El presente trabajo expuso los antecedentes, desarrollo y las resoluciones de dos expedientes, el primero de ellos en materia de Derecho Administrativo, en concreto un procedimiento de Denuncia de Barrera Burocrática Ilegal e Irracional realizado por INDECOPI y el segundo realizado ante un órgano jurisdiccional en materia de Petición de Herencia. En ambos casos se presentó los fundamentos brindados por las partes y el análisis realizado para la emisión de una resolución. El informe de estos expedientes nos permitió resaltar los aspectos más relevantes de cada uno y organizarlos de tal forma que su comprensión resulte más sencilla y dinámica, lo que contribuyó a formar la opinión del autor sobre los criterios, razonamiento aplicado y peculiaridades de cada uno de estos. / The present work laid out the antecedents, development, and resolutions of two files, the first of them in the field of Administrative Law, specifically a Complaint procedure of Illegal and Irrational Bureaucratic Barrier carried out by INDECOPI, and the second one carried out by a jurisdictional body regarding Petition of Inheritance. In both cases, the grounds provided by the parties and the analysis carried out for the issuance of a resolution were presented. The report of these files allowed us to highlight the most relevant aspects of each one and organize them in such a way that their understanding is simpler and more dynamic, which contributed to form the author's opinion on the criteria, applied reasoning and peculiarities of each one of these files. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

This essay brings a fundamentally Americanist question to bear on Leo Marx’s fundamental piece of Americanist scholarship: What cultural work does the machine-in-the-garden trope perform in literary texts, texts that—as Marx highlighted—emphatically invoke the socio-economic upheavals of industrialization? Rather than asking what the trope means, I am interested in what it does in textual environments that, literally or metaphorically, navigate a protean discourse of class.1 I want to pursue this question in a reading of two texts that directly engage with industrialization and its machinery, two pieces of literature written in markedly different circumstances—one by an eminently canonical writer of the American Renaissance, Herman Melville, the other by a woman who worked in the factories of Lowell, the period’s model industrial town. My reading of these texts aims to draw attention to the ways in which representations of the machine in the garden are perspectivized: While engaging with the juxtaposition of nature and technology, these representations always also work on negotiating social subjectivities—on defining, contrasting, authorizing, critiquing subject positions in the rapidly shifting social matrix of an industrializing USA. In other words, I propose to not only attend to the texts’ images of the machine in the garden but also to the imaging that they depict. The texts with which I will be concerned dramatize this imaging as work that is deeply situated and entangled in other practices of selffashioning, practices which resonate with industrialism’s new regimes of social difference. Herman Melville’s short-story "The Tartarus of Maids" (1855) constructs a narrator who renders his encounter with industrialism in a rhetoric greatly informed by the machine-in-the-garden trope. By correlating this figurative practice with the notably limited and biased perspective of its narrator—a perspective whose marking laminates class and gender—the text exposes the work of socio-economic self-fashioning enabled by the trope. The sketch "A Merrimack Reverie" (1840), published in the "factory-girl"2 magazine The Lowell Offering, develops a motif that seems to invert the trope Marx identified—the motif of horticulture in the factory. This motif unfolds much ambiguity in the text which, I will suggest, registers the precarious quality of the magazine’s project to establish the ‘factory girl’ as an affirmative subject position. / "Der vorliegende Beitrag ist die pre-print Version. Bitte nutzen Sie für Zitate die Seitenzahl der Original-Version." (siehe Quellenangabe)

Intervention in Libya is an anomaly in President Barack Obama's foreign policy during his eight years in the office. This thesis aims to analyze the decision-making process leading to this unprecedented step. Using Graham Allison's Bureaucratic Politics Model, the purpose of this analysis is to investigate the influence of some presidential advisors and allies on his final decision. Data for this study were collected using President Obama's public statements, biographies of several members of the administration, and secondary academic sources. After some general context, the thesis closely examines the selected period from the first protests in Libya on February 15 to the beginning of the Operation United Protector on March 31. This timeframe of forty-five days is further divided into the week-by-week process tracing analyses. The development on the ground in Libya is merged with changes of attitude in the American administration and changing alliances among the members of the advisory team of the President. The Bureaucratic Politics Model is used to analyze specific tactics used by American officials to impose their preferred scenario. The study also tests the applicability of several new methodological approaches within the Bureaucratic Politics Model like the palace politics perspective,...

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This dissertation presents the U.S. Army Asymmetric Warfare Group (AWG) as an example of that service implementing successful change in wartime. It argues that creating the AWG required senior leaders to adopt a vision differing from the Army’s self-conceptualization, change bureaucratic processes to permit that vision to produce an actual military unit, and then place the new unit in the hands of uniquely qualified leaders able to build and sustain it. In the process, the dissertation will consider forces that influence change within the Army, arguing that the two most significant are its self-conceptualization and institutional bureaucracy. Only determined senior leaders can overcome these barriers, and then only by deep personal engagement. Such engagement extends to manipulating the bureaucracy by placing like-minded subordinates in positions where they can sustain the tenets of change long after the visionaries retire. The dissertation also posits effective leadership as critical to building and sustaining organizations able to consistently meet their founders’ vision. To effectively tell the story, the dissertation explores three major subject areas that provide historical context. The first is the Army’s institutional history from the early 1950s through 2001. This period begins with the Army seeking to validate its place in America’s national security strategy and ends with the Army trying to chart a path into the post-Cold War future. That section includes the major bureaucratic changes brought about by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in the early 1960s as these changes created processes the service still uses. It also addresses the Army’s post-Vietnam War focus on re-establishing itself as a technologically sophisticated force optimized to defeat similar opponents. This dissertation also looks at several episodes further in the past. Prior to World War I, the Army’s history is largely one of asymmetric warfare. The dissertation thus examines several campaigns that offered lessons for subsequent wars. Some lessons the Army took to heart, others it ignored. Finally, the dissertation chronicles the AWG’s creation in 2006. The AWG was a direct outgrowth of the failures and frustrations that the Army experienced in Afghanistan and Iraq. The dissertation examines these campaigns and identifies the specific problems that led senior Army leaders to create the AWG. It also chronicles the organizations growth and re-assignment from the Army staff to a fully-fledged organization subordinate to the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command in 2011. This reassignment placed a now mature AWG in the Army’s standard force structure, a place it held until its 2021 deactivation. This deactivation did not result not from the unit’s failure to adapt to a post-insurgency Army focusing on technical modernization. Rather, it resulted from the Army’s inability to realize that while the AWG originated as a response to counterinsurgency, it provided a capability to support the Army during a period of great strategic and institutional uncertainty. / History

[pt] A presente tese intitulada Relações e estilos burocráticos na política pública de midiaeducação no município do Rio de Janeiro entre 1993 e 2016 trata-se de um estudo exploratório sobre a atuação dos burocratas de alto e médio escalões da Secretaria de Educação do Município do Rio de Janeiro e da MultiRio na política de Midiaeducação no período de 1993 a 2016. Frente a isso, tem como objetivo compreender como os estilos de atuação dos burocratas influenciaram na produção da política municipal estudada levando em conta suas características individuais, os fatores contextuais e institucionais nos quais atuam e as redes de relações que constituem, bem como a influência desses estilos no processo de formulação e implementação dessa política. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os burocratas envolvidos com a política. Assumimos como referencial teórico Lotta (2010, 2018), Marques (2000, 2004), Capela (2015), Kingdon (1995) e Mintrom & Norman (2009). Os resultados deste estudo indicam a importância do contexto e dos atores locais na produção da política de Midiaeducação do município do Rio de Janeiro. Além disso, em que pese a existência de iniciativas federais (Proinfo, TV Educativa, programa Salto para o Futuro) e de influências internacionais (ONU, Unicef, Unesco, OCDE) neste campo, este estudo permitiu evidenciar a importância dos fatores institucionais, relacionais e dos estilos dos burocratas no alto e médio escalões na formulação, implementação e nos resultados da política de Midiaeducação carioca. A partir disso, foi possível identificar três fases na atuação da MultiRio nessa produção. A primeira é definida pela presença vigorosa da MultiRio na rede de ensino e pelas relações de colaboração e de compartilhamento de responsabilidades com a SME. A segunda apresenta a existência de projetos de mídia em disputa entre a SME e a MultiRio. Como consequência a atuação da MultiRio ficou fragilizada na implementação da política educacional municipal. Na terceira fase a política de Midiaeducação acabou ficando mais insulada na SME/RJ, que promoveu uma série de iniciativas envolvendo midiaeducação, enquanto paralelamente era esvaziado o protagonismo da MultiRio. Também pode ser percebido que o poder executivo municipal contribuiu, ao longo dos diferentes períodos estudados, para criar constrangimentos e possibilidades para a atuação da MultiRio na política de Midiaeducação. / [en] The present thesis, entitled Relations and bureaucratic styles in the public policy of mediaeducation in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro between 1993 and 2016, is an exploratory study on the performance of high and middle level echelons bureaucrats of the Secretariat of Education of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro and MultiRio in the Mediaeducation policy in the period from 1993 to 2016. In view of this, it aims to understand how the bureaucrats performance styles influenced the production of the studied municipal policy, considering their individual characteristics, the contextual and institutional factors in which they act and the networks of relationships they constitute, as well as the influence of these styles in the process of formulation and implementation of this policy. In order to achieve this, we conducted a documental research and semi-structured interviews with the bureaucrats involved with the policy. We assumed as theoretical reference Lotta (2010, 2018), Marques (2000, 2004), Capela (2015), Kingdon (1995) and Mintrom and Norman (2009). The results of this study indicate the importance of context and local actors in the production of the Mediaeducation policy of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, in what weights the existence of federal initiatives (Proinfo, TV Educativa, Salto para o Futuro program) and international influences (UN, Unicef, Unesco, OCDE) in this field, this study contributed to highlight the importance of institutional, relational and of the styles of bureaucrats at the high and middle echelons in the formulation, implementation and results of the Mediaeducation policy in Rio de Janeiro. From this, it was possible to identify three phases in MultiRio s performance in this production. The first one is defined by MultiRio s vigorous presence in the school network and its collaboration relations and sharing of responsibilities with SME. The second one presents the existence of media projects in dispute between SME and MultiRio. Consequently, MultiRio s performance became fragilized in the implementation of the municipal educational policy. In the third phase, the Mediaeducation policy ended up becoming more insulated in SME/RJ, which promoted a series of initiatives involving mediaeducation while at the same time MultiRio s leading Role was emptied out. It can also be perceived that the municipal executive power contributed, throughout the different studied periods, to create constraints and possibilities for MultiRio s performance in the Mediaeducation policy.

Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) kan bistå välgrundade beslut inom planering genom att visualisera och analysera data men mänskliga och organisatoriska faktorer orsakar tröghet för ökad tillämpning av verktyget. Trögheten kan motarbetas genom att kartlägga tjänstepersoners acceptans av verktyget och identifiera hur olika faktorer påverkar acceptansen. Denna studie undersöker acceptansen av GIS inom detaljplanering hos tjänstepersoner genom intervjuer i två svenska kommuner. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) har använts och utökats för att lämpa sig bättre i en kommunal kontext genom att inkludera organisationsstrukturens påverkan på individernas acceptans. Resultaten identifierar bristande kunskap och intresse samt otillräcklig styrning och incitament som hinder för utökad tillämpning. Individuellt engagemang, utbildning bekostat av kommunen samt starka normer för ökad acceptans identifieras som möjligheter, och rollfördelning fastslås kunna utgöra både hinder och möjligheter för ökad tillämpning. Genom att uppmärksamma och bearbeta dessa hinder och möjligheter främjas ökad acceptans för mer avancerade analyser och visualiseringar i detaljplanering. / Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can facilitate informed decision-making in planning by visualizing and analyzing data. However, inertia for increased application of GIS persists due to human and organizational factors. Therefore, this study researches the acceptance of GIS among civil servants in local planning through interviews in two Swedish municipalities. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been utilized and adapted to better suit the municipal context by considering the influence of organizational structure on individuals' acceptance. The findings reveal barriers to increased application, such as lack of knowledge and interest, inadequate governance, and insufficient incentives. On the other hand, opportunities for increased acceptance include individual commitment, municipality-funded training, and compelling social norms. Role allocation is identified as both an obstacle and an opportunity for increased application. By addressing and leveraging these obstacles and opportunities, increased acceptance can be promoted for more advanced analysis and visualization in local planning.

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El presente trabajo de suficiencia profesional tiene por objeto el análisis de los principales problemas jurídicos de dos expedientes: uno, tramitado en la vía administrativa sobre barreras burocráticas y otro tramitado en la vía judicial referido a un proceso civil por prescripción adquisitiva de dominio. Así, para efectuar un análisis adecuado del expediente administrativo se inició con el desarrollo del resumen de cada acto procedimental los cuales son: denuncia, descargos, apelación y cada una de las resoluciones finales del Indecopi. Para que luego, se efectúe un análisis de la posición crítica de las resoluciones que pusieron fin a las instancias; y por último se consignó la doctrina y jurisprudencia (resoluciones administrativas) más importante para tomar una adecuada posición sobre los problemas jurídicos, presunta barrera burocrática ilegal. Además, también se efectuó análisis crítico del expediente civil sobre prescripción adquisitiva de dominio utilizando el mismo método antes referido, esto es: resumen, posición analítica, doctrina y jurisprudencia relevante. Sobre este expediente cabe resaltar que, entre otros problemas, se ha efectuado un análisis probatorio sobre el cumplimiento de los requisitos de posesión como propietario, pacífica, continua y como propietario. Cabe resaltar, que en ambas materias se ha puesto énfasis en ambas materias a la valoración de los medios probatorios, interpretación de la norma y que estas se adecúen dentro del marco constitucional. / The present work of professional sufficiency has as its objective the analysis of the main legal problems of two files: one, processed in the administrative way on bureaucratic barriers and another processed in the judicial way referring to a civil process for acquisitive prescription of domain. Thus, to carry out an adequate analysis of the administrative file, it began with the development of the summary of each procedural act, which are: complaint, discharges, appeal and each of the final Indecopi resolutions. So that later, an analysis of the critical position of the resolutions that put an end to the instances is carried out; and finally, the most important doctrine and jurisprudence (administrative resolutions) were consigned to take an adequate position on legal problems, allegedly illegal bureaucratic barrier. In addition, a critical analysis of the civil file on acquisitive prescription of domain was also carried out using the same method referred to above, that is: summary, analytical position, doctrine and relevant jurisprudence. Regarding this file, it should be noted that, among other problems, an evidentiary analysis has been carried out on compliance with the requirements of possession as owner, peaceful, continuous and as owner. It should be noted that in both matters, emphasis has been placed on both matters on the assessment of the evidence, interpretation of the norm and that these are adapted within the constitutional framework. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Les vies de millions de personnes sont dévastées par des désastres naturels à travers le monde. Les écrits scientifiques relatifs aux efforts humanitaires dans ces contextes ciblent les travailleurs humanitaires sans toutefois les différencier quant à leur appartenance disciplinaire ou à l’organisation qui les emploie. Les connaissances liées à la pratique des infirmières dans le contexte d’urgence humanitaire sont limitées, malgré qu’elles jouent un rôle vital auprès des populations touchées. Cette ethnographie focalisée, guidée par la théorie du caring bureaucratique de Ray (1989) répond à la question de recherche: Comment des infirmières ayant participé à une mission humanitaire d’urgence suite au séisme à Haïti en janvier 2010 au sein de l’organisation Médecins Sans Frontières décrivent-elles leur pratique dans les contextes légal, politique, économique, éducationnel, socioculturel, physique et technologique de cette expérience? Des entrevues semi-structurées en profondeur de 90 minutes ont été menées auprès de quatre participantes qui ont également échangé à propos de photographies prises durant leurs missions. Les participantes ont discuté de leur préparation, de leurs objectifs, des rôles qu’elles assumaient, ainsi que des défis rencontrés au retour de leurs missions. Des facteurs inhérents à l’infirmière et à l’organisation ont émergé comme importants pour l’articulation et la délimitation de leur pratique. Cette étude révèle également que des facteurs contextuels importants, soit l’équipe, le temps, l’environnement physique, la médiatisation, la sécurité, ainsi que les conditions de travail et les contextes sociopolitique et culturel avaient une influence sur la pratique. Les participantes, selon leur évaluation de ces contextes et des besoins immédiats, devaient constamment ajuster leur pratique. Cette recherche permet une meilleure compréhension de la pratique d’infirmières dans un contexte d’urgence humanitaire de laquelle découlent des implications pour la pratique, la formation et la recherche. / Globally, millions of people experience significant upheaval in their lives due to natural disasters. Literature related to humanitarian relief efforts has primarily focused on the work of medical personnel without any differentiation with regards to their profession or sending organization. Knowledge related to the vital role that nurses play during these devastating and tumultuous times is scarce. The purpose of this focused ethnography is, therefore, to determine how nurses describe their practice while working with Doctors Without Borders during relief efforts resulting from the aftermath of the Haitian earthquake in 2010 within the legal, political, economical, educational, sociocultural, physical and technological contexts of their experience. Four nurses participated in semi-structured, individual, in-depth 90-minute interviews. During the interviews the nurses also discussed photographs they had taken that best represented their practice during their mission. Ray’s theory of bureaucratic caring (1989) was used as a theoretical framework for this study. Participants provided rich examples of their mission’s training, objectives, and roles. They also addressed the challenges that needed to be overcome when they returned. Some of their inherent personal assets, and characteristics of MSF itself, that emerged as important factors which defined their practice, were also described by participants. Contextual factors such as the team, time, physical environment, media coverage, security, working conditions, and the sociocultural and political context, had to constantly be taken into account by the participants so they could adjust their practice accordingly. This study leads to a better understanding of nursing practice in the humanitarian context. It has several implications for practice, future research, and curriculum improvement in the area of disaster nursing preparedness.