Mental health is a major child public health issue in Sweden. The overall aims of this thesis are to explore girls’ and boys’ perspectives on mental health and on mental health-promoting initiatives, and to deepen the knowledge of disclosure and support for ado-lescents at risk of abuse and neglect. Four studies are included in the thesis, and a qualitative descriptive design was chosen. In three of the studies (Studies I, II, and III), adolescents in Sweden were interviewed individually or in focus-groups. In the fourth study (IV) officials and politicians in nine municipalities in Sweden were interviewed, and documents were analysed in a multiple-case-study design. In study I the adolescents were asked about the mental health-promoting dialogue with the school nurse. The results reveal that what the adolescents found important were trustiness, attentiveness, respectfulness, authenticity, accessibility, and continuity. The adolescents also had certain views on what issues to talk about in the health dialogue; physical and psychological issues should be included. In Study II, the adolescents perceived “mental health” to be an emotional experience with positive and negative aspects of internal and relational feelings. Family, friends, and school were regarded as important determinants of mental health by the adolescents. Neither girls nor boys thought that there were any major differences in mental health between girls and boys, but did think they were subject to different expectations. In Study III the results show that adolescents with families with alcohol problems are unsure whether to disclose their home situation to an adult; the adolescents seem to make a risk assessment when looking for trustworthy adults. It is a disclosure process. Friends are confidants and supportive, and sometimes facilitators for contacting adults, when support from adults is needed. Study IV show that even small grants to municipalities for children-at-risk projects lead to more activities for these children and adolescents. But children or adolescents were not involved in the planning or decision-making of the activities. The studies in this thesis show that most important thing for adolescents’ mental health is the relation between adolescents and adults, foremost parents, and between adolescents and friends. In addition, gender and age, adolescents’ perspec¬tives and par-ticipation, and society’s support, including the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, have an impact on adolescents’ mental health, both for ado-lescents in general and for adolescents at risk of abuse and neglect. The results are viewed in relation to the bioecological model, to illustrate how all levels in society influence mental health among adolescents, on an individual and a population plane. The findings have implications for adults: to learn more about adolescents and puberty, and about the home situation for children and adolescents at risk of abuse and neglect; to listen to suggestions from children and adolescents; to include friends in support to adolescents at risk of abuse and neglect; and to include girls and boys in all matters concerning them.

Orientador: José Luiz Guimarães / Banca: Geovanio Edervaldo Rossato / Banca: Elizabeth Piemonte Constantino / Resumo: Esta pesquisa refere-se a um estudo sobre a questão das políticas públicas na área da infância e juventude, referenciado no Conselho Municipal dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente e no Conselho Tutelar do município de Assis/SP. O objetivo principal foi a análise destes órgãos enquanto mecanismos de controle social, gestão, implantação e fiscalização de políticas públicas. Com vistas a atingir esse objetivo, inicialmente fizemos um recorte da história do atendimento à crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, amparados pela bibliografia, bem como pelas normativas legais na área da infância e adolescência, traçando um percurso desde a condição de "não-ser" da criança à noção de "sujeito de direitos", bem como a contextualização de outras categorias conceituais relacionadas ao nosso objeto de estudo, imprescindíveis para o seu entendimento. Para coleta de dados utilizamos a Observação (das reuniões do Conselho), Análise de Fontes Documentais (atas e demais documentos do órgão) e Entrevistas (com os Conselheiros com mandato vigente à época da coleta e outros já desligados da função). O material colhido, via entrevistas, foi organizado e analisado com base na Análise de Conteúdo, na perspectiva de Laurence Bardin. A discussão dos dados foi permeada pela revisão da bibliografia e da legislação referente ao tema, procurando contextualizar a questão das políticas públicas para a infância e juventude dentro de um processo de construção social, histórico e cultural, e uma tentativa de apreensão dos Conselhos de Direitos e Tutelares enquanto instâncias atravessadas por forças institucionais, sociais e políticas. Resultados confirmam estudos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research relates to a study on the issue of political public in the area of children and Youth, identified in City Council Rights of the Child and Adolescent Council and the Tutelar Council in the City of Assis. The main objective was to analyze these bodies as mechanisms of social control, management, implementation and monitoring of policies public. In order to achieve this goal, initially made a cut of history of care for children and adolescents in Brazil, supported by bibliography as well as the laws in the field of childhood and adolescence, tracing a path from a "non-being "of the child the notion of "subject of rights" and the background of other conceptual categories related to our object of study, essential for your understanding. To collect data used to Note (of the meetings of the Council), Analysis of documentary sources (minutes and other documents of the organ) and interviews (with the advisers with current mandate at the time of collection and others have turned off the light). The material collected through interviews, was organized and analyzed based on Content analysis, in view of Laurence Bardin. The discussion of Data was permeated by reviewing the literature and legislation relating to theme, looking contextualize the issue of public policy for childhood and youth in a process of social construction, historical and cultural, and an attempt to seize the Councils of Rights and Guardiansh while instances forces crossed by institutional, social and political. Results confirm previous studies that, as advocates for the legislation who created them, recognize the Councils... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Genom denna studie undersöker jag argumentationen som ligger till grund för den svenska lagstiftningen om barnäktenskap, med fokus på erkännande av utländska barnäktenskap. Jag beskriver argumenten för att generellt sätt motverka barnäktenskap. Därefter utvärderar jag argumentationen för att erkänna vissa utomlands ingångna barnäktenskap. Metoden för studien är argumentationsanalys och den teoretiska utgångspunkten är Kantiansk etik, som jag tillämpar på barn. Den svenska lagstiftningen om erkännande av utomlands ingångna barnäktenskap regleras i Lagen (1904: 26 s.1) om vissa internationella rättsförhållanden rörande äktenskap och förmyndarskap (IÄL). Jag undersöker argumentationen som ligger till grund för 1 kap. 8§a, som förbjuder utländska barnäktenskap, där det funnits anknytning. Samtidigt underkänns tvångsäktenskap, oavsett anknytning, utifrån samma paragraf. Det tycks motsägelsefullt att barnäktenskap kan erkännas inom svensk internationell privaträtt, då barnäktenskap förbjuds enligt 2 kap. 1§ Äktenskapsbalken (ÄktB). Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka om argumentationen bakom paragrafen, är hållbar. Studien visar att flera argument inte är hållbara, främst eftersom de inte är rimliga enligt Kantiansk etik, tillämpad på barn. Det går därför att ifrågasätta den sammantagna hållbarheten i argumentationen för erkännandet av utomlands ingångna barnäktenskap, ur ett Kantianskt perspektiv. / Through this thesis I examine the argumentation founding the Swedish legislation regarding child marriages, with a focus on the recognition of foreign child marriages. I describe the arguments for a general prohibition upon child marriages. Thereafter I identify the arguments regarding recognition of foreign child marriages. I use the method of argumentation analysis and the underlying theory is Kantian ethics, applied on children. The Swedish legislation for recognition of child marriages is regulated within Lagen (1904:26 s.1) om vissa internationella rättsförhållanden rörande äktenskap och förmyndarskap (IÄL). I examine the argumentation underlying the 1st chapter 8§a, which prohibits foreign child marriages, with a connection to Sweden. In the same time, forced marriages are prohibited in any case, through the same paragraph. It seems contradictory that some child marriages are recognized within the Swedish private international law, when child marriages are generally prohibited through the 2nd chapter 1§ of Äktenskapsbalken (ÄktB). Thus, the purpose of the study is to find out if the argumentation, on which the law is based on, is sustainable. The study shows that many of the arguments are not sustainable, mainly since they are not reasonable according to Kantian ethics, applied on children. Therefore it is possible to question the sustainability of the overall argumentation for the possibility of recognizing foreign child marriages, from a Kantian point of view.

Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2017-12-27T18:39:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJESSICAPAIXAO.pdf: 1942748 bytes, checksum: 97cd6cd422a18b8a546bdfe5a4277fb7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-12-27T18:52:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJESSICAPAIXAO.pdf: 1942748 bytes, checksum: 97cd6cd422a18b8a546bdfe5a4277fb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-27T18:52:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJESSICAPAIXAO.pdf: 1942748 bytes, checksum: 97cd6cd422a18b8a546bdfe5a4277fb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / A Justiça Restaurativa (JR) vem se consolidando no Brasil enquanto projeto de Justiça moderno e emancipador. Este estudo focaliza formas de solução de conflitos envolvendo adolescentes autores de ato infracional e suas famílias, por meio do modelo de JR. Para analisar a participação da família em experiências de Justiça Juvenil Restaurativa nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, utilizou-se uma combinação de métodos divididos em três fases interdependentes. A primeira fase constituiu um estudo exploratório realizado entre agosto de 2015 a junho de 2016. Promoveu-se o levantamento da implementação teórico-prática da “Justiça Restaurativa” no Brasil e foram identificados os projetos de Justiça Restaurativa existentes nas Regiões pesquisadas. O questionário foi aplicado com os atores sociais envolvidos em projetos de justiça restaurativa. Foram identificadas vinte e nove experiências no N e NE, sendo dezenove no âmbito da infância e juventude, envolvendo Poder Judiciário, Poder Executivo, Defensorias, Ministério Público, Universidades, escolas, OAB, ONGs e Centros de Referência em Assistência Social. Em sua maioria, os projetos incluem a família por meio dos círculos restaurativos, com acompanhamento psicossocial e recebem orientações acerca do cumprimento da Medida Socioeducativa (MSE). Os responsáveis pelos adolescentes são estimulados a participar das práticas restaurativas desde a fase inicial de apuração do ato infracional até a execução da MSE. A análise dos questionários evoca a repercussão da inclusão da família no processo, além de ter contribuído para a definição da experiência emblemática a ser investigada em profundidade. O projeto escolhido situa-se no juizado da infância e juventude do município de Santarém, Oeste do Pará. Iniciada em 2012, fruto da parceria interinstitucional entre o Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Pará e a Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. A experiência demonstrou que a participação da família nos círculos restaurativos incentiva o protagonismo juvenil, o fortalecimento dos vínculos familiares e o exercício da cidadania. Contudo, ainda são necessárias estratégias auxiliares, de natureza pública, que facilitem o acesso dos membros da família, sobretudo daqueles adolescentes com restrição total ou parcial da liberdade, criando espaços adequados ao exercício do cuidado e a geração de afeto. / The Restorative Justice (RJ) has been consolidating in Brazil as a modern and emancipatory justice project. This study focuses on ways of solving conflicts involving adolescents who commit infractional acts and their families, through the RJ model. In order to analyze the participation of the family in restorative juvenile justice experiences in the North and Northeast regions, a combination of methods was divided into three interdependent phases. The first phase consisted of an exploratory study carried out between August 2015 and June 2016. The theoretical-practical implementation of "Restorative Justice" in Brazil was promoted and the restorative justice projects in the regions surveyed were identified. The questionnaire was applied with social actors involved in restorative justice projects. The questionnaire was applied with social actors involved in restorative justice projects. Twenty-nine experiences were identified in the N and NE, nineteen in the field of childhood and youth, involving Judiciary, Executive Branch, Defenders, Public Ministry, Universities, schools, OAB, NGOs and Reference Centers in Social Assistance. For the most part, the projects include the family through the restorative circles, with psychosocial support and receive guidance on compliance with the socioeducational measure (MSE). Those responsible for adolescents are encouraged to participate in restorative practices from the initial stage of investigation of the infraction until the execution of the SEM. The analysis of the questionnaires evokes the repercussion of the inclusion of the family in the process, besides contributing to the definition of the emblematic experience to be investigated in depth. The chosen project was situated at child and youth court of the municipality of Santarém, in western Pará. This project started in 2012, as a result of the interinstitutional partnership between the Pará State Court of Justice and the Federal University of Western Pará. The experience shows that the participation of the family in restorative circles encourages youth protagonism, the strengthening of family ties and the exercise of citizenship. However, auxiliary strategies of a public nature are still needed to facilitate the access of family members, especially those adolescents with total or partial restraint of freedom, creating adequate spaces for the exercise of care and the generation of affection.

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Hur samverkar de nationella folkhälsomålen med fysisk planering, och på vilket sätt kan folkhälsomålen beaktas för att förbättra förutsättningarna för ökad fysisk aktivitet hos barn? Denna studie är en fallstudie i Hjo kommun. Studien tar utgångspunkt i kommunens folkhälsoproblematik som visar att det finns en hög förekomst av övervikt hos barn. Intentionen är att undersöka vilka organisatoriska processer som kan underbygga det kommunala arbetet med folkhälsomålen, liksom att ta reda på vilka faktorer i den fysiska miljön som skapar förutsättningar för barns fysiska aktivitet. Avsikten med studien har varit att skapa ett underlag för Hjo kommuns översiktliga planering. Resultatet av studien tydliggör vilka strukturella processer som påverkar arbetet med folkhälsa, men även hur utformningen av folkhälsomålen kan påverka den fysiska planeringens beaktande av folkhälsan. Resultatet åskådliggör även faktorer i den fysiska miljön som påverkar barns förutsättningar till fysisk aktivitet, liksom vikten av beaktandet av barnkonventionen. ABSTRACT How does national public health objectives cooperate with spatial planning, and in which way can public health objectives be considered in order to improve the conditions for increasing physical activity in children? This study is a case study in the municipality of Hjo. The starting point of the study is the municipal public health problem which indicates that there is a high prevalence of obesity in children. The intention is to examine the organizational processes that can underpin the municipal work of public health objectives, as well as to find out which factors in the built environment that can establish the conditions for children's physical activity. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the conceptual planning for the municipality of Hjo. Results of the study illustrates the structural processes that affect the work of public health, but also how the design of public health objectives may influence on the physical planning considerations of public health. The result also illustrates factors in the built environment that affect children's opportunities for physical activity, but also the importance of taking into account of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Whilst policy formulation has been extensively studied and theorised in the literature, far less attention has been paid until fairly recently to the issue of policy implementation. For a long time it was more or less assumed that once policy was formulated, implementation was a relatively straightforward administrative matter. In the past twenty or thirty years, however, public administration scholars (such as Pressman and Wildavsky and, in the South African context, Brynard and de Coning) have devoted more attention to unravelling the complexities of policy implementation. The current study intends to apply these more theoretical approaches to an analysis of the implementation of the 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare with particular respect to children in conflict with the law, focusing specifically on the One Stop Child Justice Centre in Mangaung, Bloemfontein. Welfare Service in South Africa before 1994 had a racial bias with services mostly unavailable to the majority of the citizens of the country. The 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare, based on a developmental approach to social welfare, was designed to take the country in a new and inclusive direction. In line with South Africa’s 1996 ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as other international instruments, Section 4 of Chapter 8 of the White Paper focuses on crime prevention through development and restorative justice, and recommends diversion wherever possible in the case of juveniles. With respect to Juvenile justice, this section of the White Paper makes provision for the establishment of One Stop Child Justice Centres, where a variety of services, from Social Development, the Department of Justice, the South African Police Services, Correctional Services, and the NPA, would be available to clients under one roof. All of these role players, it was envisaged, would operate as a multi-disciplinary team to achieve the objectives of the White Paper with respect to developmental and restorative forms of justice. The Centre at Mangaung is one of only a few centres to have been established as yet in South Africa. Although focusing in particular on the implementation of the 1997 White Paper, the study is also informed by other policy and legislative measures with respect to juvenile justice, in particular the Child Justice Bill of 2002 (now the Child Justice Act of 2008) and the Probation Services Amendment Act of 2002. It is generally accepted by the Government and its critics alike that the policy scene in South Africa in the period since 1994 has been characterized by good policies but poor execution. This is, however, a relatively untested hypothesis and needs further investigation. In the light of this, it is anticipated, that the present study will make a contribution to the literature on policy implementation in South Africa, as well as providing useful insights and lessons that can inform general government policy in this regard, and policy with respect to juvenile justice in particular. Within the general context of the 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare and the Department of Social Development’s Integrated Service Delivery Model, and the specific context of the Mangaung One Stop Child Justice Centre, the overall purpose of the study is to scrutinize the apparent discontinuity between policy design on the one hand and policy implementation on the other. More specifically, though, the objectives of the study are: (i) to examine the content of the 1997 White Paper for Social Welfare in general and more specifically the section on children in conflict with the law, (ii) to provide a historical overview of the delivery of services to youth in conflict with the law prior to the first democratic elections (1994) in South Africa, (iii) to examine what the concept of ‘integrated service delivery’ means to the different role-players at the One Stop Child Justice Centre, (iv) to examine the existing resources (human, financial and other) for successful implementation of the policy,(v) to examine whether there are procedures in place to encourage co-operation among stakeholders at the One Stop Child Justice Centre, (vi) to examine the successes, challenges and opportunities presented by the implementation of this policy at the One Stop Child Justice Centre and, (vii) to identify gaps between policy and implementation and make recommendations towards more successful implementation. Detailed semi-structured interviews were conducted with the Centre Manager and senior representatives of all the services involved (Social Development, the SAPS, Magistrates, the Probation Service, and Prosecutors). The interview questions focus mainly on implementation issues and challenges, but also gather information on the knowledge of the interviewees on the content of the policy. In addition, in order to validate and compare the data collected from these respondents, semi-structured interviews were held with six parents/guardians of children in conflict with the law who had been serviced by the centre. Official documents of the centre, such as annual reports, were also consulted for purposes of triangulation. Detailed transcripts will be made of all the interviews. In analysing the data, use was made in particular of the 5C Protocol advocated by Brynard and De Coning (2006) in their study of policy implementation in South Africa. The five C’s include the Content of the policy, the Context in which the policy is implemented, Commitment from those implementing the policy, the role of Clients and Coalitions, and the Capacity of those tasked with implementing the policy. In addition other C’s which have an impact on policy implementation (such as communication, co-ordination, and change management) will also be considered. Confidentiality of data gathered and anonymity of respondents were ensured by not requiring any personal details from the survey instruments. The sole purpose of using the data gathered for research was communicated to the respondents on the front page of the survey instruments. The choice of also not answering questions raised was respected.

Syftet med den här studien är att bidra till en bredare kunskapsbas för hur barns rättigheter beaktas i den fysiska planeringen. Forskningsmålet har uppnåtts genom granskning av Barnkonventionen i fysisk planering och stadsutveckling. Rapporten behandlar de hinder och utmaningar som Sveriges myndigheter och kommuner möter vid tillämpning av barnperspektiv i fysisk planering. Med hänsyn för tillgänglighet, presenterar denna studie en övergripande beskrivning av etablerade samhällsfaktorer som påverkar Sveriges myndigheters och kommuners arbete med stadsutveckling. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, i syfte att synliggöra bakomliggande budskap i den granskade rapporten. Innehållsanalysen består av fyra delprocesser; insamling av data, kodning, tematisering, samt verifiering av analysens slutsats. Genom Boverkets rapport synliggör innehållsanalysen hur och vilka utmaningar som påverkar barnkonventionens beaktning i fysisk planering. Resultatet bidrar till ökad förståelse för aktuella utmaningar som berör samhällsplaneringens aktörer. Majoriteten av de textstycken som analyserades, visade att behov och vägledning är centrala faktorer för det omställningsarbete som ska genomföras inom svensk samhällsbyggnad. Boverkets rapport lyfter behov av vidare utredning och framtida vägledning i inkorporeringen av barnkonventionen. Kortsiktigt kan resurs- och kompetensbehov i mindre kommuner lindras genom centralisering av barnrättsarbeten, med Boverket som huvudansvarig myndighet. En del av syftet med centraliseringen är att arbetsmetoder och strategier kan standardiseras, vilket kan bidra till en konsekvent och rättvis tillämpning av barnkonventionen nationellt. / The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge base of childrens rights application in urban planning. The research goal has been achieved by examining the Convention on the Rights of the Child in spatial planning and urban development. The report addresses obstacles and challenges that Swedish authorities and municipalities encounter during application of child perspective's in urban planning. With regard to accessibility, this study presents an overall description of established societal factors that affect the Swedish authorities' and municipalities' work with urban development. The study uses a qualitative content analysis in order to highlight underlying messages in the reviewed report. The content analysis consists of four sub-processes; data collection, coding, thematization, and verification of the analysis’ conclusion. Through Boverket’s report, the content analysis highlights challenges that affect the application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in physical planning. The result contributes to an increased understanding of current challenges that affect participants in the process of urban planning. The majority of the analyzed text shows that needs and guidance are central factors for the coming adjustments in Swedish spatial planning. Boverket’s report highlights the need for further investigation and future guidance in the incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In short term, the requirements associated with lack of resources and competence in smaller municipalities can be alleviated by centralizing Boverket as the main responsible authority for child rights work. Part of the purpose of centralization is that methods and strategies can be standardized, which can contribute to a consistent and fair application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child on national scale.

"It is the responsibility of every government to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizenry and to ensure that the rule of law and justice prevails at all times. Hovewer, children accused of committing crimes are more susceptible to human rights abuses and violations of their legal rights while in detention, either in police cells, prisons or authorised detention centres. They mostly suffer from both the agents of the state as well as from inmates. These violations often take place [behind] closed doors, and society being primarily concerned with keeping offenders locked up rather than about their conditions and human rights being respected, the cries of these children to be treated with dignity and worth go unnoticed despite the constitutional and international guarantee of their rights. The problem therefore is first to examine what rights do children in trouble with the law have under international law in general and specifically within the African human rights sytem with special emphasiis on the rights of children deprived of their liberty. Secondly, to examine how these international instruments are given effect domestically and whether there are challenges encountered in realising these rights. These are the main issues that this research intends to grapple with using South Africa and the Gambia as case studies with a view to making recommendations for better protection of the rights of this category of children. ... This research consist of four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. It will give the basis and structure of the research which will include a general overview of the problem in the two countries under study. In the second chapter, it will explore the relevant international and African normative framework that protects the rights of children in trouble with the law and the obligations of states towards these children. However, the main focus will be the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC), because they are the two main human rights instruments providing specific protection for children's rights in all spheres. The third chapter will be a comparative analysis of the rights of children deprived of their liberty as provided in the municipal laws of South African and the Gambia vis a vis the minimum standards set [out] in the CRC and ACRWC. It will discuss the following issues, namely: defintion of a child, age of criminal responsibility, the best interest, detention as a last resort and for the shortest possible time, separation from adult detainees, role of parents, establishment of separate criminal procedures, right to legal respresentation and assistance, and sentencing options. It will also examine the problems and challenges for implementation. The fourth chapter will conclude and make recommendations on how best to implement the laws and who should be the role players in ensuring that the rights of these children are well protected." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Gilles Cistac at the Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mocambique / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM