<p>This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.</p>

Since decades, nucleation, or the ability of certain organic or inorganic substances to trigger the crystal growth, has been empirically used in the plastics industry. Talc, for instance, is a well-known nucleating agent of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and other polymers, that allows one to enhance the crystallisation rate of the polymer material and to control its spherulites size. The exact mechanism involved in this nucleation had however remained unknown at the onset of this thesis. Through electron diffraction, performed on thin PET films nucleated by macroscopic talc particles as model samples, this work demonstrates an epitaxial relationship between polymer and substrate and thus confirms the seemingly ubiquitous role of epitaxy in the nucleation of polymers. However, in order to compare the talc-nucleated morphology of PET with the virgin one, new methods of sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have also been developed. Coupled with theoretically justified image analysis techniques, they allow the direct observation of PET crystalline lamellae, both in the bulk and in thin films. Analyses of the semicrystalline structure in the reciprocal and direct spaces were performed from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data and from observations by TEM on melt-crystallised samples. These independent results were shown to be in good agreement and bring strong evidence in favour of a semicrystalline space-filling model, where the average crystalline thickness is slightly smaller than the average width of the amorphous regions. Discrepancies between characteristic distances derived by several methods from the same experimental results were attributed to the broad distribution of thicknesses, in contrast with the ideal linear stack model commonly used to analyse the data.

Hyolingual biomechanics and kinematics in three species of two odontocete genera were investigated to compare adaptations and performance of divergent feeding strategies. Ram and suction feeding are two ends of a continuous spectrum that is poorly-studied in odontocetes. Comparative anatomy identified characters associated with feeding patterns of morphologically dissimilar and evolutionary distant genera. Hyolingual investigations included measurements of hyolingual muscle vectors and hyoid surface area/robustness. ANOVA's revealed Kogia basihyal and thyrohyal surface areas were significantly greater than T. truncatus. However, most predicted muscle tension values were not significantly different between genera. The presence of lateral gape occlusions, broad basihyal and thyrohyals near the caudal oral cavity, and a broad, short tongue were likely responsible for Kogia's effective suction mechanism. These features were absent, or reduced, in T. truncatus. The feeding kinematics of dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and K. breviceps), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were characterized and compared incorporating the Ram-Suction Index (RSI). Mean RSI data support a suction feeding strategy for the phylogenetically basal Kogia (-0.67; S.D.±0.29) and a ram feeding strategy for the more-derived Tursiops (0.94; S.D.±0.11). Tursiops displayed two ram-based feeding behaviors, closed gape approach, where gape increased near food items, and open gape approach, where gape was at least 50% of maximum in the first video field. Four feeding phases were identified in both odontocetes: preparatory, jaw opening, gular depression, and jaw closing. The mean Kogia feeding cycle duration (470 ms; S.D.±139) was significantly shorter (P<0.003) than all Tursiops groups (pooled: 863 ms; S.D.±337, closed gape approach: 662 ms; S.D.±207, open gape approach: 1211 ms; S.D.±207). Kogia mean maximum gape angle (39.8°; S.D.±18.9), mean maximum opening, and closing gape angle velocities (293°/s; S.D.±261 and 223°/s; S.D.±121, respectively) were significantly greater (P<0.005) than pooled Tursiops mean maximum gape angle (24.8°; S.D.±6.6), mean maximum opening and closing gape angle velocities (84°/s; S.D.±56 and 120°/s; S.D.±54, respectively). Negative Kogia RSI values were correlated with increasing maximum hyoid depression and retraction, wide gape angle, and rapid opening gape velocity. Kinematic data support functional hypotheses that odontocetes generate suction by rapid depression of the hyoid and tongue.

Problem: This study identifies some issues in the definitions of US megaregions which have strongly emphasized functional relationships without considering morphological characteristics. An extensive review of the literature revealed that the morphological approach and accompanying spatial statistical analysis described in this paper have not been done before, and represent a potentially useful refinement of current practice. Research strategy: This study examines morphological characteristics of the 11 US megaregions to represent morphologically-oriented US megaregions. A primary research hypothesis is that the megaregions spatially defined by morphological characteristics may not be the same as the current representation of the 11 US megaregions. The research hypothesis is tested by two distinct analyses which spatially examine the morphological characteristics at global and local scales. The global scale spatial patterns were examined with a density-based sprawl index, spatial scattering index, and spatial clustering index. Local scale spatial patterns were examined with the Getis-Ord Gi* hot spots analysis and the Anselin Local Moran’s I cluster and outlier analysis. In order to represent the megaregion-scale urban built environment, the morphological characteristics of total population, population density, impervious land cover, and nighttime light emissions were examined. All 11 megaregions were subjected to detailed GIS-based analysis and mapping for each morphological characteristic, and the results was analyzed using mapping, tables and graphs. Findings: The analysis results showed that global scale spatial distributions of morphological characteristics were inconsistently concentrated and clustered in high density subareas of each US megaregion. The morphological clustering representation of the 11 US megaregions clearly showed that the morphologically identified US megaregions were not the same as the current US megaregions. Takeaway for practice: This study asks the urban and regional planning profession to realize the incompleteness of a functional perspective, add a complementing morphological viewpoint, and balance the perspective between functional relations and morphological characteristics in identifying US megaregions.

The aim of this studv is to investigate interrelationships betweenbedrock relief and geological material. The area of investigation covers ca 350 km and is located in the Precambrian bedrock in the central part of Umeå commune, in northern Norrland. The boundary between two morphologically different types of landscape, the coastal plain (kustslätten) and the Norrland terrain (Norrlandsterrängen), crosses this area in a north-westerly direction.The study area's Precambrian bedrock has been mapped in detail by the author and the results are presented in a map at the scale of 1:50,000 together with a description. The occurring rock types have been studied with regard to their resistance against physical and chemical weathering. By relating recent research experience concerning Fennoscandia's palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology and isostasy, an appreciation is given of the character and strength of the forces of disintegration. Accordingly, it seems probable that chemical weathering was the dominant phenomenon during Silurian, Devonian, and even Carboniferous and Permian, whereas when the climate worsened significantly after the Tertiary period Fennoscandia's landscape was resculptured by glacial forces.During Tertiary and Quarternary times, Pennoscandia was twice uplifted and once loweredStatistical correlations between landscape relief, bedrock structure and rock variations, show that the highest sections of the landscape are dominated by resistant older granitoids, granitic mobilizate and veined gneisses, whereas the low-lying valleys and plains are characterized by the easily weathered biotite-plagioclase schists. Much suggests that the distinctive morphology of the coastal plain and Norrland terrain was initiated by bedrock structure and rock variations. As in some earlier works on Fennoscandia, this study attributes great importance to selective weathering in shaping the landscape. / digitalisering@umu

The use of probiotics and prebiotics has become a popular trend in the food industry. The main goal of this study was to produce a synbiot by encapsulating a probiotic and a prebiotic within a matrix that would provide sufficient protection to the probiotic against simulated gastric juice (SGJ). The ability of the probiotic, Bifidbacterium adolescentis, to grow on short chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS; DP 2-8, P95), inulin (DP 2-60, ST), and FOS/inulin mixture (DP 2-60, Syn), as well as glucose and a glucose-free maltooligosaccharide (MOS), were evaluated. Bifidobacterium adolescentis had a significantly higher specific growth rate on P95 (0.47 h-1), than glucose (0.40 h-1). Examination of the growth medium containing P95 and MOS by high performance anion exchange with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) revealed that B. adolescentis utilised the oligosaccharides to the same extent as the monosaccharides.<p> Bifidobacterium adolescentis was successfully encapsulated with and without P95 using extrusion and emulsion methods, at cell concentrations of 8-9 log colony forming units (CFU) mL-1. Capsules formed by the extrusion method with 1.0% alginate (AL), 4.0% pea protein isolate (PPI) + 0.5% AL, and 4.0% whey protein isolate (WPI) + 0.5% AL ranged in geometric mean diameter from 2.0 to 2.2 mm. Capsules formed by emulsion with 4.0% WPI + 0.5% AL had geometric mean diameter of 53 ìm. Extrusionbased encapsulated probiotics in either PPI + AL or WPI + AL showed improved survival in SGJ at pH 2.0 for 2.0 h with log CFU mL-1 reductions of 3.6 and 1.1, respectively. Free cells, AL extrusion-based and WPI + AL emulsion-based encapsulated probiotics showed no survival after 30 min in SGJ at pH 2.0. The addition of 1.0% (w/w) P95 to the PPI + AL capsules improved probiotic survival such that 1.0 log CFU mL-1 reduction was observed. The amount of P95 encapsulated ranged from 4.0 to 4.4 mg per gram of capsules.<p> The external surface of the PPI + AL capsules as examined by cold stage scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was smooth with the presence of pores ranging in diameter from 0.25 to 1.00 ìm. The addition of P95 to the capsules had no significant effect on surface roughness as measured by AFM, but significantly increased the external capsule thickness. The internal structure of the PPI + AL capsules examined by cryo-SEM revealed a porous honeycomb-like structure, with inner pore diameters ranging between 13.0 and 21.9 ìm. Probiotic cells were found to be randomly dispersed on the surface and in the interior of the honeycomb pores. In contrast, the prebiotic was found to be distributed throughout the capsule as observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), indicating that it would be readily available to the probiotic as a carbon source

The absolute polarization of contextual and tabula rasa urban models has long been advanced, even blatantly promoted, within the discipline. Taken for granted as foils, the exclusive championing and application of context or tabula rasa has only served to undermine the agency of the contemporary city. Producing an ineffectual and one-dimensional duality, cities have been reduced to futilely choose between the old and the new. A city of contradictory extremes, the clash between these concepts is embodied in the urbanism of Shanghai. With the impetus of China’s “Economic Miracle,” a previously unheard of scale and speed of urbanization has been achieved throughout the country with the creation of “instant cities.” Embraced as testing grounds for contemporary urbanism, the characteristics and conditions of the instant cities have been enthusiastically and almost universally adopted, leading to a primacy of tabula rasa and vertical development. Partially transformed by this model of erasure, Shanghai’s urbanism is defined by confrontation as the urban models of the past and present collide. The duality manifest by this conflict compels an examination of the seemingly agonistic roles of context and erasure in the city. The ambition of this thesis is to eliminate such distinctions; the choice between contextual and tabula rasa approaches does not work. This false choice produces either a conservative preservationist tourist attraction or a generic and totalizing vertical city. The shallow tendencies of both approaches threaten the city as a multiple and collective space of possibility. By adopting a broader view of context and collapsing present dualities, this project seeks to create complexity and new confrontations through an urban morphology shaped by architecture. Moving beyond contextual preservation and tabula rasa, this thesis seeks to engage and create another reality using that juxtaposition to open new relationships within the city.

Blink waveform in electrooculogram (EOG) data was used to develop and adjust the method of drowsiness detection in drivers. The origins of some other waveforms in EOG signal were not very clearly understood. The purpose of this thesis work is to study the EOG signal and give explanation of different kind of waveforms in EOG signal, and give suggestions to improve the blink detection algorithm. The road driving test video records and synchronized EOG signal were used to build an EOG library. By comparing the video record of the driver’s face and the EOG data, the origin of the unknown waveforms were discovered and related with the driver’s behavior. Literature descriptions were given to explain the EOG signal. The EOG library is the main result of this project. It organized by different types of EOG signal. Description and explanation were given for each type of waveform, as well as some examples. The knowledge gained from the previous research review and the EOG library gives some improvement suggestions for the blink detection algorithm. These suggestions still need to be verified in practical way.

Plant shape affects the ability of insect predators to locate prey by altering search paths or by providing partial refugia for prey. Changes in predator foraging efficiency can have significant consequences for population dynamic of both predators and prey. Yet, the relationship between plants and insect predators is not well understood despite its relevance to agriculture and biological control. The effect of plant gross morphology on predator foraging success was tested using multicoloured Asian ladybeetles, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and green lacewing larvae, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), preying on pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae). These predators differed in body size and therefore might be expected to have different responses to a given plant morphology. Experiments were conducted using four different pea plant morphologies (Pisum sativum L.) that differed in fractal dimension, but which were controlled for surface area. The consumption rate of each predator on each pea morph was determined by measuring the number of aphids consumed in a 48 hour foraging period at 3 prey densities. I also tracked predator search paths using 2D time-lapse photography to determine if the two predators search plants differently. I found that both predators were more successful at capturing prey on plants with a higher leaf edge to leaf area ratio (lower fractal dimension). Plants with more edges were easier for predators to grip, thus increasing their mobility and manoeuvrability. Also, plants with more edges and fewer leaf surfaces had fewer locations where aphids could hide. As a result, predators are more effective at locating and capturing prey on these morphologies.

The use of probiotics and prebiotics has become a popular trend in the food industry. The main goal of this study was to produce a synbiot by encapsulating a probiotic and a prebiotic within a matrix that would provide sufficient protection to the probiotic against simulated gastric juice (SGJ). The ability of the probiotic, Bifidbacterium adolescentis, to grow on short chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS; DP 2-8, P95), inulin (DP 2-60, ST), and FOS/inulin mixture (DP 2-60, Syn), as well as glucose and a glucose-free maltooligosaccharide (MOS), were evaluated. Bifidobacterium adolescentis had a significantly higher specific growth rate on P95 (0.47 h-1), than glucose (0.40 h-1). Examination of the growth medium containing P95 and MOS by high performance anion exchange with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) revealed that B. adolescentis utilised the oligosaccharides to the same extent as the monosaccharides.<p> Bifidobacterium adolescentis was successfully encapsulated with and without P95 using extrusion and emulsion methods, at cell concentrations of 8-9 log colony forming units (CFU) mL-1. Capsules formed by the extrusion method with 1.0% alginate (AL), 4.0% pea protein isolate (PPI) + 0.5% AL, and 4.0% whey protein isolate (WPI) + 0.5% AL ranged in geometric mean diameter from 2.0 to 2.2 mm. Capsules formed by emulsion with 4.0% WPI + 0.5% AL had geometric mean diameter of 53 ìm. Extrusionbased encapsulated probiotics in either PPI + AL or WPI + AL showed improved survival in SGJ at pH 2.0 for 2.0 h with log CFU mL-1 reductions of 3.6 and 1.1, respectively. Free cells, AL extrusion-based and WPI + AL emulsion-based encapsulated probiotics showed no survival after 30 min in SGJ at pH 2.0. The addition of 1.0% (w/w) P95 to the PPI + AL capsules improved probiotic survival such that 1.0 log CFU mL-1 reduction was observed. The amount of P95 encapsulated ranged from 4.0 to 4.4 mg per gram of capsules.<p> The external surface of the PPI + AL capsules as examined by cold stage scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was smooth with the presence of pores ranging in diameter from 0.25 to 1.00 ìm. The addition of P95 to the capsules had no significant effect on surface roughness as measured by AFM, but significantly increased the external capsule thickness. The internal structure of the PPI + AL capsules examined by cryo-SEM revealed a porous honeycomb-like structure, with inner pore diameters ranging between 13.0 and 21.9 ìm. Probiotic cells were found to be randomly dispersed on the surface and in the interior of the honeycomb pores. In contrast, the prebiotic was found to be distributed throughout the capsule as observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), indicating that it would be readily available to the probiotic as a carbon source