This thesis critically analyzes the phenomenon of nation branding as a technique of neocolonial governmentality. The study focuses on Brand India - postcolonial India’s attempt to imagine the nation and its people through the discourse of branding. I argue that India’s nation branding exercise hollows out the postcolonial imagination so that the nation can now only be imagined through a language and within a framework ‘always-already’ constituted for the postcolony. This thesis builds on Michel Foucault’s analysis of governmentality and utilizes a postcolonial framework, to show that when the practice of nation branding is applied to a postcolonial nation, it works to reinscribe the colonial legacy and reaffirm colonial power relations

Esta tesis doctoral sobre todo explora los efectos de la desigualdad de ingresos y otras formas de heterogeneidad —con especial consideración hacia diferencias regionales— sobre la voluntad individual de implementar planes generales de redistribución, y de formar parte de una unión política. En la primera parte, analizamos la heterogeneidad de las preferencias sociales en un modeloestándar de votación en el que los agentes eligen el parámetro de redistribución en una democraciadirecta. En particular, y de acuerdo con la evidencia experimental, suponemos que coexisten votantes egoístas, rawlsianos y utilitaristas. Caracterizamos implícitamente el único equilibrio políticode esta economía, y demostramos su existencia. Resulta que el nivel de redistribución en unaeconomía compuesta por votantes heterogéneos puede ser inferior o superior al caso egoísta. Porotra parte, mostramos que pequeñas variaciones en la proporción relativa de un determinado tipo de individuos pueden dar lugar a cambios muy importantes en el alcance de las políticas de redistribución, e igualmente ilustramos las consecuencias que ello puede tener en el contexto de laeconomía política de la formación de la nación. Por último, investigamos las implicaciones teóricas del modelo sobre el vínculo entre la desigualdad y la redistribución, y demostramos que produce diferentes predicciones con respecto al modelo estándar de votantes egoístas. En la segunda parte, se estudia la posibilidad de elegir entre la redistribución centralizada ydescentralizada en un modelo de economía política, asumiendo la heterogeneidad regional en relación tanto a la riqueza como a la identidad. Un sistema centralizado permite una beneficiosaredistribución entre regiones, pero también puede disminuir el grado de solidaridad en la sociedadcomo resultado de la lealtad al grupo. En este contexto, se observa que la maximización del bienestar total está estrechamente ligada a la minimización de la desigualdad, tanto dentro comoentre regiones. Analizando por separado dos casos particulares en una democracia directa —no desigualdad interregional y no lealtad al grupo— se destaca la existencia de un efecto escala y un efecto poolingde la redistribución centralizada, respectivamente. En ambos casos, la centralización Pareto-domina la descentralización. Por lo tanto, descentralizar sólo se justifica cuando ambasfuentes de heterogeneidad regional están presentes. A su vez, esto significa que el teorema de ladescentralización no se cumple en nuestro enfoque de economía política de la redistribución con lealtad al grupo. Por último, asumiendo transferencias voluntarias interregionales en la descentralización, mostramos que la centralización siempre domina la descentralización. En la tercera y última parte, se estudia el uso de la descentralización parcial como una forma de evitar el conflicto secesionista, asumiendo desigualdad interregional de riqueza y redistribución entreregiones. Si bien la descentralización permite a los gobiernos regionales de satisfacer mejor a laspreferencias locales, lo cual mitiga el conflicto, sino que también exacerba la desigualdad interregional, que a su vez contribuye al conflicto. Se demuestra que, a pesar de que un aumento de la desigualdad siempre alimenta el conflicto en ambas regiones, la probabilidad de una secesiónpuede aumentar o disminuir con la desigualdad, dependiendo de si la unificación es socialmenteeficiente o no. De ello se desprende que, por una parte, el rango de niveles de descentralización necesarios para que la solución pacífica (descentralizada) sea políticamente sostenible siempre seincrementa con la desigualdad. Mientras que por otra parte, el nivel particular de descentralizaciónque se lleva a cabo bajo la amenaza de un conflicto puede ser mayor o menor. Por último, mostramos que cuando la descentralización es un proceso irreversible, no puede impedir el conflictosecesionista para cualquier nivel de desigualdad. / This dissertation mainly explores the effects of income inequality and other forms of heterogeneity —and in particular at the regional level— on the individual willingness to implement general redistribution schemes, and to form part of a political union. In the first part, we introduce heterogeneous social preferences in a standard model of voting on a redistributive parameter in a direct democracy. In particular, and in accordance with experimental evidence, we assume that selfish, rawlsian and utilitarian voters coexist with given proportions. We characterize implicitly the unique political equilibrium of this economy, and prove its existence. It turns out that the level of redistribution in the heterogeneous economy may be either lower or higher than in the selfish one. Furthermore, we show that slight variations in the relative proportion of a given type may lead to very important changes in the extent of redistribution, and we illustrate the implications this may have in the context of the political economy of border formation. Finally, we investigate the theoretical implications of the model regarding the link between inequality and redistribution, and show that it yields different predictions than the standard model with self-interested voters. In the second part, we study the choice between centralized and decentralized redistribution in a political economy model assuming regional heterogeneity regarding both average income and group identity. While centralizing redistribution allows for a potentially beneficial pooling of national resources, it may also decrease the degree of solidarity in the society as a result of group loyalty. In this context, we show that total welfare maximization is closely linked to the minimization of inequality both within and between regions. Analyzing separately two particular cases under direct democracy —no interregional inequality and no group loyalty— we highlight the existence of a scale effect and a pooling effect of centralized redistribution, respectively. In both cases, centralization Pareto-dominates decentralization, from which it follows that the rationale for decentralization only arises when both sources of regional heterogeneity are present. In turn, this means that the Decentralization Theorem does not hold in our political economy approach of redistribution with group loyalty. Finally, allowing for voluntary interregional transfers under decentralization, we show that, due to free-riding, centralization always welfare-dominates decentralization with transfers. Furthermore, it is not even generally true that allowing for such transfers is welfare-increasing under decentralization. In the third and last part, we study the use of partial decentralization as a way to avoid wasteful secessionist conflict in the presence of income disparities between regions. Although decentralization allows regional governments to better target local preferences, which in principle mitigates conflict, it also exacerbates interregional inequality, which in turn may contribute to conflict. We show that, even though an increase in inequality fuels conflict in both regions, the probability of a secession occurring through conflict may be either increasing or decreasing in inequality, depending on whether unifying is socially efficient or not. It follows that, on the one hand, the range of decentralization levels such that the peaceful (decentralized) outcome is politically sustainable always increases with inequality, while on the other hand, the particular level of decentralization that is implemented under the threat of conflict may be either lower or higher. Finally, we show that when decentralization is an irreversible process, it cannot prevent secessionist conflict for any level of inequality.

Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse health effects of polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently come to light. PBDEs are quickly becoming a ubiquitous pollutant and have been found globally in sediment, aquatic mammals, fish, bird eggs, human milk, serum, and adipose tissue. Due to their persistence and lipophilicity, PBDEs may biomagnify through the food chain and could pose a danger to those who consume these contaminated animals. Many First Nation communities in the James Bay region rely in part on a subsistence diet; therefore, these communities have the potential to carry high levels of PBDEs. Additionally, PBDEs have been shown to be preferentially deposited in the sub-Arctic, making this contaminant of particular interest to the James Bay region of northern Ontario and Quebec, Canada. By analyzing PBDE body burden (plasma), this contaminant was characterized with regards to its latitudinal variation and concentration. The study established a baseline PBDE level in the communities of the James Bay region and determined concentrations in the traditional foods of the First Nation communities located in the Mushkegowuk Territory of sub-Arctic Canada, to examine potential routes of exposure. The PBDE body burden was found to be low in the Mushkegowuk communities when compared to more northern communities in Canada. Similarly, PBDE body burden in the US and southern Canada is higher than those of the James Bay region. The body burdens of the James Bay Cree are similar to Japanese and Swedish levels. Analysis of traditional foods shows relatively elevated levels of PBDEs in certain game species such as whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), and moose (Alces alces) compared to other traditional foods from the same area. Data in this thesis can be used for human biomonitoring purposes and the animal data can be combined with consumption data in order to assess the contribution of PBDEs to body burden from a First Nation diet as well as provide guidance when developing safety guidelines for the consumption of traditional foods. While the sub-arctic has been identified as an environmental sink for PBDEs, the levels found in this study indicate that long-range transportation and dietary biomagnification of the contaminant may not be the primary exposure pathway. This may be due to low bioavailability of the contaminant, rapid metabolism, or alternate sources of exposure and should be investigated in future studies.

Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse health effects of polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently come to light. PBDEs are quickly becoming a ubiquitous pollutant and have been found globally in sediment, aquatic mammals, fish, bird eggs, human milk, serum, and adipose tissue. Due to their persistence and lipophilicity, PBDEs may biomagnify through the food chain and could pose a danger to those who consume these contaminated animals. Many First Nation communities in the James Bay region rely in part on a subsistence diet; therefore, these communities have the potential to carry high levels of PBDEs. Additionally, PBDEs have been shown to be preferentially deposited in the sub-Arctic, making this contaminant of particular interest to the James Bay region of northern Ontario and Quebec, Canada. By analyzing PBDE body burden (plasma), this contaminant was characterized with regards to its latitudinal variation and concentration. The study established a baseline PBDE level in the communities of the James Bay region and determined concentrations in the traditional foods of the First Nation communities located in the Mushkegowuk Territory of sub-Arctic Canada, to examine potential routes of exposure. The PBDE body burden was found to be low in the Mushkegowuk communities when compared to more northern communities in Canada. Similarly, PBDE body burden in the US and southern Canada is higher than those of the James Bay region. The body burdens of the James Bay Cree are similar to Japanese and Swedish levels. Analysis of traditional foods shows relatively elevated levels of PBDEs in certain game species such as whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), and moose (Alces alces) compared to other traditional foods from the same area. Data in this thesis can be used for human biomonitoring purposes and the animal data can be combined with consumption data in order to assess the contribution of PBDEs to body burden from a First Nation diet as well as provide guidance when developing safety guidelines for the consumption of traditional foods. While the sub-arctic has been identified as an environmental sink for PBDEs, the levels found in this study indicate that long-range transportation and dietary biomagnification of the contaminant may not be the primary exposure pathway. This may be due to low bioavailability of the contaminant, rapid metabolism, or alternate sources of exposure and should be investigated in future studies.

The Saulteaux Nation is comprised of 7 major clans the larger of which is the Bear Clan. This thesis examines the holistic philosophy of the Saulteaux world view and the oral teachings of the Bear Clan. The teachings, which emphasize the nature of healing and personal growth, were related by Elder Danny Musqua to myself from within the context of traditional Bear Clan ceremonies and practices. This thesis documents my journey to understand these teachings and in the process to arrive at a deeper understanding of self. This is done within the context of Bear Clan culture and within the context of my relationship with Elder Danny Musqua. This thesis relates my struggle to make meaning of these teachings on a personal level and how these teachings have affected my life.<p> Narrative Inquiry is the methodology employed in this study. Through a reliance on narrative as the research methodology, the oral tradition of the Bear Clan and its traditional methods of knowledge transmission are honoured. The methodology utilized in this study is relatively unstructured in that no formal questioning process is utilized. Instead, it relies upon the relationship between the Elder/teacher and the son/learner in which to transmit knowledge. This process stresses the relationship between Danny and myself and emphasizes trust and respect as important elements of learning. In this relationship, knowledge was transmitted through participation in the sweatlodge, the learning lodge and through conversations with Danny. This approach to research respected the implicit nature of the oral tradition and allowed for me to make meaning of Danny's teachings in their original context and interpret them at a level appropriate for my own personal development.<p> This thesis struggles to define traditional healing and the role that the healer, the one oppressed by illness and the spiritual realm play in the healing process. This thesis may prove valuable in educating and informing those who do not have an understanding of concepts of First Nations' healing. It may also serve as an invitation to all people, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal, to expand their notions of healing or to search out a similar path in life.

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This thesis is trying to answer the question: why the labor regime of Taiwan would toward the direction is not conducive to the Taiwan¡¦s labor? There are a large number of previous articles had analyzed the labor regime of Taiwan. Most of them were focused on how the single factor influenced the labor regime¡¦s establishment or on how to analyze the static institute. We argue that approaches had a similar problem is unable to offer an integral explanation, which is no matter how the institute has changed still maintaining not conducive to the Taiwan¡¦s labor. Therefore we aim to broaden the perspection, by evolving the social surroundings, the interactions amount actors and institutions development, to outline a much more comprehensive picture of the labor regime than previous articles could do. This thesis uses path dependence which conception is the historical institutionalist used to explain how the institute be operated and how it had constrained actors¡¦ behavior. I would display my research method as follow. First, as we could see is path dependence not only brought us a far more exhaustive imagination of the labor regime but told us the importance of the diachronic comparison. Therefore the first step of this study sets the time of observation during 1980 to 2010. In order to emerged and convenient to observe the historical development of labor regime, we chosen every ten years for a period of time, which meant that period of chapter 2 would be set within 1980 to 90, chapter 3 would be set within 1990 to 2000, and chapter 4 would be set within 2000 to 10. Then by comparing these three periods¡¦ similarities, we could easily to extract those similarities and recognize the development path of labor regime. Second, we claimed that labor regime is constituted by three components: one is social surroundings, one is institute, and the other is three actors include nation, capital and labor. This thesis had planned that every chapter should to discuss about how those three components influence each other. After comparing those three periods, the major finding is we could explicitly figure out the path of the labor regime which has towards to flexibilize and commoditize the labor market. Beside this conclusion could explain our research question, we also trying to describe the Taiwan¡¦s labor regime a comprehensive imagination.

This dissertation explores conceptions of nationalism in early modern English literature and culture. Specifically, it examines multiple definitions of nation in dramatic works by William Shakespeare (Cymbeline), John Fletcher (Bonduca), Thomas Dekker (The Shoemaker's Holiday), and Robert Daborne (A Christian Turned Turk) as well as in antiquarian studies of England by William Camden (Britannia and Remains Concerning Britain) and Richard Verstegan (Restitution of Decayed Intelligence). This dissertation argues that early modern English nationalism is a dynamic phenomenon that extends beyond literary and historical genres typically associated with questions of national identity, such as history plays, legal tracts, and chronicle histories. Nationalism, this dissertation demonstrates, appears in Roman-Britain romances and tragedies, city comedies, and both dramatic and prose accounts of piracy. Nation appears in myriad voices - from ancient British queens to shoemakers and pirates. And the nationalisms they articulate are as varied as the genres in which they appear as nation is negotiated both across and within these works. Furthermore, this dissertation illustrates that not only are concepts of nation and national identity being explored, the very terms on which to construct nation are being defined and re-defined. Nation is variously filtered through a myriad of issues including the influence of the monarch (particularly James I), origin, language, gender, class, ethnicity, religion and national rivals. This dissertation also discusses works which move us beyond our pre-conceived notions about nation by advocating more corporate cosmopolitan models. The models are based on such qualities as membership, occupation, productivity and the pursuit of wealth rather than birth order or location. These corporate and piratical nationalisms extend beyond the confining geopolitical borders of most concepts of nation. Early modern English nationalism is not singularly defined by the monarch, the church, the legal system, or even antiquarian studies of Britain and England. It is not singularly defined by any one voice or text.

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The proportion that the retailer develops the own brand grows to even greater heights, domestic large retailers develop the own brand one after another and private labels (PBs) invade and occupy the market badly. The retailer develops the own brand challenging the leading brand of the market directly and under the situation with limited shelve space, the relationship between them changes and becomes rival meaning from the original cooperation. How should the retailer obtain an equalization point when make the competitive rivalry for the growth of its own brand from originally act manufacturers' consumer role? For manufacturers, how to protect the negotiation price space with shelve to the retailer, and how to keep making a profit in their consumers¡¦ brand loyalty? This research by interviewing both two sides to explore the future trend of PBs, what strategies will manufacturers take to avoid PBs¡¦ threats , what market size will be the PBs¡¦ limit and which two sides achive their balance point. Through summarizing the papers , developing the research process of this thesis and using the research method of case study to combine theory and experiment.By interviewing the leading brands of consumer goods and food industry and experienced retailer on PBs, after analyzing and comparing, to draw a conclusion to collect above objectives.