Population projections for sub-Saharan Africa have, over the past decade, been corrected upwards because in a number of countries, the earlier declining trends in fertility stalled around 2000. While most studies so far have focused on economic, political, or other factors around 2000, here we suggest that in addition to those period effects, the phenomenon also matched up with disruptions in the cohort trends of educational attainment of women after the postindependence economic and political turmoil. Disruptions likely resulted in a higher proportion of poorly educated women of childbearing age in the late 1990s and early 2000s than there would have been otherwise. In addition to the direct effects of education on lowering fertility, these less-educated female cohorts were also more vulnerable to adverse period effects around 2000. To explore this hypothesis, we combine individual-level data from Demographic and Health Surveys for 18 African countries with and without fertility stalls, thus creating a pooled dataset of more than two million births to some 670,000 women born from 1950 to 1995 by level of education. Statistical analyses indicate clear discontinuities in the improvement of educational attainment of subsequent cohorts of women and stronger sensitivity of less-educated women to period effects. We assess the magnitude of the effect of educational discontinuity through a comparison of the actual trends with counterfactual trends based on the assumption of no education stalls, resulting in up to half a child per woman less in 2010 and 13 million fewer live births over the 1995-2010 period.

<p>Syfte: Att undersöka vad som utmärker ledarskap i ekonomiska kriser, till följd av den idag aktuella finanskrisen.</p><p>Genomförande: Empirin har insamlats med hjälp av den kvalitativa metoden. Studien innefattar djupintervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor och tio respondenter från två olika företag inom banksektorn. Utifrån empirin har författarna försökt att dra paralleller mellan ledarnas beteenden och de teorier som omfattar olika ledarstilar.</p><p>Slutsatser: Utifrån analysen av empirin framgick det att ledarbeteenden i ekonomiska kriser skiljer sig. Dock kan orsaken till det vara företagens olika förutsättningar och struktur innan den ekonomiska krisen. Beteenden som tydlighet, tillgänglighet, delaktighet, samhörighet och minskat handlingsutrymme blev mer utmärkande. Empirin kunde härledas till angivna ledarstilar i teorin. Den transformativa ledarstilen som är en förändringsledarstil var den som överensstämde bäst med empirin. Dock är det missvisande då den stilen används vid organisationsförändringar vilket studien inte innefattas av. Vidare anses coachande och deltagande/understödjande i situationsanpassat ledarskap och stödjande och deltagande inom path-goal och förekomma som ledarskapsstilar under ekonomiska kriser. Dessa fyra stilar innefattar flexibilitet som är av stor vikt i sådana situationer.</p> / <p>Purpose: To examine the characteristics of leadership in economic crises as consequence of recent financial crisis.</p><p>Research Method: Information was collected using the qualitative method. The study includes interviews with semi-structured questions and ten respondents from two different companies in the banking sector. Based on the information the authors have attempted to draw parallels between the leader’s behaviour and theories involving different leadership styles.</p><p>Conclusions: On the basis of the analysis of the empiric showed that the leadership behaviour in economic crises is changing. However, the reason can be carried out of different conditions and structure before the economic crisis. Behaviours that clarity, access, participation, solidarity and decreased scope for action became more significant. The empiric could be derived to stated leader styles in the theory. The transformative leadership that is one leader style who is used in innovation was agreed best with the empiric. However, it is misleading then that style is used at organizational changes which the study not involves. Furthermore, selling/coaching and participations/supporting in situational leadership and supportive leadership and participative leadership in path-goal are occurring as typical leader styles during economic crises. These four styles include flexibility that is of big weight in such situations.</p>

Introduction:The current economic crisis started in 2007 warned many business pro-fessions how important it is to react to the crisis quickly and properly. Many studies have been conducted on family businesses about their special resources environment, succession, governance etc. There are barely literature has ever mentioned about how family business cope with economic crisis. Thus, the author conducted such a study on this topic to explore more in family business study.Purpose:To enhance the understanding of economic crisis management in fam-ily business, this thesis will analyze the actions of family firms during the economic crisis. This research aims to investigate how unique fam-ily firm resources influence the way they cope with the economic crisis.Method:A qualitative research has been conducted in this study. In-depth inter-views were conducted in two family business firms with the business owners and other high level position staff who have clear picture about the management during economic crisis. Tele-interview was adopted due to the distance limit.Conclusions:During economic crisis, family firms do not use layoff as a major means to cost down. They keep relative stable relationship with their employ-ees as well as other business partners. They seek financial and other help from the family members or in the family network rather than other external resources such as bank etc. The governance also con-cerns more on employee benefits.

Syfte: Att undersöka vad som utmärker ledarskap i ekonomiska kriser, till följd av den idag aktuella finanskrisen. Genomförande: Empirin har insamlats med hjälp av den kvalitativa metoden. Studien innefattar djupintervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor och tio respondenter från två olika företag inom banksektorn. Utifrån empirin har författarna försökt att dra paralleller mellan ledarnas beteenden och de teorier som omfattar olika ledarstilar. Slutsatser: Utifrån analysen av empirin framgick det att ledarbeteenden i ekonomiska kriser skiljer sig. Dock kan orsaken till det vara företagens olika förutsättningar och struktur innan den ekonomiska krisen. Beteenden som tydlighet, tillgänglighet, delaktighet, samhörighet och minskat handlingsutrymme blev mer utmärkande. Empirin kunde härledas till angivna ledarstilar i teorin. Den transformativa ledarstilen som är en förändringsledarstil var den som överensstämde bäst med empirin. Dock är det missvisande då den stilen används vid organisationsförändringar vilket studien inte innefattas av. Vidare anses coachande och deltagande/understödjande i situationsanpassat ledarskap och stödjande och deltagande inom path-goal och förekomma som ledarskapsstilar under ekonomiska kriser. Dessa fyra stilar innefattar flexibilitet som är av stor vikt i sådana situationer. / Purpose: To examine the characteristics of leadership in economic crises as consequence of recent financial crisis. Research Method: Information was collected using the qualitative method. The study includes interviews with semi-structured questions and ten respondents from two different companies in the banking sector. Based on the information the authors have attempted to draw parallels between the leader’s behaviour and theories involving different leadership styles. Conclusions: On the basis of the analysis of the empiric showed that the leadership behaviour in economic crises is changing. However, the reason can be carried out of different conditions and structure before the economic crisis. Behaviours that clarity, access, participation, solidarity and decreased scope for action became more significant. The empiric could be derived to stated leader styles in the theory. The transformative leadership that is one leader style who is used in innovation was agreed best with the empiric. However, it is misleading then that style is used at organizational changes which the study not involves. Furthermore, selling/coaching and participations/supporting in situational leadership and supportive leadership and participative leadership in path-goal are occurring as typical leader styles during economic crises. These four styles include flexibility that is of big weight in such situations.

Anno 2013 Europe resides in a severe economic crisis that has been lasting for five years. Companies are struggling to deal with the influences of this crisis and require strategic insights to maintain performance. According to theory entrepreneurship and innovation are central mechanisms in the creation of wealth in the capitalist system and an entrepreneurial strategy could provide relatively much benefit in a crisis period. This study focuses on the central question:  How does an entrepreneurial orientation affect the performance of companies in the economic crisis? To answer this question a variety of theories on entrepreneurship, innovation and the creation of wealth in capitalism were examined. On many occasions quantitative research has been performed to measure the relationship between an entrepreneurial orientation and performance. This study provides an extra dimension by using archival financial data of companies during and before the crisis to draw comparisons and examine developments in performance in relation to an entrepreneurial orientation. Data on the entrepreneurial orientation was collected with an online survey which was sent to companies. The results of the survey indicated the degree of entrepreneurial orientation of the companies in separate categories; innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking. The results were linked to their financial performance which was obtained from a database. Comparisons between the performance before and during the crisis in relation to the scores on entrepreneurship were made, and the development of their financial performance since the crisis was examined. The results of this study indicate that an entrepreneurial orientation has a relatively more positive influence on performance during the crisis. However the relationship between an entrepreneurial orientation and performance is highly dependent on the company and type of industry so no unilateral positive correlations with performance were found. For a set of industrial, manufacturing, chemical and service companies the development of the financial performance since the crisis is highly positively correlated with innovativeness and proactiveness. For a set of other company types including foundations, (public) utility companies, (public) real estate companies, construction companies, trade and investment firms no correlations were found. The findings in this study indicate that depending on the type of company and industry, an entrepreneurial orientation can have a strong positive effect on the development of financial performance in the crisis.

Leading up to the time just before the economic and global meltdown of 2008, economist and theorist forecasted as early as 2005 about and impending financial crisis that would affect every sector of the business and financial community. As we discover in more dramatic detail that family firms are occupying a big percentage in small to medium size enterprises, we wondered how they would be affected by such a high degree of uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets during the economic crisis. With these factors in mind, we would like to see it in a more day–to–day, practical application within family firms. In the supply chain or procurement life-cycle, firms need to receive products and services from the supplier and the supplier will in turn offer those same services to the customer. The firm will tend to structure this tradeoff with a contractual structure to guarantee achievement of mutual benefit and economic objectives of the firm. On the other hand, family firms are famous for being distinguish from non-family firms in their non-economic objective they persuade along their businesses. Considering these two different logics that affects the decision of the firm in structuring contractual governance with the exchanging party. We ask the following questions in our purpose.

In this thesis, effects of economic crises after 1990 on the Turkish insurance sector are analyzed with special emphasis on 1994, 2001 and 2008 crises. In the first step, EGARCH model is used to measure the exchange rate uncertainty. Then, a time series model for the aggregate analysis and a panel data model for the disaggregate analysis which both include the estimated exchange rate uncertainty together with other macroeconomic and firm specific variables are set up. The results indicate that aggregate and disaggregate analyses suggest different variables in explaining the premium production which is used as a proxy for the performance of the insurance sector. Nevertheless, the common conclusion was that the growth of premium production decelerates during the crisis periods at a varying degree depending on the year of crisis. 2001 crisis is found to be the crisis which has the most detrimental impact on the Turkish insurance sector. On the other hand, effects of the 2008 crisis are found to be relatively limited.

Das SMWK muss in diesem Jahr 24 Millionen EUR einsparen und auch in den nächsten wird die Haushaltslage des Freistaats Sachsen angespannt und auf Konsolidierung angelegt bleiben. Auch die Bibliotheken bleiben von Kürzungen nicht verschont und dies, obwohl sie zu den bestbesuchtesten Kultureinrichtungen überhaupt gehören. So haben die sächsischen Hochschulbibliotheken 2008 über 6,6 Millionen Medien ausgeliehen. Angesichts der Personal- und Sachkürzungen werden in den folgenden Jahren innovative Wege zur Steigerung der Ausleihzahlen sowohl absolut als auch pro investierten EURO und die zunehmende Einbindung von ehrenamtlich Tätigen beschritten werden müssen.

Since Washington Consensus policies became predominant in the 1980s, two sides of the economic globalization debate have developed: advocates claim that trade liberalization, deregulation, privatization and reduced state spending increase growth and therefore reduce poverty, while critics claim that levels of poverty and income disparity have worsened at the same time that social welfare and education programs have suffered budget cuts. Over the past decade, as many Latin Americans have failed to see promised results to alleviate poverty stemming from the "lost decade" of the 1980s (and beyond), they have elected "leftist" presidents that campaigned on anti-economic globalization (or anti-neoliberal) platforms in Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay and most recently, Bolivia. In order to examine whether policies pursued by these leftward-leaning presidents present a potential development alternative to the policies of economic globalization, my methodology is a case study of Argentina. The study is longitudinal; it first examines the Washington Consensus policies as Argentine President Carlos Menem applied them in the 1990s. It then investigates the policies of the current president, Néstor Kirchner, in an effort to determine if his policies constitute an alternative model of development for Argentina after the economic crash of December 2001/January 2002. The study finds that, while President Kirchner has taken a firm stance with the IMF and creditors, his polices do not represent a clear break with economic globalization. Kirchner has instituted new policies to ameliorate poverty and the effects of globalization, but he has renegotiated and paid external debt (rather than directing that money to domestic programs) and continues to work with companies privatized by Menem. President Kirchner more aptly presents a model that walks a fine line between economic globalization and national development.

Η παρούσα εργασία έχει ως σκοπό την ανάλυση μέσω αριθμοδεικτών που σχετίζονται με τις οικονομικές καταστάσεις των ξενοδοχειακών μονάδων της Ελλάδας. Η περίοδος μελέτης είναι το διάστημα 2009-2011, την περίοδο δηλαδή όπου η Ελλάδα διέρχονταν σε ύφεση και οικονομική κρίση. Για την ανάλυση λήφθηκαν υπόψη 60 ξενοδοχεία από διάφορες περιοχές της χώρας ώστε να καλυφθεί όσο το δυνατόν μεγαλύτερο γεωγραφικό μήκος. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι να επιβεβαιώσει τις μελέτες του ΣΕΤΕ και του Παγκόσμιου Οργανισμού Τουρισμού, ότι ο ελληνικός τουρισμός κατά την διάρκεια της οικονομικής κρίσης υπέστη καθίζηση και οι εταιρίες του κλάδου λειτουργούσαν με ζημίες ή αναγκάζονταν σε παύση των λειτουργιών τους. / In the present essay an attempt is made in order to illustrate the impact of current economic crisis on the financial statements in hospitality sector in Greece. In order to accomplish this aim, 6 financial ratios of 60 hotels, for the period 2009-2011, were taken into account. The ratios measured are the liquidity, the solvency ratio, the ROA, the ROE, the profit margin and the debt ratio. The results showed that the business activity of Greek hotels have affected by the crisis, since in their majority have been recorded losses of the transactions or zero profits. The paradox of this study is that despite the economic crisis, the solvency ratio of Greek hotels is high enough.