Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om nyttjandet av flexibel arbetstid predicerar inrearbetsmotivation. En webbaserad enkätundersökning innehållande 28 frågor skickades ut till152 tjänstemän i en offentlig organisation, totalt deltog 80 respondenter i undersökningen. Föratt mäta inre arbetsmotivation användes Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction at Work (BPNS-W) skalan som mäter autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet och är baserad på self-determination theory (SDT). Resultatet visade att nyttjandet av flexibel arbetstid signifikant predicerar dimensionerna autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet som leder till inrearbetsmotivation. Studiens slutsats vara att nyttjandet av flexibel arbetstid kan predicera inrearbetsmotivation i viss grad. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the use of flexible working hourspredicts intrinsic work motivation. A web-based survey containing 28 questions was sent to152 officials in a public organization, a total of 80 respondents participated in the survey. Tomeasure intrinsic work motivation, the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction at Work(BPNS-W) scale was used. It contains measures of autonomy, competence and relatednessand is based on self-determination theory (SDT). The results showed that the use of flexibleworking hours significantly predicts the dimensions of autonomy, competence and relatednessthat lead to intrinsic work motivation. The conclusion of the study was that the use of flexibleworking hours can predict intrinsic work motivation to some extent.

Allt fler patienter som drabbats av en obotlig sjukdom väljer att leva livet ut i sitt eget hem. Döende patienter är ofta i behov av god symtomlindring. När patienten väljer att dö i det egna hemmet ställer detta också krav på närstående som finns i patientens närhet. Dessa närstående är viktigt att sjuksköterskan också uppmärksammar. För att ge både patient och närstående en trygg och säker vård i livet slut, är det av vikt att det finns personal med kunskap i palliativ vård dygnets alla timmar.   Syftet var att beskriva hur nattarbetande sjuksköterskor upplevde det medicinska stödet i omvårdnadsarbetet till patienter i behov av palliativ vård i hemmet.   Metoden var en kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjustudie. En innehållsanalys genomfördes av det insamlade materialet. Sammanlagt genomfördes 11 intervjuer i två olika vårdorganisationer, specialiserat palliativt team dygnet runt och kommunal hemsjukvård i samverkan med specialiserat palliativt team.   I resultatet framträdde fyra domäner i relation till sjuksköterskornas upplevelser av det medicinska stödet. De fyra domänen var läkarstöd, journal/planering, slutenvården och rapportering. Inom dessa domän framkom både positiva och negativa upplevelser. Inom läkarstödet beskrevs behov av möjlighet till kontakt med läkare med inriktning till palliativ vård. De eftersökte stöd i form av hembesök när detta behövdes. Hur tillgången till journal/planering var, såg väldigt olika ut beroende på vilken vårdorganisation som sjuksköterskan tillhörde. Det framkom negativa faktorer så som total avsaknad av tillgång till journal men också positiva upplevelser så som god tillgång och möjlighet att följa patientens planerade omvårdnadsvårdplanering. I fyra av enheterna fanns ingen tillgång till direktinläggning nattetid för de patienter som behövde. Slutenvården fyllde en så mycket större roll än bara sina slutenplatser. Sjuksköterskorna i hemmet uppskattade att kunna bolla idéer och rådfråga kollegor inom slutenvården, vilket minskade känslan av ensamhet. Rapporteringen till och från övriga kollegor var ett område som samtliga sjuksköterskor upplevde kunde förbättras. Övergripande kände sjuksköterskorna sig säkra i sin roll och upplevde sitt jobb givande men önskade överlag ett bättre medicinsk stöd i sitt arbete i patienternas hem.   Slutsatsen är att sjuksköterskorna upplever en ökad trygghet när läkare med inriktning mot specialiserad palliativ vård fanns kontaktbar dygnet runt. Även tillgången till journaler var en avgörande faktor för att känna att förutsättningarna fanns för att kunna lösa situationer som kunde uppstå i patientens hem. Det finns ett övergripande behov av ökad kommunikation mellan vårdlag. Föreliggande studie visar på ett behov av att granska verksamheters sätt att inkludera sina nattarbetande sjuksköterskor i behandling- och omvårdnadsplaner. Denna information som dessa sjuksköterskor besitter kan vara till stor vikt för att öka livskvalitet för patienten och deras närstående. / An increasing number of patients suffering from incurable illness/disease choose to live the last days of their lives in their own homes. Terminally ill patients are often in need of good symptom management. When the patient chooses to spend the last days of his life in his or her own home it affects the closest family and imposes demands on them. Therefore it is important for the registered nurse (RN) to also support the closest family in order to create a safe and secure end-of-life care. It is important to have health professionals with expertise and knowledge in palliative care when giving support around the clock.   The aim was to describe how RN´s who work night shifts experienced the medical support while providing nursing care for patients in need of palliative care at the patient's home.   The method used was a qualitative semi-structured interview. A content analysis of the collected material was conducted. The total of eleven interviews were conducted in two different healthcare organizations, namely, in a hospital-based specialized palliative team working around the clock and a municipal home-care team that collaborates with the specialized palliative team.   In the results, four domains appeared in relation to the nurses’ experiences of the medical assistance. These four domains are the support of physicians, medical records, inpatient care, and reporting. Within these four domains both positive and negative experiences were described by the nurses. The support of physicians was described as a possibility to contact a physician with knowledge of palliative medicine. Even the possibility of making a house call was expected. Access to patient's  medical record varied depending on the healthcare organization where the RN`s were working. There were negative experiences such as a total lack of access to medical records but also positive ones such as good access to medical records and the opportunity to follow patients care plan. Four of the units did not have the possibility of inpatient care when needed at nighttime. For the RN`s who were providing homecare, the access to inpatient care did not only mean to have access to a bed when needed, it also gave them the possibility to consult and discuss problems with their colleagues working at the inpatient care, so they did not feel left one on one with their problems. Reporting between colleagues was an area that all RN´s working night shifts described as being in need for improvement. Overall the RN´s felt secure in their role and found their work rewarding but desired a better medical support in their work in homecare.   The conclusion of the study is that RN´s feel more secure when a physician specialised in palliative care is available around the clock. Furthermore, access to medical records was a crucial factor for RN`s to be able to resolve situations that could occur at the patient’s home. There was a significant need for an increase in communication between different care teams. The present study also shows a need to review how RN`s who work night shifts are included in the process of treatment and the creation of care plans for the patient. The information that RN`s working night shifts possess can be of great importance to increase the quality of life of patients and their families.

The rise of on-demand platform work typified by Uber has intensified a decades-long trend away from standard work relationships and toward contingent work structures, characterized by the unbounding of work in space and time. Yet many workers have always toiled outside of a traditional workplace and “standard” schedule. My dissertation examines how contingent workers in four different industries navigate unstable work schedules across unsettled work geographies, drawing on 120 interviews with agricultural and oil and gas workers in Texas and on-demand delivery workers and university adjuncts in New York City. Across these “old” and “new” cases of contingent work performed across rural and urban landscapes, work processes restructure space and time in such a way that workers do not know when, for how long, or where they will have work. I call this temporal and spatial instability positional uncertainty – repurposing an oilfield term for the inability to pinpoint precisely where one is at any given moment in the drilling process. The experience of positional uncertainty forces workers to subordinate the rhythms and geographies of their own lives to the temporal and spatial imperatives of their respective labor processes, leading to time struggle (unpaid periods of waiting or “zombie time” and overwork) and challenges in space (related to the bifurcation or unbounding, respectively, of the spaces of work and home). Workers respond, first, by doing boundary work, and second, by telling both critical and anchoring stories in attempts to bring coherence and meaning to the day-to-day and the long-term. The dissertation highlights the integral role of time and space in structuring social life, the active maneuvers by which workers struggle to re-configure time and space to produce coherence and make a life for themselves, and the short- and long-term costs of the transfer of risk onto workers through positional uncertainty. The strategic comparison reveals parallel strategies across disparate cases in response to the warping of time and space and illuminates how positional uncertainty exacerbates deep-set structural inequalities.

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This dissertation is divided into five chapters consisting of three short essays that concentrate on economic analysis of health, savings and labor. The first essay is aimed at investigating the influence of increased work hours on individuals’ health and how this may differ between males and females. It is expected that increased hours of work will have a negative impact on health but this impact may be stronger for females. In the second essay, the relationship between individuals’ health and savings behavior is analyzed. Healthy individuals are expected to be more productive, earn higher incomes, and have lower medical expenditures compared to unhealthy individuals. It is therefore expected that individuals’ health will have a positive influence on their saving behavior. The third paper analyzes the effect of increased work, as proxied by labor force participation, on health, as proxied by life expectancy, at the macro level. The main aim of the analysis in the third essay is to investigate whether or not increased female labor force participation is a contributing factor to the narrowing gap between the life expectancy of females and males. In the final chapter of this dissertation, I provide a summary of my findings on the relationships between work, health, and savings. I also provide directions for future research.

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Acknowledgement: "My sincere thanks to my supervisors Julie, Alison and Christina" - Identified Julie and Alison from the Department staff webpages - sm 26/02/2019 / There is little research investigating factors that facilitate or inhibit timely access to palliative care medicines from community pharmacies. Though palliative care is recognised within the UK government’s strategy and community pharmacists are considered to have a role it is uncertain to what extent this aim is incorporated into local practice. This thesis uses mixed methods to investigate the time taken to access palliative care medication from five community pharmacies in one area of England. The effect of prescription errors, stock availability and other factors is examined. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews with five community pharmacists and eleven other healthcare professionals explore medication access and the community pharmacist’s role in palliative care using the Framework method. Stock availability led to delays with one in five customers going to more than one pharmacy to get urgently required palliative care medications. Legal prescription errors were more common on computer generated prescriptions but did not lead to delays. Three subthemes were identified in accessing palliative care medicines: environment and resources; communication and collaboration; skills and knowledge. The community pharmacist’s role in palliative care was limited due to reluctance from other healthcare professionals to share information, poor access to patient records and lack of integration into the primary healthcare team. This study highlights implications for professionals, commissioners and providers to improve services for those trying to access palliative medication. Community pharmacies remain a largely untapped resource for supporting patients, relatives and carers towards the end of life in both cancer and other advanced life-limiting diseases.

The implications of introducing shift work and flexible working hours into the UK clothing industry were examined, with special reference to the effects on personnel, plant utilisation and garment costs. A total of 37 garment manufacturing establishments, within 17 companies, were visited; 91 managers (for production and economic data)and 1018 supervisors and operatives, 87% female and 13% male, (for social data) were consulted. The main points arising from the survey are:- 1 . Social (i) The average age and length of service of respondents were respectively 30.4 and 7.1 for women and 40 and 13.9 for men. Nearly three fifths were married and over half of the women had children, most of them at school or pre-school stage. (ii) Over four fifths were committed to some kind of housework; 3 to 5 hours between 17.00 and 24.00 hours were usually spent on this task but about 9% spent more than 5 hours on it. (iii) Over half would be very much bothered by the inability to carry on their individual and/or group social activities. About two thirds would also be concerned by a change in the period of and time for sleep and meal times. Nearly two fifths used public transport for the journey to work. (iv) Only 15% had worked on multiple shifts previous to their present employment and 16% left their previous job because of being on shifts or unsuitable hours. About one fifth worked currently part-time and only 13% wanted to change their existing working system so that they might gain extra convenience and leisure in their working life. (v) The unsolicited personal choice of working systems were mainly shifts (13%), flexible working hours (14%) and part-time day work (30%); working only in school hours appeared to attract the choice of about 40% of the women. (vi) From the points above, it seemed that a high proportion of married female workers, mostly with dependent children and committed to housework, would probably react against shift work. The availability of part-time work together with the normal day work habit acquired would also affect the employees' attitudes towards the acceptance of even flexible working hours. 2. Production (i) The main problems involved with introducing shift work were considered to be sharing of equipment, bonus and piece rate payment and responsibility for quality failures. Dislike of sharing machines by operatives was considered to be a severe problem in sewing section and the extent of this dislike seemed higher in traditional rather than non traditional clothing areas; the operatives' age and length of service appeared to affect their attitudes. The smaller the period of time for each job then the less the problem of sharing payment and responsibility could become. (ii) Introduction of flexible working hours could create the difficulties of shortage and/or excess of supply of work within the production flow with interdependent operations; the extent of the problem could vary with the amount of work in progress and the period of time spent by each operative on the garment and/or its parts. Economic (i) Garment cost elements are material, labour, variable and fixed overheads (survey averages 50.6%, 24.9%, 8% and 16.5%), of which labour and variable overheads would be affected by introducing multiple shifts and only fixed overheads by flexible working hours. There should be a decrease in variable overheads per garment because of sharing a fixed amount of cost between shifts, an increase in labour cost due to shift premium and an increase in fixed overheads because of longer opening hours of the plant on flexible working hours. (ii) The capital employed on plant and machinery, C, could often be divided by the number of shifts so that this could help to increase profitability by a factor of 2 or 3. (iii) General formulae were established, using the most relevant variables, for calculating the profitability and profitability ratios of different working schemes. Generally, if the number of shifts are increased then the profitability of the plant could be very greatly increased. This was well illustrated from the calculated profitability ratios of about 2 and 3 respectively, when industrial survey values were used, for 2 and 3 shift systems replacing a single shift system. Profitability of flexible working hours would, theoretically, be less than that of single shift, but there might be some economic gains, such as reduced rates of labour turnover and absenteeism (which are currently high in the garment industry), arising from the introduction of flexible working hours. / Iranian Ministry of Science and Higher Education and Teheran Polytechnic

This thesis tries to answer the question of how the night office sluthō d-lilyō has developed in the Syrian Orthodox Antiochian tradition as it is expressed in the Syrian Orthodox prayerbook of ܫܚܝܡܐ Šḥimō - which is the prayerbook used on ordinary weekdays and Saturdays throughout the liturgical year except for the great Lent. One of the main liturgical scholars of the 20th century, Robert F. Taft S.J. (+ 2018), refined the methods of Anton Baumstark (+ 1948) and Juan Mateos S.J. (+ 2003), and studied how the Liturgy and Liturgy of the Hours have grown during the centuries. This thesis uses the method(s) of Taft and studies how the night office has grown by comparing the structure of this office in six manuscripts from the Monastery of Mor Gabriel in Tur-’Abdin – one of the major monasteries in the Syrian Orthodox world. The oldest manuscript in our study is dated to 1474 C.E. (perhaps the oldest dated MS of the Šḥimō in the entire world). Few studies have looked into how the Šḥimō tradition has changed during the centuries and in this thesis we will take the night office as an example of liturgical growth and development.

English is used as a lingua franca to communicate when interlocutors' do not share a first language (DeBartolo, 2014). This is prominent in academia, where teachers and students in international exchange programs communicate daily in English as a lingua franca (ELF). Previous research suggests that ELF speakers in this context use discourse markers (DM) as a pragmatic strategy to support their output and maintain a comprehensible discourse. However, most previous studies only used small corpora for qualitative analysis. This thesis adds to preceding research by combining qualitative and quantitative analysis of new data from an ELF corpus previously not used from this perspective. The context of the study is ELF spoken between students and teachers during academic consultation hours and possible pragmatic strategies in their use of the DMs yeah, okay and so. The analysis shows frequent use of DMs for both groups, but, perhaps due to the speaker roles, they favour different ones. For example, teachers use the function to explain and elaborate fourfold to students, this supports the nature of teacher exposition. Conversely, students' most frequently used functions indicate an active listener role, such as signalling receipt of messages. The results from this study indicate that, in an academic ELF context, teachers and students frequently use these DMs as pragmatic strategies to support their output and indicate attentiveness.