s new relationship with art and culture through the virtual world, institutions should concern also about social responsibility and democratic access to culture for those who do not have frequent contact with new technologies.

Nella seconda metà del Settecento Milano diventò un centro di riferimento per la scenografia a livello internazionale. La tesi studia l’evoluzione della spettacolarità e della scenografia in un periodo cruciale per la città (1765-1792) prendendo in esame non solo il teatro, ma anche gli aspetti connessi agli eventi festivi legati al potere. La ricerca è basata primariamente sulle fonti iconografiche, soprattutto disegni e incisioni, reperite negli archivi milanesi e nazionali; l’analisi di libretti, relazioni, periodici e altra documentazione ha inoltre offerto altri elementi utili alla delineazione dello scenario culturale di riferimento. In primo luogo, si prendono in esame eventi dinastici, quali i festeggiamenti nuziali, i passaggi e gli ingressi dei sovrani, le feste per nascita e le esequie. Sono inoltre considerati gli sviluppi della scenografia milanese prima al Regio Ducal Teatro e poi al Teatro alla Scala, con particolare riguardo all’opera di personalità di primo piano come i fratelli Galliari e Pietro Gonzaga. Ne emerge un quadro complesso che aspira a ricostruire la trama di rapporti che legano la scenografia all’universo della rappresentazione nella Milano del XVIII secolo. / In the second half of the 18th century Milan became a very influent centre for the art of stage designing. This PhD thesis seeks to investigate the developments of the visual aspects of theatricality in a crucial period (1765-1792) for Milan. This study is based on iconographic sources, namely engravings and drawings. The analysis focuses on public and political events (wedding festivals, state funerals and royal entries) and, at the same time, on theatre. The research considers the development of stage design at the Regio Ducal Teatro and the Teatro alla Scala. It concentrates on the works of the most important scene-painters of the period: the brothers Fabrizio and Bernardino Galliari and Pietro Gonzaga. As a result, the study provides an analysis of the several components of visual representation and their features.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / In order to construct a simulation model for ephemeral streamflow and to examine in depth the problem of the worth of data for that model, measurements of the ephemeral streamflow of Rillitto creek, Tucson, were analyzed for the period 1933-1965. The simulation model was based on several hypotheses: (1) flow durations and their succeeding dry periods (time when no flow is present) are independent; (2) the distribution of the lengths of the dry periods and flows is stationary over a certain period of the year (summer); (3) stationary probability distributions for flow durations and for dry period lengths can be derived. A related problem was how to derive a simulation model for the total amount of flow (in acre-ft) within 1 flow period. Three variables were considered: flow duration (minutes), peak intensity of flow (cu ft/sec) and antecedent dry period-minutes (ADP). Because the assumption of variance constancy does not hold, a multiplicative regression model was used. Using an analysis of variance, which is described in detail, the worth of the 3 kinds of data were examined in relation to total flow. It was concluded that there are at least 5 times during the year when the flow intervals differ significantly, and the ADP is not important in determining flow volume because of the poison flow arrival rate in summer. Events occur at random and are not clustered as in summer, indicating that channel moisture does not differ much between flow events.