The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects that a man's attitudes towards fathering have on the level of involvement with his children. Of particular interest was whether fathering attitudes moderated some of the more consistent predictors of involvement, such as relationship quality, maternal gatekeeping, mother's and father's employment hours, a man's history with his own father, family structure, and child characteristics. A sample of 2300 men was used to evaluate the effects of fathering attitudes on engagement and warmth among children ages 2 to 8 and 9 to 11. Results indicate an inconsistent main effect between fathering attitudes and the types of involvement among the two age groups. However, moderated multiple regression analysis revealed that, in many instances, fathering attitudes completely mitigated the effect of several of the traditional predictors of involvement. Among the younger group, men with high fathering attitudes maintained high levels of engagement despite poor history with their own father and high levels of work hours, and engagement increased as maternal employment hours increased. Warmth among these men also remained unchanged at high levels of maternal gatekeeping and low levels of relationship quality. In the older group, high father attitudes mitigated the effects of relationship quality and fathers' work hours on warmth. Attitudes did not moderate engagement among the older group.

The increased demand for Out of School Hours Care (OSHC) has been linked to changes that have occurred in the family structure and work habits. OSHC programs operating on school sites under the management of a committee of parents and school representatives provide parents with one option to meet the needs for care of primary age children. This study examined the issue of OSHC from the perspectives of workers involved in the provision of services in government school sites in the ACT. Data were gathered by way of semi-structured interviews with nineteen coordinators from sixteen After School Care (ASC) centres. The data were analysed to find similarities in the experiences of workers interviewed. Extracts from the interviews are presented in the findings to illustrate the perceptions care givers have about their work and areas where changes can be made to improve the quality of ASC services. The study provides information on the factors affecting the provision of quality services and suggests possible directions for future planning and research in this area. The findings indicate that the care givers interviewed perceived their role as a positive influence in the lives of children and families. Care givers sought to provide relaxed environments for children after the school day. Many centres operated with the strong support of parents, schools and management committees. The findings suggest that ASC centres can and do operate successfully on school sites in the ACT and that care givers were generally happy with the level of service provided. However, variability in the facilities and support provided to centres was noted. The study concludes that real improvement to the quality of programs and support of workers is dependent on the introduction of nationally recognised standards in the provision of ASC.

<p>At the same time as many urban economies are developing into 24-hour societies it is becoming increasingly popular amongst shift workers to compress their working hours. This is done by working longer shifts (>8h) and/or restricting free time (<16h) in between shifts – the main reasons are to gain longer bouts of free time and extra free weekends. However, there is a limited knowledge of the effects of such arrangements on sleep and wakefulness. Thus, the main purposes of the present thesis were to evaluate the effects of long working hours (in the form of 12h shifts) and short recovery periods. Another aim was to evaluate possible mechanisms that could suggest why some individuals develop problems with shift work while others do not.</p><p>We used a combination of methods - sleep diaries, wake diaries, blood samples and objective measures of sleep and cognitive performance - across whole or large parts of shift schedules to evaluate acute effects of particularly demanding working periods, as well as the total effects of a shift cycle. Study I evaluated the effect of changing from an 8h- to a 12h-shift system. Study II evaluated the effects of long shifts in a shift schedule with both 8h- and 12h-shifts. Study III evaluated the effects of several consecutive short recovery periods (8-9h of recovery) and whether satisfaction with ones’ work hours was associated to problems with sleep and sleepiness. Study IV evaluated whether endocrinological markers of catabolic (cortisol) and anabolic (testosterone) activity changed across a shift sequence and whether satisfaction were related to them. Study V was a laboratory simulation of the effects of a short recovery period (4h of sleep) and whether a short nap could counteract any detrimental effects.</p><p>There was no convincing evidence for 12h shifts inducing more problems with sleep and sleepiness than 8h shifts. With regard to recovery time between shifts, the shortest recovery times (only 8h) seriously shortened sleep duration and increased sleepiness, while 12h of recovery (between two consecutive 12h shifts) was judged as having no or limited effects on acute measures. The problems with the shortest recovery periods were worse in a schedule with several consecutive shifts and less pronounced in a schedule with few consecutive shifts. With regard to individual differences, it was found that subjects being dissatisfied with their working hours were vulnerable to short recovery periods, which was evident by less sufficient sleep and an accumulation of sleepiness across work periods with limited recovery time. Interestingly, these problems disappeared when they were allowed to recover after the work period. In addition, dissatisfied male shift workers had lower testosterone levels at the end of work periods, indicating disturbed anabolic activity. The simulated quick return supported that curtailed sleep affected sleepiness and performance and that a short nap could counteract these effects temporarily.</p><p>It is concluded that long shifts (up to 12h) may be acceptable, whereas short recovery time (8h or less) is not. Most of the problems with short recovery periods were related to short sleep and sleepiness, and there is, clearly, a subgroup of workers that suffer more from this than others. It is argued that insufficient sleep and low testosterone levels (in males) might be key factors for developing shift intolerance, mainly by reducing the capacity to recover from shift work.</p>

<p>Syfte: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att få en förståelse för varför så stor andel av fastighetsmäklarstudenterna vid Högskolan i Gävle i slutändan väljer ett annat yrke.</p><p>•Vilka faktorer ligger till grund för valet att byta yrkesinriktning för de studenter som fullbordat sina studier till fastighetsmäklare vid Högskolan i Gävle?</p><p>•Vilken roll spelar HIG i studenters val att inte arbeta som fastighetsmäklare?</p><p>•Hur påverkar studenternas inställningar och förväntningar på mäklaryrket i deras val att byta bransch?</p><p>•Hur påverkar de speciella omständigheterna i fastighetsmäklarbranschen ett eventuellt branschbyte?</p><p>Metod: Vårt forskningsarbete har utgått från en kvalitativ inriktning med det hermeneutiska perspektivet som grundpelare. Vi har utfört totalt 45 stycken intervjuer både personliga och per telefon där dock ett fåtal besvarades per e-post.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Våra slutsatser sammanfattas i följande punkter.</p><p>1.Den stora arbetsbördan i kombination med arbetstiderna</p><p>2.Lönen. Både dess struktur och storlek i förhållande till arbetsinsats</p><p>3.Felaktiga förväntningar och inställning till yrket</p><p>4.Tufft yrke med hård konkurrens</p><p>5.Inga eller få arbeten på orten + Familjesituationen</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vår studie begränsade sig till att endast omfatta högskolan i Gävle men en rikstäckande undersökning borde vara av intresse för både branschen och högskolorna. Det vore även intressant att analysera skillnaden mellan varför folk tror att andra byter yrke med varför just personen själv bytte.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Vår förhoppning är att denna studie skall innehålla ett nyhetsvärde för flera inblandade parter i fastighetsmäklarbranschen, studenterna som läser till fastighetsmäklare, Högskolan i Gävle och sist men inte minst fastighetsmäklarbranschen själv.</p> / <p>Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to achieve an understanding of why such great parts of the students studying to become a real estate agent at the University of Gävle in the end choose another profession.</p><p>Method: Our empirical study is based upon the qualitative alignment with the hermeneutical perspective as base. We have conducted 45 interviews in total, both face to face and by telephone where a few were answered by email.</p><p>Result & conclusions: Our conclusions are concluded in the following bullet points:</p><p>1.The extensive work load in combination with the working hours</p><p>2.The salary, both its structure and size in relation to the work effort</p><p>3.Incorrect expectations and attitude towards the profession</p><p>4.Tough profession with fierce competition</p><p>5.None or few available positions in the locality + Family situation</p><p>Suggestions for future research: Our study was limited to only include the University of Gävle but a nation wide research would be of interest for both the industry and the universities. It would also be interesting to analyze the difference between why people believe others change trade and why the persons themselves changed.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: Our expectation with this study is that it contains news value for several different parties within the real estate industry, the students studying to become real estate agents, the University of Gävle and last but not least the real estate industry itself.</p>

<p>Denna uppsats berör området förtroendearbetstid, psykosocial arbetsmiljö och specifik arbetstillfredsställelse hos poliser på Ekobrottsmyndigheten.  Enkätstudiens fokus<strong> </strong>avsåg upplevelse av krav, kontroll, belöning, ledarskap och lön relaterat till deltagarnas positiva alternativt negativa inställning till förtroendearbetstid. I undersökningen deltog 101 av EBMs 183 poliser. Sjuttiofem procent av deltagarna ville fortsättningsvis ha förtroendearbetstid. Studien visade att kvinnliga poliser, positiva till förtroendearbetstid, till skillnad från manliga poliser positiva till förtroendearbetstid, upplevde högre kontroll av arbetstakt. Inga signifikanta skillnader förelåg mellan positiv och negativ inställning till förtroendearbetstid avseende krav, belöning, uppmuntrande ledarskap samt rättvist och stödjande ledarskap.</p> / <p>This bachelor thesis is about non-regulated working hours, psychosocial work environment and specific job satisfaction among police officers at the Swedish National Crime Authority. This questionnaire study was focused on experiences of demands, control, reward, leadership and payment and if there were differences in these factors depending on attitudes towards non-regulated working hours. In this survey participated 101 of total 183 police officers. Seventy five percent of the police officers had a positive attitude towards non-regulated working hours. The women with a positive attitude towards non-regulated work hours, unlike the men with a positive attitude, experienced higher control of working pace. There were no significant differences among the groups do to the factors of reward, encouraging leadership or of fair- and supportive leadership.</p>

At the same time as many urban economies are developing into 24-hour societies it is becoming increasingly popular amongst shift workers to compress their working hours. This is done by working longer shifts (&gt;8h) and/or restricting free time (&lt;16h) in between shifts – the main reasons are to gain longer bouts of free time and extra free weekends. However, there is a limited knowledge of the effects of such arrangements on sleep and wakefulness. Thus, the main purposes of the present thesis were to evaluate the effects of long working hours (in the form of 12h shifts) and short recovery periods. Another aim was to evaluate possible mechanisms that could suggest why some individuals develop problems with shift work while others do not. We used a combination of methods - sleep diaries, wake diaries, blood samples and objective measures of sleep and cognitive performance - across whole or large parts of shift schedules to evaluate acute effects of particularly demanding working periods, as well as the total effects of a shift cycle. Study I evaluated the effect of changing from an 8h- to a 12h-shift system. Study II evaluated the effects of long shifts in a shift schedule with both 8h- and 12h-shifts. Study III evaluated the effects of several consecutive short recovery periods (8-9h of recovery) and whether satisfaction with ones’ work hours was associated to problems with sleep and sleepiness. Study IV evaluated whether endocrinological markers of catabolic (cortisol) and anabolic (testosterone) activity changed across a shift sequence and whether satisfaction were related to them. Study V was a laboratory simulation of the effects of a short recovery period (4h of sleep) and whether a short nap could counteract any detrimental effects. There was no convincing evidence for 12h shifts inducing more problems with sleep and sleepiness than 8h shifts. With regard to recovery time between shifts, the shortest recovery times (only 8h) seriously shortened sleep duration and increased sleepiness, while 12h of recovery (between two consecutive 12h shifts) was judged as having no or limited effects on acute measures. The problems with the shortest recovery periods were worse in a schedule with several consecutive shifts and less pronounced in a schedule with few consecutive shifts. With regard to individual differences, it was found that subjects being dissatisfied with their working hours were vulnerable to short recovery periods, which was evident by less sufficient sleep and an accumulation of sleepiness across work periods with limited recovery time. Interestingly, these problems disappeared when they were allowed to recover after the work period. In addition, dissatisfied male shift workers had lower testosterone levels at the end of work periods, indicating disturbed anabolic activity. The simulated quick return supported that curtailed sleep affected sleepiness and performance and that a short nap could counteract these effects temporarily. It is concluded that long shifts (up to 12h) may be acceptable, whereas short recovery time (8h or less) is not. Most of the problems with short recovery periods were related to short sleep and sleepiness, and there is, clearly, a subgroup of workers that suffer more from this than others. It is argued that insufficient sleep and low testosterone levels (in males) might be key factors for developing shift intolerance, mainly by reducing the capacity to recover from shift work.

Denna uppsats berör området förtroendearbetstid, psykosocial arbetsmiljö och specifik arbetstillfredsställelse hos poliser på Ekobrottsmyndigheten.  Enkätstudiens fokus avsåg upplevelse av krav, kontroll, belöning, ledarskap och lön relaterat till deltagarnas positiva alternativt negativa inställning till förtroendearbetstid. I undersökningen deltog 101 av EBMs 183 poliser. Sjuttiofem procent av deltagarna ville fortsättningsvis ha förtroendearbetstid. Studien visade att kvinnliga poliser, positiva till förtroendearbetstid, till skillnad från manliga poliser positiva till förtroendearbetstid, upplevde högre kontroll av arbetstakt. Inga signifikanta skillnader förelåg mellan positiv och negativ inställning till förtroendearbetstid avseende krav, belöning, uppmuntrande ledarskap samt rättvist och stödjande ledarskap. / This bachelor thesis is about non-regulated working hours, psychosocial work environment and specific job satisfaction among police officers at the Swedish National Crime Authority. This questionnaire study was focused on experiences of demands, control, reward, leadership and payment and if there were differences in these factors depending on attitudes towards non-regulated working hours. In this survey participated 101 of total 183 police officers. Seventy five percent of the police officers had a positive attitude towards non-regulated working hours. The women with a positive attitude towards non-regulated work hours, unlike the men with a positive attitude, experienced higher control of working pace. There were no significant differences among the groups do to the factors of reward, encouraging leadership or of fair- and supportive leadership.

Syfte: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att få en förståelse för varför så stor andel av fastighetsmäklarstudenterna vid Högskolan i Gävle i slutändan väljer ett annat yrke. •Vilka faktorer ligger till grund för valet att byta yrkesinriktning för de studenter som fullbordat sina studier till fastighetsmäklare vid Högskolan i Gävle? •Vilken roll spelar HIG i studenters val att inte arbeta som fastighetsmäklare? •Hur påverkar studenternas inställningar och förväntningar på mäklaryrket i deras val att byta bransch? •Hur påverkar de speciella omständigheterna i fastighetsmäklarbranschen ett eventuellt branschbyte? Metod: Vårt forskningsarbete har utgått från en kvalitativ inriktning med det hermeneutiska perspektivet som grundpelare. Vi har utfört totalt 45 stycken intervjuer både personliga och per telefon där dock ett fåtal besvarades per e-post. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Våra slutsatser sammanfattas i följande punkter. 1.Den stora arbetsbördan i kombination med arbetstiderna 2.Lönen. Både dess struktur och storlek i förhållande till arbetsinsats 3.Felaktiga förväntningar och inställning till yrket 4.Tufft yrke med hård konkurrens 5.Inga eller få arbeten på orten + Familjesituationen Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vår studie begränsade sig till att endast omfatta högskolan i Gävle men en rikstäckande undersökning borde vara av intresse för både branschen och högskolorna. Det vore även intressant att analysera skillnaden mellan varför folk tror att andra byter yrke med varför just personen själv bytte. Uppsatsens bidrag: Vår förhoppning är att denna studie skall innehålla ett nyhetsvärde för flera inblandade parter i fastighetsmäklarbranschen, studenterna som läser till fastighetsmäklare, Högskolan i Gävle och sist men inte minst fastighetsmäklarbranschen själv. / Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to achieve an understanding of why such great parts of the students studying to become a real estate agent at the University of Gävle in the end choose another profession. Method: Our empirical study is based upon the qualitative alignment with the hermeneutical perspective as base. We have conducted 45 interviews in total, both face to face and by telephone where a few were answered by email. Result &amp; conclusions: Our conclusions are concluded in the following bullet points: 1.The extensive work load in combination with the working hours 2.The salary, both its structure and size in relation to the work effort 3.Incorrect expectations and attitude towards the profession 4.Tough profession with fierce competition 5.None or few available positions in the locality + Family situation Suggestions for future research: Our study was limited to only include the University of Gävle but a nation wide research would be of interest for both the industry and the universities. It would also be interesting to analyze the difference between why people believe others change trade and why the persons themselves changed. Contribution of the thesis: Our expectation with this study is that it contains news value for several different parties within the real estate industry, the students studying to become real estate agents, the University of Gävle and last but not least the real estate industry itself.

Tidigare forskning om lastbilschaufförers arbetsförhållanden har visat att de utsätts för ett flertal stressorer i arbetet och att de har låg kontroll över sitt arbete. Syftet med studien var att undersöka lastbilschaufförers upplevelse av stress till följd av Europeiska Kör- och vilotidslagen (KoV), hur de upplever sin arbetssituation samt bidra till att öka förståelsen kring lastbilschaufförers arbetsförhållande. Studien omfattade sex manliga lastbilschaufförer från Trestadsregionen (Uddevalla, Trollhättan, Vänersborg) som omfattades av KoV. Samtliga chaufförer hade familj med olika ålder på barn och chaufförernas yrkeserfarenhet varierade mellan 19 och 40 år. Det genomfördes en kvalitativ studie utifrån en tematisk analysmetod. Individuella intervjuer genomfördes. Deltagarna upplevde att KoV begränsade deras möjligheter att utföra sitt arbete, att lagen var oflexibel och dåligt anpassad till verksamheten, vilket de upplevde ledde till frustration, stress och känslan av maktlöshet. Studien visade att KoV bidrog till sämre arbetsförhållande och trafiksäkerhet samt att den digitala färdskrivaren var bristfällig och dåligt anpassad till verksamheten. Deltagarna saknade möjligheten till flexibilitet i KoV och att det skulle förbättra deras arbetsförhållande. Studien visade att det krävs ett vidare perspektiv än reglering av körtid, rast och vilotid för att förbättra lastbilschaufförers arbetsförhållanden. / Previous research on truck drivers working conditions has shown that they are exposed to a number of stressors at work and that they have low degree of control over their work. The aim of the study was to examine the truck drivers’ experience of stress as a result of European hours-of-service regulations (HoS), how they experience their work situation and help to increase understanding about truck drivers’ working condition. The study included six male truck drivers from the region (Uddevalla, Trollhättan, Vänersborg) covered by the HoS. All drivers had family with children of different ages and the drivers’ experience of the profession was between 19 and 40 years. A qualitative study based on a thematic analysis method was carried out. Individual interviews were conducted. Participants felt that HoS limited their ability to perform their job, that the law was inflexible and poorly adapted to the business, which they felt led to frustration, stress and feelings of powerlessness. The study showed that HoS contributed to experienced poor working conditions and road safety, and that the digital tachograph was incomplete and poorly adapted to their business. The participants missed the option of flexibility with HoS as it would improve their working relationship. The study concluded that for truck drivers to improve working conditions a broader perspective than regulations of driving time, breaks and rest periods is needed.

Non-communicable disease (NCD) (particular by cardiovascular disease, CVD) is the leading cause of death in most countries including OECD countries. WHO (World Health Organization, 2002) has emphasized the trend of disease patterns shifting from communicable diseases towards to non-communicable diseases globally. However, globalization drives economic activities vigorously and alternates work conditions, such as prolonger or irregular working time, changing patterns of job. And then, more sweating, stress and occupational safety of labors after globalization were noted by many worldwide scholars. ¡§Karoshi¡¨ (death from overwork) is a controversial issue of occupational matters in these years all over the world. According to past empirical literatures, CVD was also the major medical cause of death from overwork. Hence, we collect panel data of CVD mortality, working hours of labor and KOF index of globalization covering 19 OECD countries from a period of 1980 to 2007, and measure by panel cointegration analysis and fully modified OLS (FMOLS) to estimate the reciprocal relationship among these variables. The evidence findings show significant influence on CVD mortality if increasing working hours of labor, especially at age groups of 15 to 24 year. While significant effect on CVD mortality through by globalization was found at age group 25 to 54 year and elders, particular in social globalization.