This qualitative study examined how 12 principals view their role as challengers of the propensity for social reproduction in the poor communities in which they work. The primary data sources were interviews with principals who work in rural, suburban, and urban schools that receive Title 1 funding. Review of school documents, community demographics and history, as well as observations were used to study the culture of the school and community that each principal works within. There are high costs to individuals and our society at large in providing substandard education and low levels of economic access. However, the social bifurcation of American society is at its highest level since the turn of the 20th century. Indeed, the Gini Coefficient, which is defined by PovertyNet as the most commonly used measure of fiscal inequality, is the highest it has ever been recorded in America. The Gini Coefficient identifies complete equality with the variable of 0 and complete inequality with the variable 1, currently places America’s level of inequality at a .46 (U.S. Department of Labor, Census Bureau Income). This qualitative study strived to determine how principals in poor communities see their role as challengers of the propensity of social reproduction in their communities. The federal Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) summarizes the direct connection between education and success, “National policymakers and the public at large have increasingly recognized that the prosperity of the United States depends on the successful functioning of the American education system” (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2005, p. 21). Although the ECLS notes a clear connection between education and socio-economic success, the study goes on to report more than a million American students, whose families make less than $85,000 a year, start out a the top of their class but “fall off the college track on the way to high school” (as cited in Carnevale, 2007). Social reproduction theorists argue this overrepresentation of low-income students demonstrating low levels of school success is in large part due to a lack of social, political, and educational capital, which results in low-income and minority students being denied complete access to educational resources (Braddock & McPartland, 1987; Wilson, 1987; Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992). Research has shown principals have an enormous impact on the effectiveness of schools, and ultimately, student outcomes (Grift & Houtveen, 1999; Marzano, Waters, & McNulty, 2005; Gurr, Drysdale, & Mulford, 2006). The impact of the principal can be pervasive throughout a student’s education. This impact includes, but is not limited to, the classroom, the school, as well as the community. Barth (1990) reports principals comprehensively affect their students as well as the community they work within, both inside and outside the school building. As it is clear principals have a significant impact on school, and specifically, student success, it is reasonable to assume they could also impact the likelihood for social reproduction among their students, especially those coming from poor communities. The findings of this study suggest an increased likelihood for principals working in poor communities to engage in challenging social reproduction if they apply a more nuanced understanding and application of the multiple ethical paradigms as well as consistently prioritize the building of positive relationships with stakeholders. The pattern that resulted from the conclusions indicate that principals who engaged in sophisticated ethical problem solving as well as consistent positive relationship building were also more likely to pursue extensive formal education, specifically doctoral degrees in educational administration. / Educational Administration

No description available.

Yes / In this article, we draw attention to public-private dilemmas among psychologists that make sense of the debates around the replication crisis, citation practices and networking practices. We argue that the values of justice and caring map onto the public sphere and private sphere respectively and create the horns of a dilemma for academics. While bureaucratic justice is a publicly revered value of modernity in psychological research that underpins ethics, validity, reliability and equality of opportunity, ‘caring’ is a more subtle value of traditionalism that runs in parallel and is detected only by our psychological practices. In particular, we argue that it is detected by practices such as disputes between the replicated and their replicators in replication studies (understood as a dramatic counter reality) as to who is more ‘careless’ with procedure; citation (including the self-care of self-citation) as thanksgiving and incantation of powerful others in enchantment rituals, and the system of professional indebtedness that accrues in ‘kinship’ networks – where kinship is understood broadly as adoption into a research group and its network. The clashes between these values can lead to a sense of hypocrisy and irony in academic life, as incommensurate values split between private and public expression. From this position, we delve into Isaiah Berlin's work on incommensurate values to suggest that ethical pluralism, involving more public recognition of the equal but different ethical demands of these values can help overcome these everyday dilemmas in the public sphere.

This dissertation draws from the fields of history, sociology, psychology, moral philosophy, and organizational theory to establish a theoretical connection between a social/organizational influence (Ethical Work Climate) and an individual cognitive element of moral behavior (moral awareness). The research was designed to help fill a gap in the existing literature by providing empirical evidence of the connection between organizational influences and individual ethical choices, which has heretofore largely been merely assumed. Additional aspects of moral behavior beyond moral judgment, as suggested by the Four Component Model (Rest, 1994) were investigated. Extensively relying on the work of Victor and Cullen (1987, 1988), Rest (1979, 1986, 1994), and Blum (1991, 1994), seven hypotheses were formulated and tested to determine the nature of the direct relationship between the organizational level Ethical Work Climate and individual level moral awareness, and that relationship as moderated by four demographic and individual variables. Seven of the climate types identified by Cullen, Victor, and Bronson (1993) were replicated in the present study. All three of the hypotheses pertaining to the direct relationship between Ethical Work Climate and moral awareness were supported, as were three of the four hypotheses related to the moderating variables. These results provide evidence that Ethical Work Climate is a primary predictor of individual moral awareness, and that social influence often overrides the effects of individual differences is a work group setting. Implications for future research are provided. / Ph. D.

The present research in ethical decision-making draws from the fields of moral philosophy, social psychology, and organizational theory with the intention of establishing links among social/organizational influences, individual cognitive elements of moral behavior, individual difference characteristics, and the intention to act ethically. Ethical decision-making, by investigating the moral judgment (evaluation) and moral intent components of an ethical decision-making model, was examined. This augments existing research concerning inconsistencies between the ethical behavior of an individual and the individual's level of moral development, which in the workplace are hypothesized to be related to organizational factors. Research questions developed from this groundwork, as well as research on moral ideology and organizational justice, were formulated to examine how moral ideology, moral evaluation, and organizational justice work together to explain moral intent. Moral evaluation explained 55% of the variance in moral intent after controlling for moral ideology and organizational justice. For a subset of the data, three organizational justice variables explained a very modest proportion of the variance in moral evaluation after controlling for two moral ideology variables. Implications for future research and considerations for practice are presented. / Ph. D.

A number of theories attempt to explain the elements of the decision making process when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. Trevino's model (1986)posited a main effect of cognitive moral development (CMD) on ethical behavior, moderated by reinforcement contingencies. Past research has failed to examine the full spectrum of reinforcement contingencies: rewarding ethical behavior (RE), punishing unethical behavior (PU), rewarding unethical behavior (RU), and punishing ethical behavior (PE). It was hypothesized that RE and PU would encourage ethical behavior, while RU and PE would encourage unethical behavior. An additional hypothesis that has not been examined is that reinforcement contingencies would cause individuals who are at the conventional level of CMD to regress to earlier stages of moral reasoning. Support for these hypotheses was not found. Possible explanations for the results are discussed, including the nature of the task itself. / Master of Science

No description available.

Thesis (MCur)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Academic integrity is of undisputed importance in the educational environment as honesty is regarded as a basic ethical value in all educational programmes. Yet, academic dishonesty is a wide-ranging practice which is also encountered in the nursing education environment. This phenomenon causes concern in the nursing fraternity because of the positive correlation between unethical academic practices and future unethical professional behaviour. This correlation, together with the lack of research data regarding academic dishonesty at nursing education institutions in South Africa, motivated the researcher to undertake the present study. The purpose of the study was to examine the status of academic integrity among nursing students at a nursing education institution in the Western Cape. The objectives were to determine the incidence of academic dishonesty and to investigate the individual and contextual factors that influence academic dishonesty. The students’ knowledge of institutional policies regarding academic dishonesty, their understanding of plagiarism and referencing, their attitudes towards cheating, and their recommendations to prevent cheating were also explored. A quantitative research approach with a descriptive survey design was chosen for the study. The population (N=688) included all the pre-registration nursing students in the second- (N=319), third- (N=199) and fourth-year (N=170) groups. A nonrandom convenience sampling technique was used to select a sample of 80% (n=550) from each of the second-year (n=255), third-year (n=159) and fourth-year (n=136) student groups. A self-reported questionnaire, with a set of 61 Likert-type items, was designed to obtain information about academic dishonesty. Three openended questions were included in the questionnaire to generate more in-depth data. The questionnaire, which was based on a literature review and on the objectives for the study, was pilot tested to ensure reliability and validity. The inputs of experts in research methodology and nursing education also assured reliability and validity. Data collection, where only the researcher was involved, took place during scheduled classes. Descriptive statistics and, where appropriate, inferential statistical tests were used in analysing the data. Ethical approval was obtained. Measures were taken to ensure anonymity and confidentiality to all respondents. Consent was assumed on completion of the questionnaire. It was found that academic dishonesty was a reality at the nursing education institution where this study was done. Cheating behaviours associated with plagiarism and assignments were identified as the main problem areas. An unacceptably high level of dishonesty with the completion of practical records was also an area of concern. The main recommendations were the development and implementation of a code of honour and the implementation of comprehensive academic integrity policies at the nursing education institution. Practical measures aimed at combating cheating in tests and examinations were also recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Akademiese integriteit in die opvoedkundige omgewing is ongetwyfeld van groot belang omdat eerlikheid as ʼn basiese etiese beginsel in alle opvoedkundige programme beskou word. Desnieteenstaande, is akademiese oneerlikheid ʼn algemene praktyk wat ook in die verpleegonderwys omgewing voorkom. Weens die positiewe korrelasie tussen onetiese akademiese praktyke en toekomstige onetiese professionele gedrag veroorsaak hierdie verskynsel kommer in die verpleeggemeenskap. Hierdie korrelasie, tesame met die gebrek aan navorsingsdata ten opsigte van akademiese oneerlikheid by verpleegonderwys instellings in Suid-Afrika, het die navorser gemotiveer om die huidige studie te onderneem. Die doel van die studie was om die status van akademiese integriteit onder verpleegstudente by ʼn verpleegonderwys instelling in die Wes-Kaap te ondersoek. Die doelwitte was om die insidensie van akademiese oneerlikheid te bepaal, en om ondersoek in te stel na die individuele en kontekstuele faktore wat akademiese oneerlikheid beïnvloed. Die studente se kennis van die institusionele beleide met betrekking tot akademiese oneerlikheid, hul begrip van plagiaat en die verwysing van bronne, hul houding teenoor oneerlikheid, asook hul aanbevelings om oneerlikheid te voorkom, is ook ondersoek. ʼn Kwantitatiewe navorsingsbenadering met ʼn beskrywende opname-ontwerp is vir die studie gekies. Die populasie (N=688) het al die voorregistrasie-verpleegstudente in die tweede- (N=319), derde- (N=199) en vierdejaargroepe (N=170) ingesluit. ʼn Nie-ewekansige gerieflikheidsteekproeftegniek is gebruik om ʼn steekproef van 80% (n=550) uit elk van die tweede- (n=255), derde- (n=159) en vierdejaarstudente (n=136) te selekteer. ʼn Self-rapporteringsvraelys met ʼn stel van 61 Likert-styl-items is ontwerp om inligting ten opsigte van akademiese oneerlikheid in te samel. Drie oop vrae is ingesluit in die vraelys om meer in-diepte data te genereer. Die vraelys is op ʼn literatuurstudie en die doelwitte van die studie gebaseer en ʼn loodsstudie is gedoen om die betroubaarheid en geldigheid te verseker. Die insette van kundiges in navorsingsmetodologie en verpleegopvoedkunde het ook die betroubaarheid en geldigheid verseker. Data-insameling, waarby slegs die navorser betrokke was, het tydens geskeduleerde klastyd plaasgevind. Beskrywende statistieke, en waar toepaslik, inferensiële statistiese toetse, is gebruik vir data-analise. Etiese goedkeuring is verkry. Algehele anonimiteit en vertroulikheid is vir al die respondente gewaarborg. Voltooiing van die vraelys het ook toestemming tot deelname aangedui. Daar is gevind dat akademiese oneerlikheid ʼn werklikheid is by die verpleegonderwys instelling waar die studie gedoen is. Oneerlike gedrag geassosieer met plagiaat en werkopdragte is as die hoof-probleemareas geïdentifiseer. Die onaanvaarbare hoë vlak van oneerlikheid met die voltooiing van praktika-rekords is ook ʼn bron van kommer. Die hoofaanbevelings was die ontwikkeling en implementering van ʼn erekode en die implementering van beleide ten opsigte van omvattende akademiese integriteit by die verpleegonderwys instelling. Praktiese maatreëls gerig op die bestryding van oneerlikheid in toetse en eksamens is ook aanbeveel.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The business world has seemingly become hit by, or perhaps it has been more exposed of its unethical and morally bad decisions and procedures. One just has to follow the businessrelated issues and one becomes aware of events of corruption, greed, fraud, embezzlement, theft, nepotism and so forth. This is not just an occurrence in South Africa, but a global phenomenon. However, as South Africa approaches its tenth year of democracy, and the move towards the realization of our President's vision of an African Renaissance, there is an increasing awareness that a commitment to management by acceptable values is needed to remove negativity around management processes and practices in South Africa. We have to move to a culture of management where people are the central aspect around which good management revolves. As the forerunners of The African Renaissance, we need to engage with the concept of "Ubuntu", and truly realize that value-management is really that - being people through other people. We need to accept that we should be people driven, inclusive of every single person to be able to achieve the goals we set out for our companies. Emotional intelligence is vital if one bases a style of management on a people directed goals and orientations. When we look at each other through empathetic eyes this allows for consideration of others and ultimately allows for positive change and growth in an organization. To be able to move effectively towards such a management style is not as easy as discarding a predominantly Eurocentric style and embracing an African one. There is the element of human beings that plays a vital role. The values of an individual, the norms and beliefs that that individual holds dear, is pivotal to the structure of organizational culture. It is the stance of this thesis that each individual is responsible, in one way or another, for the structure and make up of the organizational culture of which it is a part. This thesis looks at research in this regard and how the findings could be applied in the South African corporate world to help facilitate effective transformation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besigheidswêreld word oënskynlik gebombardeer - of moontlik word dit net meer blootgestel aan die onetiese en moreel verkeerde besluite en prosedures. Dit is slegs nodig om te let op besigheidsaangeleenthede om gevalle van korrupsie, bedrog, hebsug, diefstal, nepotisme, en so voorts te bespeur. Bogenoemde gevalle kom nie slegs voor in Suid Afrika nie, maar is 'n universele verskynsel. Soos Suid Afrika sy tiende jaar van Demokrasie nader en daar 'n beweging is in die rigting van ons President se visie vir 'n Afrika Renaissance, is daar 'n toenemende bewuswording van die feit dat toewyding aan bestuur deur (aanneemlike) waardes noodsaaklik is om negatiwiteit rondom bestuurprosesse en - praktyke in Suid Afrika te verwyder. Ons moet ons beywer om te beweeg na 'n kultuur van bestuur waar individue die fokuspunt is te midde van voortreflike bestuurstyle. As die voorlopers van die Afrika Rennaissance moet ons meer verbind wees tot die konsep van "Ubuntu" en werklik besef dat waarde-bestuur inderwaarheid mens-gesentreerd behoort te wees. Ons moet die uitdagings aanvaar om gedissiplineerd op te tree en sorg te dra dat alle mylpale, wat deur die maatskappy daargestel word bereik word deur die optimale benutting van elke individu binne die maatskappy. Emosienele intelligensie is van die uiterste belang as die besigstyl gefundeer is op die beginsel van mens-gerigte doelwitte en ingesteldhede. Daar moet 'n kultuur gekweek word van empatie en konsiderasie vir ons medemens, wat uiteindelik positiewe veranderinge en groei binne die maatskappy sal bevorder. Om effektief in die rigting van so 'n bestuurstyl te beweeg, is nie bloot 'n geval van wegdoen met 'n oorwegend Eurosentriese styl en die aagryp van 'n Afrika - styl nie. Die menslike faktor speel'n beslissende rol. Die waardes van 'n individu, die norme en oortuigings wat vir hom of haar belangrik is, is van deurslaggewende belang vir die struktuur van organisatoriese kultuur. Hierdie tesis ondersoek narvorsing in hierdie verband en kyk hoe die bevindinge toegepas kan word in die Suid Afrikaanse korporatiewe wêreld om effektiewe transformasie te help fasiliteer.

Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to evaluate whether a mentally competent mature human being, who is suffering an intolerable, irremediable existence resulting from an incurable agonising or devastating paralysing disease; has a moral, personal and civic right to end that life or have it ended by requesting assistance in meeting death in a humane, compassionate and dignified manner. ~ The righteousness of such assistance can only be gauged if it follows the repeated and voluntary request of someone who is presently not suffering from any psychiatric disorder, is presently mentally competent or had made such a written or verbal witnessed advance directive while mentally competent to do so. ~ This study will not deal with assistance in dying either active or passive which is performed on severely mentally and physically handicapped new-born babies with scant prospect of survival; nor with euthanasia for the relief of malignant or paralysing disease in those with life-long [anoxic, congenital, inflammatory or traumatic] mental incompetencies who have never had decision-making capacity. ~ This study will not address issues of aid-in-dying for mentally incompetent persons suffering from senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or permanent vegetative states due to brain pathology following anoxic, circulatory, infective, malignant or traumatic events, who have not made advance directives and who had never stated preferences concerning assisted euthanasia. The aim of this study is to outline the moral case advanced by those in favour of legalising Voluntary Assisted Euthanasia [VAE] also called Assisted Euthanasia [AE] and to develop ethically sound and practical proposals for policy and actions contributing towards the resolution of the moral dilemma faced daily by doctors when asked by mentally competent patients suffering from irremediable malignant or paralysing diseases or the agonising symptoms of end-stage Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) for assistance to end their lives. }ii> This study will cover and discuss the more important objections of those opposed to the legalising of assisted suicide for mentally-competent terminal patients who are irremediably suffering in their bodies or from dehumanising incurable endstage paralysing diseases and are near to an inevitable death. }ii> The insights of philosophers, theologians, physicians and sociologists on the subject of suicide and aid-in-dying, have been researched in the extensive literature that exists (both in print and in cyberspace) on these subjects and are presented with the study. }ii> The study tries to show that a competent adult in certain grim circumstances should have an inalienable human right, if not a constitutional one, to request assisted euthanasia or aid-in-dying or assistance in ending their lives. }ii> Such assistance must be subject to peer review, after careful assessment by a multidisciplinary team in the healing [both physical and spiritual] professions This paper will try to determine whether the actionalisation of voluntary assisted suicide or assisted euthanasia is murder or an act of compassion and empathy performed out of respect for a fellow human being's autonomy and in deference to their right to self-determination and self-realisation. ~ The relevance of this situation is that aid-in-dying is becoming one of the major, moral, religious, philosophical and bio-medical dilemmas at this time. ~ The author's position is that it is neither just nor ethical to prevent a mentallycompetent human being, who is tormented by agonising, incurable terminal physical or irremediable paralysing disease, from deciding to chose to die when he/she can no longer bear the torment and asking for professional assistance to effect this. This relief should be given not only to those who are able to make an enduring, informed contemporaneous decision, but also to those who [when they still had decision-making capacity] had previously made a considered informed advance directive about the use of ordinary and extraordinary medical methods of sustaining a life that had become merely an existence. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is onderneem om te evalueer of 'n bevoegde, volwasse mens wat 'n onverduurbare en ongeneesbare bestaan het a.g.v. 'n ongeneesbare, folterende of vernietigende siekte, 'n morele, persoonlike of burgerlike reg het om daardie lewe te beeïndig of hulp te vra om dit te laat beeïndig, ten einde die dood op 'n menswaardige wyse tegemoet te gaan. ~ Die regverdigbaarheid van bogenoemde hulp kan slegs bepaal word as dit volg op die herhaalde en vrywillige versoeke van iemand wat nie, wanneer hy/sy dit versoek, ly aan 'n geestessiekte nie, wat bevoeg is of wat so 'n geskrewe of mondelinge versoek, met getuies, gemaak het terwyl die persoon kompetent was. ~ Die studie handel nie oor bystand-in-sterfte, aktief of passief, waar dit uitgevoer word op fisies of psigies ernstig gestremde pasgebore babas met 'n skrale kans op oorlewing nie; ook nie oor genadedood ter verligting van kwaadaardige of verlammende siekte in diegene met lewenslange [anoksiese, kongenitale, inflammatoriese of traumatiese] geestelike ongesteldhede, wat nog nooit besluitnemende kapasiteit gehad het nie. ~ Die studie ondersoek nie gevalle van bystand-met-sterfte waar inkompetente persone wat ly aan seniliteit, Alzheimer se siekte, of permanente vegetatiewe toestande a.g.v. brein patologie n.a.v. anoksiese, sirkulatoriese, infektiewe, kwaadaardige of traumatiese gebeure, nie direk gevra het vir genadedood of nooit die voorkeur vir geassisteerde genadedood uitgespreek het nie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die morele saak van diegene ten gunste van die wettiging van Vrywillige Geassisteerde Genadedood, ook bekend as Geassisteerde Genadedood, te stel en om praktiese sowel as eties verantwoordbare voorstelle te maak vir beleid en optrede wat kan bydra tot die oplos van die morele dilemma wat dokters daagliks in die gesig staar wanneer hulle deur geestelik bevoegde pasiënte wat ly aan ongeneesbare, kwaadaardige of verlammende siektes, of die folterende simptome van die finale stadium van Verworwe Immuniteits Gebrek Sindroom [VIGS], gevra word vir bystand in die beeïndiging van hulle lewens. ~ Die studie sal die belangriker besware van diegene aanspreek wat teen die wettiging is van geassisteerde genadedood vir geestelik bevoegde terminale pasiënte wat ongeneesbaar ly of van dehumaniserende ongeneesbare finale stadium siektes en wat naby is aan 'n onafwendbare dood. ~ Die insigte van filosowe, teoloë, dokters en sosioloë oor bystand-met-sterfte en selfmoord, is nagevors in die wye literatuur beskikbaar is (beide in druk en kuberruimte) oor hierdie onderwerpe en word saam met die studie angebied. ~ Die studie probeer aantoon dat 'n bevoegde volwassene in sekere erge omstandighede 'n onvervreembare mensereg, indien nie 'n konstitusionele reg nie, behoort te hê om bystand tydens genadedood te versoek. ~ Sulke bystand moet onderworpe wees aan groepsevaluasie, na versigtige ondersoek deur 'n multi-dissiplinêre span in die gesondheidsprofessies [beide fisies en psigies]. Die studie sal probeer bepaal of die uitvoering van vrywillige geassisteerde selfmoord of geassisteerde genadedood moord is, of 'n aksie van empatie, uitgevoer uit respek vir 'n medemens se outonomie, sy/haar reg tot selfdeterminasie en self-realisasie. )lo- Die relevansie van hierdie situasie lê daarin dat bystand-met-sterfte besig is om een van die belangrikste morele, religieuse, filosofiese en biomediese dilemmas van ons tyd te word. )lo- Die outeur se posisie is dat dit nie regverdig of eties is om te verhoed dat 'n geestelik bevoegde mens, wat ly aan folterende, ongeneesbare terminale fisiese of ongeneesbare verlammende siekte, self kies om te sterf wanneer hy/sy nie meer die lyding kan verdra nie en vir professionele bystand vra om dit uit te voer. Die verligting behoort gegee te word, nie net aan diegene wat in staat is om 'n bindende en ingeligte besluit te maak nie, maar ook aan -diegene wat [toe hulle nog besluitnemende kapasitiet gehad het] vroeër 'n oorweegde, ingeligte vroegtydige versoek gemaak het aangaande die gebruik van gewone en buitengewone mediese metodes vir die verlenging van 'n lewe wat bloot 'n bestaan geword het.