本文提出以規則法與相似法將未知動詞自動分類至中研院詞庫小組(1993)的動詞分類標記上。規則法中的規則從訓練語料中訓練出，並加上未知動詞重疊的規律，包含率約二成五，正確率約86.86%∼91.32%。規則法的優點在於正確率高，但缺點在於可以處理的未知動詞數量太少。相似法利用與未知動詞的相似例子猜測未知動詞的可能分類，利用詞彙內部的訊息---詞基的詞類、語意類與詞彙結構來計算相似度。相似法的可以全面性的處理未知動詞，缺點容易受到訓練語料中標記錯誤的例子誤導與訓練語料的大小所影響。我們結合規則法與相似法預測未知動詞分類的正確率為72%。 / We present two methods to classify the Chinese unknown verbs. First, we summarize some linguistic rules and morphological patterns from corpus. The accuracy of the rule-based method is 86.86%~91.32%. Second, we use the instance-based categorization to classify the Chinese unknown words. The accuracy of the instance-based method is 67.86%~70.92% and the accuracy of the integrated classifier is about 72%.

As inovações, motores do desenvolvimento global, viabilizam-se nas organizações por meio dos projetos. Quanto maior for o nível de inovação nesses projetos, maior é a probabilidade de existirem incertezas imprevisíveis. A identificação dos sinais precoces de uma mudança permitiria perceber essas incertezas, porém, para o reconhecimento antecipado desses sinais, é preciso também dar sentido ao que está ocorrendo, pela criação de sentido (sensemaking). Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo principal entender qual é o fator gerador da incerteza imprevisível, quais são os fatores motivadores de sua identificação e quais práticas contribuem para a criação de sentido dessas incertezas em projetos inovadores. Para tal, foi feito um levantamento de campo, de maio a dezembro de 2011, no qual foram utilizados: um questionário para se obterem informações iniciais sobre os projetos que poderiam ser considerados inovadores e, posteriormente, uma entrevista aprofundada, direcionada por um roteiro com perguntas abertas, com um dos participantes do projeto. Foram enviados 152 convites para gestores de projetos, dos quais apenas 16 projetos atenderam aos requisitos exigidos, transformando-se em unidade de análise. A cada uma dessas unidades foram solicitados, também, pelo menos dois eventos imprevistos, materialização da incerteza imprevisível, obtendo-se a quantidade de 35. Esses eventos imprevistos foram considerados unidade de análise incorporada. A análise dos dados foi inicialmente qualitativa, com a geração de variáveis e categorias avaliadas estatisticamente; posteriormente, por meio de provas não paramétricas. Com base nas análises efetuadas, foi possível observar que o nível mais alto de eficiência na identificação da incerteza imprevisível - perceber a incerteza imprevisível previamente e ter menos impacto - ocorre preferencialmente em eventos com a percepção do sinal precoce feita pelo gerente do projeto ou pelo sponsor, no início do projeto; com a existência de um fator facilitador organizacional; com a utilização de um processo de criação coletiva de sentido. O nível mais baixo de eficiência - percepção tardia do evento imprevisto e existência de mais impacto - associa-se, porém, à causa externa da incerteza imprevisível, à ausência da percepção de um sinal precoce, à presença de um fator bloqueador à identificação com origem nas características pessoais, baixo número de atividades coletivas, entre outras. Recomenda-se incorporar o diagnóstico da incerteza na gestão de riscos dos projetos, buscar informações sobre as áreas incertas do projeto e interagir para socializar o conhecimento. Futuros estudos ampliados, para se obter um número maior de eventos e projetos, poderão permitir novas associações, assim como gerar um modelo multivariado. O uso de métodos alternativos de gestão de projetos inovadores também se mostra como um relevante tema de pesquisa. / The organizations enable innovations, engines of global development, through the projects. The more innovative a project, the greater is the probability of occurrence of unforeseeable uncertainties. The identification of early signs of a change would realize this kind of uncertainty, but for the early recognition of these early signs is necessary to give sense to them, sensemaking. Thus, this study aims to understand what the main factor that generates the unforeseeable uncertainty is, what the motivating factors for their identification are and what the practices that contribute to the creation of meaning of these uncertainties are on innovative projects. To this end, a field survey has been done, from May to December 2011, with: a questionnaire to obtain initial information about the projects that could be considered innovative, and subsequently an in-depth interview, guided by a script with open questions, with one of the project participants. 152 invitations were sent to project managers, of which only 16 projects met the requirements, becoming a unit of analysis. Each of these units was also requested at least two unforeseen events, materialization of unforeseeable uncertainty, thus obtaining 35 unanticipated events, which are considered the unit of analysis embedded. Data analysis was qualitative, the generation of categories and variables were evaluated statistically through non-parametric tests. Based on the analysis performed it was observed that the highest level of efficiency in identifying unforeseeable uncertainty - it was notice in advance and it had less impact - occurred preferentially when events have had the perception of early sign made by the project manager or the sponsor at the beginning of the project, with the existence of an organizational facilitator factor, and using a collective sensemaking process. Moreover, the lowest level of efficiency - late perception of the unforeseeable event and existence of more impact - were associated with the external cause of unforeseeable uncertainty, the lack of perception of an early signal, the presence of a blocking factor identification originated from the personal characteristics, low number of collective activities, among others. It is recommended to incorporate the diagnosis of unforseeable in risk management of projects, seeking information about the uncertain areas of the project and interacting to share the knowledge. Further studies extended to obtain a larger number of events and projects may allow new associations as well as generate a multivariate statistical model. The use of alternative methods of management of innovative projects to identify unforeseeable uncertainty also appears as a relevant research topic.

Master's thesis applies theme unknown landscape. The theoretical part is devoted to concept landscape, which is viewed from different perspectives in the work; from defining the landscape as a generic term through subjective perception to the possibility of its use as an imaginative space. The research part describes field research, which deals with issues of different interpretations of landscape perception by children of younger school age. Within the framework of the didactic part are presented the tasks in which the theme of an unknown country is reflected in various forms and are designed for art lessons in elementary schools. Finally practic part of my work comes out from theme unknown countryside and I try to express my own artistic expression. KEYWORDS Imagination, spatial concepts, space, unknown landscape, field research, children of younger school age, creative activity

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de créer un dialogue entre Dracula de Bram Stoker et deux romans de la série Twilight, Twilight et Breaking Dawn, de Stephenie Meyer. À l’aide de concepts présent dans ces deux ouvrages, il est possible d’analyser ce que la figure du vampire représente pour notre conception de l’être humain. Dans le premier chapitre je soutiens l’idée que la transition que vie un être humain pour devenir un vampire est une métaphore de l’amélioration du soi. À travers cette transition, un individu peut accepter son côté le plus sombre dans l’objectif de le contrôler et non de simplement le dissimuler. Dans le second chapitre, j’examine les différents rôles que porte le sang dans la littérature portant sur les vampires. Bien que le rôle sang joue un rôle dans la représentation de la vie et de la mort, il en vient à représenter des concepts plus en lien avec la société comme l’appartenance à une race ou à un groupe en particulier. Dans le troisième chapitre, j’examine de quelle façon la peur de l’étranger, l’autre que l’on ne connait pas, disparait graduellement au fur et à mesure que le vampirisme devient une image d’amélioration et non de corruption ou de dégradation. Tandis que les deux premiers chapitres sont axés sur la nature même du vampire, le troisième utilise cette nature pour comprendre où est la place du vampire dans une société humaine et ce que cette place signifie. / The objective of this thesis is to create a dialog between Bram Stoker’s Dracula and two novels from Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight series, Twilight and Breaking Dawn. With the help of concepts present in these novels, it is possible to analyze what the figure of the vampire represents in our conception of a human being. In the first chapter I support the idea that the transition that a human undergoes in other to become a vampire is a metaphor of the improvement of the self. Through this transition, an individual is able to accept its darker side in the objective of controlling it instead of simply hiding it. In the second chapter, I examine the different roles held by blood in vampire literature. Even though blood holds the role of being a physical representation of both life and death, it comes to represent concepts that are related to society like being part of a race or of a given group. In the third chapter, I observe how the fear of the stranger, the other that is unknown, gradually disappears as vampirism becomes an image of improvement instead of being one of corruption or deterioration. While the first two chapters are focused on the nature of the vampire, the third will use that nature to understand where the vampire stands in regard to a human society and what its place amongst it signifies.

I en framtid där förutsägelser och beslut som tas av maskininlärningssystem överträffar människors förmåga behöver systemen att vara tolkbara för att vi skall kunna lita på och förstå dem. Vår studie utforskar världen av tolkbar maskininlärning genom att designa och undersöka artefakter. Vi genomför experiment för att utforska förklarbarhet, tolkbarhet samt tekniska utmaningar att skapa maskininlärningsmodeller för att identifiera liknande men unika objekt. Slutligen genomför vi ett användartest för att utvärdera toppmoderna förklaringsverktyg i ett direkt mänskligt sammanhang. Med insikter från dessa experiment diskuterar vi den potentiella framtiden för detta fält / In a future where predictions and decisions made by machine learning systems outperform humans we need the systems to be interpretable in order for us to trust and understand them. Our study explore the realm of interpretable machine learning through designing artifacts. We conduct experiments to explore explainability, interpretability as well as technical challenges of creating machine learning models to identify objects that appear similar to humans. Lastly, we conduct a user test to evaluate current state-of-the-art visual explanatory tools in a human setting. From these insights, we discuss the potential future of this field.

The use of the MinION sequencer (Oxford Nanopore) was tested on samples prepared to simulate infectious samples. The tested procedure is to simulate work with a sample with an unknown pathogen. Therefore, a metagenomic approach was chosen. Three kits were tested: Rapid Barcoding Sequencing, PCR Barcoding and Premium whole genome amplification. Each kit differed in duration, difficulty to prepare and in amplification of nucleic acids. In total it was chosen eight viruses with different genome lengths and with varying types of the genome (5,6 - 152 kb, ss/ds RNA, dsDNA). Ten samples were prepared to simulate different types of infection (respiratory, gastrointestinal tract and urine), and one sample contained pure water as a negative control. Before preparation of the library with Oxford Nanopore's kits, DNase/RNase treatment was used. The viral RNA was transcribed into DNA and in chosen samples were amplificated to reach a higher concentration of nucleic acids. Rapid barcoding sequencing kit detected all selected viruses with the highest number of viral reads (4403) with a length between 100 and 250 nt and quality coverage of viral genomes. PCR Barcoding kit detected five out of eight viruses, and the number of identified reads with a length of 100-200 nt distinctly decreased. Premium whole genome...

Marrige has historically been seen as the norm of coexistance between men and women. In all times, regardless of this norm, unmarried women have gotten pregnant. Societies have delt with the situation of unmarried, pregnant women in different ways in different time periods. In Sweden in the beginning of the 1900 hundreds unmarried, pregnant women often advertised in the papers for a place to stay during their pregnancy. Advertised in the papers, at the same time, did also people who provided places were the women could stay. The pupose of this essay is to investigate the advertisements to and from unmarred, pregnant women and to analyse what they can tell us about their situation in Sweden between 1910-1938. I have also, partly, looked upon advertisements were fostercare is needed for the children of the unmarried women. Through my invetsigation I also came across paragraphs in the papers concerning unmarried women, which also have been anlysed and is discussed in the essay. The result shows that unmarried women were referred to as unknown and unnoticed in the advertisements. Special names were also used when reffering to the illegitimate children of the women. Using special namnes to distinguish women and children are discussed in the analysis by the help of Foucaults theory about discourses. Previous research about advertisements to and from unmarried women have been carried through by a student called Lena Wängelin. She investiagated advertisements to and from unmarried, pregnant women during the 20th century in womens magazines and nationwide papers. Lena Wängelins results has in many ways been compared to my own results, together with what other scientists have written about unmarried women and illigetimate children in the past.

System identification is used in engineering sciences to build mathematical models from data. A common issue in system identification problems is that the true inputs to the system are not fully known. In this thesis, existing approaches to unknown input problems are classified and some of their properties are analyzed.  A new indirect framework is proposed to treat system identification problems with unknown inputs. The effects of the unknown inputs are assumed to be measured through possibly unknown dynamics. Furthermore, the measurements may also be dependent on other known or measured inputs and can in these cases be called indirect input measurements. Typically, these indirect input measurements can arise when a subsystem of a larger system is of interest and only a limited set of sensors is available. Two examples are when it is desired to estimate parts of a mechanical system or parts of a dynamic network without full knowledge of the signals in the system. The input measurements can be used to eliminate the unknown inputs from a mathematical model of the system through algebraic manipulations. The resulting indirect model structure only depends on known and measured signals and can be used to estimate the desired dynamics or properties. The effects of using the input measurements are analyzed in terms of identifiability, consistency and variance properties. It is shown that cancelation of shared dynamics can occur and that the resulting estimation problem is similar to errors-in-variables and closed-loop estimation problems because of the noisy inputs used in the model. In fact, the indirect framework unifies a number of already existing system identification problems that are contained as special cases. For completeness, an instrumental variable method is proposed as one possibility for estimating the indirect model. It is shown that multiple datasets can be used to overcome certain identifiability issues and two approaches, the multi-stage and the joint identification approach, are suggested to utilize multiple datasets for estimation of models. Furthermore, the benefits of using the indirect model in filtering and for control synthesis are briefly discussed.  To show the applicability, the framework is applied to the roll dynamics of a ship for tracking of the loading conditions. The roll dynamics is very sensitive to changes in these conditions and a worst-case scenario is that the ship will capsize.  It is assumed that only motion measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) together with measurements of the rudder angle are available. The true inputs are thus not available, but the measurements from the IMU can be used to form an indirect model from a well-established ship model. It is shown that only a subset of the unknown parameters can be estimated simultaneously. Data was collected in experiments with a scale ship model in a basin and the joint identification approach was selected for this application due to the properties of the model. The approach was applied to the collected data and gave promising results. / Till skillnad från många andra industrier där avancerade styrsystem har haft en omfattande utveckling under de senaste decennierna så har styrsystem för skepps- och marinindustrin inte alls utvecklats i samma utsträckning. Det är framförallt under de senaste 10 åren som lagkrav och stigande driftskostnader har ökat intresset för effektivitet och säkerhet genom användning av styrsystem. Rederier och den marina industrin är nu intresserade av hur de avancerade styrsystem som används inom andra områden kan tillämpas för marina ändamål. Huvudmålet är typiskt att minska den totala energianvändningen, och därmed också bränsleförbrukningen, genom att hela tiden planera om hur skeppet skall användas med hjälp av ny information samt styra skeppet och dess ingående system på ett sätt som maximerar effektiviteten. För många av dessa avancerade styrsystem är det grundläggande att ha en god förståelse för beteendet hos det systemet som skall styras. Ofta används matematiska modeller av systemet för detta ändamål. Sådana modeller kan skapas genom att observera hur systemet reagerar på yttre påverkan och använda dessa observationer för att finna eller skatta den modell som bäst beskriver observationerna. Observationerna är mätningar som görs med så kallade sensorer och tekniken att skapa modeller från mätningarna kallas för systemidentifiering. Detta är i grunden ett utmanande problem och det kan försvåras ytterligare om de sensorer som behövs inte finns tillgängliga eller är för dyra att installera. I denna avhandling föreslås en ny teknik där de mätningar som finns tillgängliga används på ett nytt och annorlunda sätt. Detta kan minska mängden nödvändiga sensorer eller möjliggöra användandet av alternativa sensorer i modell-framtagningen. Med hjälp av denna nya teknik kan enkla sensorer användas för att skatta en matematisk modell för en del av skeppet på ett sätt som inte är möjligt med traditionella metoder. Genom att skatta denna modell kan fysikaliska egenskaper hos skeppet, så som dess massa och hur massan är fördelad över skeppet, övervakas för att upptäcka förändringar. Just dessa två egenskaper har stor inverkan på hur skeppet beter sig och om skeppet är fellastat kan det i värsta fall kapsejsa. Vetskapen om dessa fysikaliska egenskaper kan alltså utöver effektivisering användas för att varna besättningen eller påverka styrsystemen så att farliga manövrar undviks. För att visa att tekniken fungerar i verkligheten har den använts på mätningar som har samlats in från ett skalenligt modellskepp. Experimenten utfördes i bassäng och resultaten visar att tekniken fungerar. Denna nya teknik är inte specifik för marint bruk utan kan också vara användbar i andra typer av tillämpningar. Även i dessa tillämpningar möjliggörs användandet av färre eller alternativa sensorer för att skatta modeller. Tekniken kan vara speciellt användbar när en modell av ett system eller process som verkar i ett nätverk av många system är av intresse, något som också diskuteras i avhandlingen.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis explores the creation of the Virginia’s War Memorial Carillon in relation to the persistent significance of the Civil War in Virginia. By focusing on the debates about Virginia’s War Memorial Library, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and Carillon, this thesis reconstructs the sentiments and historical legacy that shaped the multitude of decisions leading to the creation of Virginia’s World War memorial. Virginia seriously considered two other proposals for war memorials—the War Memorial Library and the Virginia Tomb of the Unknown Soldier—before ultimately constructing the War Memorial Carillon. Concerns for appropriateness and residual attachments to the Lost Cause of the Civil War inform the debates about the best memorial to represent Virginia and honor the soldiers, sailors, marines, and women from Virginia who fought in the World War.