Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1- Capa.pdf: 18716 bytes, checksum: 1dddf42a26f2caa98fb2c3c97cb02a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-04-06 / O estudo realizado nesta dissertação é motivado principalmente pelo interesse em se avaliar a resposta térmica e tensional em estruturas de concreto massa nas primeiras idades considerando a viscoeleasticidade linear do material. Neste trabalho desenvolvem-se modelos numérico-computacionais e implementam-se os softwares PFEM_2DT e PFEM_2DAT, de análise térmica e de tensões no domínio bidimensional, respectivamente. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica do problema termomecânico considerando os mecanismos e modelos físicos para a representação do mesmo, utilizando-se de ferramentas matemáticas e artifícios numéricos para a resolução do problema. Foram pesquisados ainda os parâmetros influentes na análise de temperaturas e de tensões no concreto massa, destacando-se as propriedades viscoelásticas de fluência e retração onde de forma resumida, porém esclarecedora, foram descritos seus principais conceitos, causas e efeitos bem como alguns dos principais modelos de representação dessas deformações diferidas. Por meio desses estudos teóricos e das conseqüentes implementações computacionais, foram analisadas diferentes estruturas de concreto através dos programas computacionais desenvolvidos e, posteriormente, realizadas comparações com resultados experimentais e numéricos obtidos por outros pesquisadores objetivando validar os aplicativos. Na elaboração deste software fez-se uso do novo paradigma de programação Programação Orientada a Objetos, associado à resolução de sistemas de equações lineares pelo Método dos Gradientes Conjugados. Analisou-se o comportamento das temperaturas de diferentes estruturas sujeitas ao calor interno gerado no concreto sob a influência das condições ambientais, que permitem que esse calor seja dissipado, gerando como conseqüência, distribuições de temperatura não-lineares no interior da estrutura. Nos estudos tensionais das estruturas de concreto massa analisadas nesta dissertação pôde-se avaliar a evolução das tensões de origem térmica considerando o material viscoelástico linear, comparando-as com a resistência à tração do material. Por fim, efetuaram-se estudos comparativos de tensões em um bloco de concreto massa utilizando os modelos elástico e viscoelástico linear, avaliando o nível de importância e o grau de magnitude da consideração dos efeitos diferidos associados quando da análise do comportamento termomecânico de estruturas maciças de concreto em fase de construção. / The study accomplished in this dissertation is motivated mainly by the interest in evaluating the temperature and stress field in mass concrete structures at first ages considering material s linear viscoeleasticity. The development and implementation of numeric-computational models are also scope of this work by means the softwares PFEM_2DT and PFEM_2DAT, of thermal stress analysis in the two-dimensional domain. Initially at first step, the bibliographic revision of the thermomechanical problem was accomplished considering physical mechanisms and models for its representation, using mathematical tools and numeric artifices for the resolution of the problem. The influential parameters in the analysis of temperatures and stresses in the mass concrete were also researched, standing out to the creep and shrinkage rheological properties, where in a summarized and elucidated way, its main concepts, causes and effects were described, as well as some of the main representation models of those differed deformations. Considering theoretical studies and the consequent computer implementations, different concrete structures were analyzed through the developed softwares, and compared with experimental and numeric results obtained by other researchers with the objective of validating the applications. In the elaboration of this software was made use of the new programming paradigm Object-Oriented Programming, associated to the resolution of linear systems equations for the Method of the Conjugated Gradients. The temperature field s behavior of different structures subject to the internal heat into the concrete was analyzed, under the influence of the environmental conditions, that allows the heat to be dissipated, generating as consequence, non- linear temperature distributions inside the structure. The termomechanic problems studied in mass concrete structures were analyzed in this dissertation, where the thermal stresses behaviour could be evaluated considering the linear viscoelasticity properties of the material, comparing them with the tensile strength of the material. Finally, comparative studies of the stresses in a mass concrete block were executed using elastic models and linear viscoelasticity, evaluating the importance and magnitude levels of the associated differed effects in the termomechanic behavior analysis of solid concrete structures in a construction stage.

Components of turbines, combustion chambers, multi-layered electronic packaging structures and nuclear reactors are subjected to transient thermal loads during their service life. In the presence of a discontinuity like crack or dislocation, the thermal load creates high temperature gradient, which in turn causes the stress intensification at the crack tips. If proper attention is not paid in the design and maintenance of components on this high stress in the vicinity of crack tips, it may lead to instability in the system and decrease in the service life. The concepts of thermal fracture mechanics and its major parameter called transient thermal stress intensity factors can greatly help in the assessment of stability and residual life prediction of such structures. The evaluation of thermal stress intensity factors becomes computationally difficult when the body constitutes of two different materials or is non-homogenous or made of composites. Fracture at bi-material interface is different from its homogenous counterpart because of mixed mode stress condition that prevails at the crack tip even when the geometry is symmetric and loading unidirectional. Because of this, the mode 1 and mode 2 stress intensity factors can not be decoupled to represent tension and shear stress fields as can be done in the case of homogeneous materials. Mathematically, the stress intensity factors at bi-material interfaces are complex due to oscillatory singularity that exists at the crack tip. Although plenty of literature is available for bi-material systems subjected to mechanical loads, very little information is available on problems related to thermal loads. Besides, problems related to transient thermal loads need special attention, since no thermal weight functions are available and the existing methods are computationally expensive. Therefore, the present investigation has been undertaken to develop computational and analytical approaches for obtaining the Mode 1 and Mode 2 stress intensity factors for bi-material interface crack problems using conservation of energy principle in conjunction with the weight function approach for various kinds of thermal loads. In the beginning of the studies, a method to extract the Mode 1 and Mode 2 stress intensity factors for bi-material interface crack subjected to mechanical load is proposed using the concept of Jk integrals. This is extended to thermal loads using J2 line integral and J2 domain integral. Furthermore, weight functions are analytically derived for thermal bi-material stress intensity factors and a computational scheme is developed. These methods are validated for several benchmark problems with known solutions.

IZAEL, Marisa de Alencar. Avaliação do estresse térmico em vacas leiteras mestiças (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) criadas em clima semi-árido em sistema free-stall, 2009. 66 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T14:44:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_maizael.pdf: 447658 bytes, checksum: 3039c70dd1282fc2fb22e021afe877a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T14:44:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_maizael.pdf: 447658 bytes, checksum: 3039c70dd1282fc2fb22e021afe877a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T14:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_maizael.pdf: 447658 bytes, checksum: 3039c70dd1282fc2fb22e021afe877a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The study aimed to evaluate the influence of thermal stress in crossbred dairy cows (Holstein-Gir) reared in semi-arid climate in free-stall system during dry and rainy seasons in years 2010 to 2011 in the municipality of São Luis do Curu in the state of Ceará. For both, it was assessed the climatic elements such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) inside (IS) and out of the shed (OS), from 6:00am to 6:00pm. These variables used to calculate the rate of temperature and humidity as well as the monitoring of physiological parameters such as rectal temperature (RT), respiratory frequency (RF), surface temperature (ST) and surface temperature of the udder (STU) of 14 dairy cows, collected once a week, in the morning (6am), in the afternoon (12:00am) and at evening (6pm). Data were expressed as mean and standard error and analyzed by ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukey likely to 5% error. Correlations between physiological variables (RT, RF and ST) and environmental (AT, RH and THI) were estimated by the method of Pearson (P <0.05). Results show that regardless of time of year the animals are subject to situations of discomfort, being the dry season the most impressive, with AT higher (P <0.05), the RH lower (P <0.05) and THI higher (P <0.05) in this period. Shown by the results of physiological parameters in the RF, ST and RT were higher at 1:00pm (P <0.05) regardless of time of year. Revealing the results of the physiological variables were more close to normal in time of 6:00am and 6:00pm hours for the rainy season (P <0.05). The AT and THI shown strongest correlations with rectal temperature (r = 0.743 and r = 0.627, P <0.01) during the dry season, and RF (r = 0.767 and r = 0.804, P <0.01) and ST (r = 0.703 and r = 0.895, P<0.01) in the rainy season. Showing that the ambient temperature is the factor that most impactful for animal welfare. Showing that the structure of free-stall with the use of mechanical ventilators can alleviate some times of the day the intense irradiation from the sun, bringing effects more effective in the afternoon, especially during the dry season. It is concluded that the Holstein-Gir cows reared in free-stall system in the semi-arid regions in the state of Ceará are subjected to heat stress conditions throughout the year, being the dry season the most impressive, and that during the rainy season there are only moments from the day that these temperatures are milder, but still considered outside the comfort zone for those animals, which is confirmed by the changes of physiological parameters. / O estudo objetivou avaliar a influência do estresse térmico em vacas leiteiras mestiças (Holandês-Gir) criadas no clima semiárido em sistema free-stall durante a época seca e chuvosa no ano de 2010 a 2011 no município de São Luis do Curu- Ceará. Para tanto, foram avaliados os elementos climáticos como a temperatura do ar (TA) e a umidade relativa (UR), dentro (DG) e fora do galpão (FG), das 6 às 18 horas. Variáveis estas utilizadas para o cálculo do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), bem como o acompanhamento dos parâmetros fisiológicos como a temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura superficial (TS) de 14 fêmeas leiteiras, coletados uma vez por semana, pela manhã (6 h), à tarde (12 h) e á noite (18 h). Os dados foram expressos em média aritmética e erro padrão e avaliados por ANOVA, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey com probabilidade de 5% de erro. Correlações entre as variáveis fisiológicas (TR, FR e TS) e ambientais (TA, UR e ITU) foram estimadas através do método de Pearson (P<0,05). Os resultados mostram que independente da época do ano os animais estão sujeitos a situações de desconforto térmica, sendo o período seco o mais impactante, com a TA mais elevada (P<0,05), a UR mais baixa (P<0,05) e o ITU mais elevado (P<0,05) neste período. Os resultados dos parâmetros fisiológicos mostram que a TR, FR e TS foram mais elevadas às 12 horas (P<0,05) independente do período do ano. No período chuvoso, os resultados mostram que as variáveis fisiológicas estiveram mais próximas dos índices fisiológicos nos horários das 6 e 18 h (P<0,05). A temperatura ambiente e o ITU apresentaram maior correlação no período seco com a temperatura retal (r = 0,743 e r = 0,627; P<0,01) e, no período chuvoso com frequência respiratória (r = 0,767 e r = 0,804; P<0,01) e a temperatura superficial (r=0,703 e r =0,895; P<0,01). Mostrando que a temperatura ambiental é o fator mais impactante para o bem estar animal. E que a estrutura do free-stall com o uso de ventiladores mecânicos consegue atenuar em alguns momentos do dia o intenso efeito da radiação solar, trazendo resultados mais efetivos no turno da tarde, principalmente durante o período seco. Conclui-se que as vacas leiteiras mestiças Holandês-Gir criadas em sistema free-stall em regiões do Semiárido no estado do Ceará são submetidas a condições de estresse térmico durante todo o ano, sendo o período seco o mais impactante, e que durante o período chuvoso existem apenas momentos do dia em que essas temperaturas são mais amenas, mas ainda sim consideradas fora da zona de conforto para esses animais, o que é confirmado através das alterações dos parâmetros fisiológicos.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-15T21:13:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ FELIPE DE ALMEIDA LUCENA -TESE PPGEA 2012..PDF: 6885222 bytes, checksum: efcaf3742a1c9ace68da5e445634cef3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-15T21:13:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ FELIPE DE ALMEIDA LUCENA -TESE PPGEA 2012..PDF: 6885222 bytes, checksum: efcaf3742a1c9ace68da5e445634cef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02 / CNPq / Capes / Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar as respostas fisiológicas de duas raças de caprinos nativos do semiárido brasileiro submetidos a ambiente termicamente controlado em câmara climática. Utilizaram-se 12 animais machos, dos quais 6 Canindés e 6 Moxotós, com pesos médios iniciais de 19,6 ± l,9kg e 20,4 + l,6kg , respectivamente, alimentados com dieta contendo 43% de feno de Tifton (Cynodon dactylon, (L) Pers) e 57% de concentrado. Os animais foram distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 4 x 6), duas raças, quatro níveis de temperatura e seis repetições. Em cada repetição foram utilizadas quatro temperaturas (20,6, 24,8, 27,8 e 31,6 °C), com umidade relativa média do ar de 60 ± 5%, e velocidade do vento em 0,5m/s. Foram analisados os parâmetros fisiológicos frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperaturas do pelo, pele, temperatura retal além do consumo de alimento e água. Para cada temperatura estudada, os animais permaneceram quatro dias em aclimatação e três dias de coleta de dados, isto é, dez horas em confinamento e quatorze para recomposição das funções fisiológicas. Os animais se mantiveram dentro da zona de conforto térmico para as variáveis FC e FR nas temperaturas ambientes compreendidas entre 20,6 e 27,8 °C. A transição entre o estado de conforto e o início de estresse se inicia a 28,1 e 28,3 °C, respectivamente. As temperaturas ambiente compreendidas entre 20,4 e 31,6 °C não alteraram significativamente a TR fisiológica dos animais, sendo a mesma mantida em 39,5 ±0,18 °C, considerada normal para a espécie. A FR e a FC são as variáveis mais afetadas nas transições de estado de conforto para estresse térmico, e se mostraram como os mecanismos mais indicados como verificadores de desconforto térmico para caprinos Canindé e Moxotó, em condições ambientes controladas. A capacidade de consumo de alimento não é alterada significativamente em temperaturas ambiente compreendidas entre 20,4 e 31,6 °C, desde que mantidas as condições experimentais deste trabalho. O consumo de água é maximizado em temperatura ambiente média de 31,6 °C, possuindo correlação positivacom o aumento da FC e FR nesta temperatura / The objective of this research was to detennine the physiological response of two caprine races from the Brazilian semiarid, submitted to a thermically controlled climatic chamber. Twelve male animals were used, 6 Canindés e 6 Moxotós, with average weight of 19,6 + 1,9kg e 20,4 + 1,6kg respectively, fed with a diet containing 43% of Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon, (L) Pers) and 57% of concentrated. The animals were distributed into an entirely casualised delineation, in factorial scheme (2 x 4 x 6), two races, four temperature levels and six repetitions. In each repetition four temperatures were utilized (20,6, 24,8, 27,8 e 31,6 °C), with the average relative air humidity of 60 + 5%, and wind speed of 0,5m/s. Physiological parameters such as cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, fur temperature, skin, rectal temperature and water and food consumption were analyzed. For each studied temperature the animals stayed four days in acclimation and three days for data collecting, being ten hours in confinement and fourteen hours for recomposition of physiological functions. The animals stayed within the thermic comfort zone for the FC and FR variables in environmental temperatures between 20,6 e 27,8 °C. The transition between the state of comfort and stress begins respectively at 28,1 e 28,3 °C. The environment temperatures between 20,4 and 31,6 °C did not alter significantly the animal's physiological TR, that was maintained in 39,5 + 0,18 °C, which is considered normal for the species. The FR and the FC are the most affected variables in the transitions from the state of comfort to thermic stress and proved to be the best indicated mechanisms as verifiers of thermic discomfort for Canindé e Moxotó caprines in controlled environment conditions. The food consumption capability is not significantly altered in ambient temperatures between entre 20,4 e 31,6 °C, if the experimental conditions of this research are maintained. Water consumption is maximized in the environment average temperature of 31,6 °C, having a positive correlation with the increase of FC and FR at this temperature.

Primeiramente objetivou-se neste estudo examinar dentre os principais índices de estresse térmico qual melhor reflete o potencial impacto das condições meteorológicas sobre a homeostase térmica de novilhas leiteiras mestiças. Oito animais foram expostos ao sol das 9h00 às 13h00 em novembro e dezembro de 2016, janeiro e fevereiro de 2017, em Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. Após, foram medidas a frequência respiratória e a temperatura retal. Simultaneamente, foram quantificadas as temperaturas de bulbo seco e bulbo úmido, temperatura do globo negro e velocidade do vento. Em seguida, foram calculados a radiação solar, a umidade relativa, a temperatura radiante média e dez índices de estresse térmico. Os mesmos foram correlacionados com as variáveis fisiológicas e o Índice de Temperatura Equivalente apresentou as maiores correlações, seguido pelo Índice de Estresse Térmico para Vacas e pelo Índice de Estresse Ambiental. Na segunda pesquisa, determinaram-se os valores de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) de uma propriedade rural de produção de leite a pasto e da estação meteorológica oficial mais próxima, confrontando-os. Na fazenda, as leituras dos dados foram registradas por uma estação meteorológica automática, a cada cinco minutos, de fevereiro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Depois, calcularam-se a média por hora e o ITU horário. Selecionaram-se os valores diários mínimo, médio e máximo. O mesmo foi feito com os dados da estação meteorológica oficial, que foram horários. A temperatura mínima e média na estação meteorológica foram maiores que na fazenda, respectivamente, durante todo período experimental e em 16 meses. A temperatura máxima da propriedade rural foi maior que a da estação em seis meses. Já a umidade relativa mínima, média e máxima da estação meteorológica foram inferiores às da fazenda. O ITU mínimo foi maior na estação oficial e o ITU máximo superior na fazenda em todos os meses. Por fim, o número de dias com um ITU máximo igual ou superior ao ITU crítico foi maior na fazenda. Assim, dados da estação meteorológica oficial subestimam o efeito do estresse por calor. / Firstly, the objective of this study was to examine among the main heat stress indexes which ones best reflect the potential impact of meteorological conditions on the thermal homeostasis of half-blood dairy heifers bred. Eight animals were exposed to direct sunlight from 9h00 to 13h00 in November and December of 2016 and January and February of 2017, in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. After, the respiratory rate and the rectal temperature were measured. Simultaneously, the temperatures of dry bulb and wet bulb, as well as that of black globe, were quantified, as was the wind speed. Afterwards, the solar radiation, the relative humidity, the mean radiant temperature and ten stress indexes were calculated. They were correlated with the physiological variables and the Equivalent Temperature Index presented the highest amount of meaningful correlations, followed by the Cattle Heat Stress Index and the Environmental Stress Index. In a second research, the values of air temperature, relative humidity and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) of one rural property with milk production at pasture and those from the nearest official weather station were determined, confronting them. At the farm, data readings were recorded by an automatic weather station, every five minutes, from February 2015 to September 2016. Then, the hourly average and hourly THI were calculated. The minimum, average and maximum daily values were selected. The same was done with data from the official weather station, which were times. The minimum and mean temperature in the meteorological station were higher than on the farm, respectively, throughout the experimental period and in 16 months. The maximum temperature of the rural property was greater than that of the station in six months. Meanwhile, the minimum, average and maximum relative humidity of the meteorological station were lower than those of the farm. The minimum THI was higher at the official station and the maximum THI higher at the farm in every month. Finally, the number of days with a maximum THI equal to or greater than the critical THI was higher on the farm. Thus, data from the official weather station underestimate the effect of heat stress. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Le cadre général de la thèse concerne la valorisation sous forme de production d'énergie électrique de la chaleur présente à quelques kilomètres de profondeur (3 à 5 km), en général dans des milieux peu perméables et fracturés. Notre objectif principal est d'étudier le phénomène des microséismes induits relativement au refroidissement, en nous basant sur une expérience de terrain de longue durée, menée sur le site de Rosemanowes (Cornwall, UK). Pour cela nous avons procédé à la mise en place d'un outil de calcul, FRACAS, capable de simuler ce phénomène en introduisant une approche à double milieu thermique pour mieux simuler le refroidissement du réservoir dû à l'injection de fluide à long terme, responsable des nouveaux mécanismes de ruptures dus à la traction de la roche. Dans ce contexte nous avons introduit un nouvel algorithme pour prendre en compte les manifestations d'instabilités, un mécanisme de « stick-slip » avec prise en compte d'une friction statique et d'une friction dynamique. La possibilité d'induire des microséismes est ensuite étudiée à partir des données issues d'un site particulier, avec deux modèles 3D proposant des approches géométriques différentes, un modèle déterministe et un modèle stochastique, dont les propriétés géométriques et physiques ont été tirées des observations et travaux antérieurs effectués sur ce site de Rosemanowes. La simulation thermo-hydro-mécanique (THM) du modèle déterministe nous a permis de modéliser les échanges thermiques en régime transitoire dans le réservoir formé par le système de forages RH12/RH15 et d'estimer un ordre de grandeur des tractions d'origine thermique. Pour mieux étudier l'effet induit par la contraction des blocs de roche dans le temps nous utilisons le modèle 3D stochastique dont l'objectif principal est de simuler de façon plus réaliste la progression dans l'espace les ruptures en cisaillement. Avec ce modèle nous avons constaté l'apparition différée d'une activité et l'effet d'un cycle de pulses de pression, ce qui suggère un moyen d'atténuer les fortes magnitudes potentielles des ruptures en cisaillement dues au refroidissement. / The general framework of our research deals with the development of geothermal energy for electricity production using the heat stored in geological formations at depths ranging in 3 to 5 km, Generally the environment is poorly permeable and fractured. Our main objective is to study the phenomenon of induced micro-earthquakes in relation to the cooling of the rock. The work is based on field experiences including long duration tests, conducted on the Rosemanowes site (Cornwall, UK). For this, we proceeded to the development of a calculation tool, FRACAS, able to simulate this phenomenon by introducing a dual thermal approach to better simulate the cooling of the reservoir due to long term fluid injections, which might be responsible for new failure mechanisms due to the induced tractions. In this context, we introduced a new algorithm to describe shear in stabilities, a mechanism of "stick-slip" type with the consideration of static/dynamic friction coefficients. The possibility of inducing micro-seismicity is then studied using the in situ data base, with two 3D models offering different geometric approaches, a deterministic model and a stochastic model whose geometrical and physical properties were obtained from observations and previous work on this Rosemanowes site. The Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) simulation using the deterministic model has allowed us to calibrate the transient heat transfer in the reservoir formed by the drilling system RH12/RH15 and to give an estimate of tensile stress of thermal origin. To better study the effect induced by the contraction of the rock during time, we use the stochastic 3D model whose main objective is to simulate a more realistic spatial migration of shear ruptures. With this model we found a delayed onset of shear activity and discuss the effect of pressure step tests. The results suggest a way to mitigate the potential impact of shear ruptures due to cooling.

Tato disertační práce se věnuje studiu částečných výbojů (PD) způsobených poklesem spolehlivosti a životnosti elektronických zařízení a systémů. Diagnostika PD je dnes známá metoda pro vysoké napětí u vysoko-výkonných zařízení. V případě elektronických zařízení PD testování není ale běžně používáná metoda, přestože je zde také potenciál pro vysoké elektrické zatížení vzhledem k velmi krátké vzdálenosti. Tato práce je zaměřena na vyšetřování PD činnosti u elektronických zařízení. Bylo navrženo a provedeno pracoviště pro diagnostiku PD v elektronických zařízeních. Pracovní frekvence se pohybuje od několika stovek Hz až 100 kHz. Maximální amplituda PD testovaného napětí je vyšší než 10 kV. Navzdory jednoduché konstrukci toto zařízení přináší vysokou spolehlivost měření. Více než 300 PD testů bylo provedeno na různých elektronických zařízeních a elektronických součástí,např. na planárních transformátorech a elektronických komponentách používaných při vysoko-napěťových měničích

Deposits in municipal waste incinerators are very inhomogeneous in structure and constitution. They cause corrosion and reduce the efficiency, so they need to be removed frequently. Among other systems, operators use water cannons for the deposit removal. Two different removal mechanisms of water-cannon cleaning are suggested: A direct shattering of the deposit by the impact of the water jet, as well as the cracking caused by thermal stresses where droplets cool the deposits. As the contribution of each of the aforementioned mechanisms to the overall cleaning efficiency is unknown, we performed empirical investigations to determine the dominating effect. In a first experimental setup focusing on thermal stress, cold droplets were applied onto hot deposits taken from a waste incinerator. Results showed that the cleaning effect strongly depends on the deposit thickness and structure, so that the deposits could be categorised in three different groups. A second measurement campaign focused on the influence of deposit material, deposit temperature and water jet momentum. It could be shown that both deposit material and temperature have a significant effect on the cleaning efficiency, whereas an increase in water jet momentum only led to modest improvements. The combination of these two parameter studies implies that the influence of the thermal stress outweighs that of the momentum. This knowledge is applicable to the cleaning setup by increasing the temperature gradient.

Diploma thesis deals with the influence of various dosing of Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) using modified bitumen on the properties of asphalt concrete (ACO 11+) of cemented by polymer modified bitumen, while a rejuvenating agents are added into asphalt mixtures. The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes the basic knowledge of pavement recycling, polymer modified bitumens and their reuse in asphalt mixtures. The practical part deals with laboratory tests of ACO 11+ mixtures with the RAP proportion of 0 % to 50 %. The asphalt mixtures compared are evaluated by means of the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) and Stiffness test. The results obtained within the diploma thesis can approximate the issue of recycling of asphalt mixtures with polymer modified bitumens.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] En la actualidad, los estreses abióticos son una de las principales limitaciones en la producción agraria y seguridad alimentaria. La búsqueda de estrategias para conseguir una mejor tolerancia a los estreses abióticos es un objetivo de gran interés a nivel mundial, especialmente frente al estrés supra-térmico teniendo en cuenta el escenario de calentamiento global en el cual nos encontramos. Un modo de sortear los estreses ambientales, bajo el prisma de un manejo integrado o ecológico del cultivo, es la utilización de plantas injertadas como estrategia de adaptación. En pimiento, cultivo de gran importancia económica en nuestro país, la menor utilización de la técnica del injerto es debida a la inexistencia de patrones con suficiente adaptabilidad a condiciones de estrés abiótico. En este sentido, el equipo de investigación mixto entre la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) y el Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), el cual engloba esta tesis doctoral, ha sido capaz de seleccionar diferentes accesiones e híbridos de pimiento, entre ellos el híbrido NIBER®, que utilizados como portainjertos han obtenido buenos resultados en término de rendimiento en condiciones de estrés hídrico y salino, y generar información respecto a los diferentes mecanismos fisiológicos y moleculares responsables de dicha tolerancia. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, la información sigue siendo limitada en diferentes sentidos: no se ha estudiado en profundidad el efecto del injerto a las altas temperaturas; no se ha profundizado en el estudio de los mecanismos de tolerancia del portainjerto NIBER® frente al estrés hídrico causado por un riego deficitario controlado; y por último, ningún estudio se ha centrado en analizar los efectos del propio injerto sobre el rendimiento y calidad de los frutos de variedades tradicionales de pimiento. En este sentido, los objetivos que se han planteado en esta tesis doctoral han sido: I) evaluación fisiológica y agronómica de la tolerancia al estrés supra-térmico de accesiones de Capsicum annuum L. utilizadas como portainjertos; II) estudio de los mecanismos fisiológicos que subyacen en el comportamiento de portainjertos tolerantes a estrés supra-térmico; III) estudio de las bases del comportamiento agronómico y fisiológico de portainjertos de pimiento tolerantes a estrés hídrico en condiciones controladas de riego deficitario; IV) evaluación agronómica y de la calidad del fruto de variedades tradicionales de pimiento injertadas sobre patrones tolerantes a estreses abióticos. En esta tesis doctoral, por un lado, hemos sido capaces de seleccionar accesiones de pimiento, especialmente A57, que utilizadas como portainjertos confieren a la variedad injertada cierto grado de tolerancia al estrés térmico por altas temperaturas. También hemos podido comprobar que estos portainjertos tolerantes permiten a la variedad generar respuestas adaptativas a los efectos negativos de este estrés mediante la modificación de su comportamiento fisiológico, disminuyendo la fuga de electrolitos y la acumulación de H2O2, y aumentando el contenido de clorofilas y carotenoides en las hojas. Esta respuesta fisiológica observada en las hojas resulta en una mejor adaptación fisiológica en su fase reproductiva, mejorando el contenido de prolina en las anteras y la viabilidad de los granos de polen, incrementando con ello el cuajado de frutos y en consecuencia el rendimiento comercial. Por otro lado, hemos visto que la tolerancia al estrés hídrico conferida por el portainjerto NIBER® es consecuencia de una modificación fisiológica que permite mantener los niveles de fotosíntesis con una adecuada eficiencia en el uso del agua, resultando en un mayor rendimiento comercial. En este sentido, el uso de la estrategia de riego deficitario combinada con el uso de portainjertos tolerantes al estrés hídrico y con un mayor desarrollo radical, como es el caso del NIBER®, puede considerarse útil para reducir el consumo de agua, amortiguando lo / [CA] En l'actualitat, els estressos abiòtics són una de les principals limitacions en la producció agrària i seguretat alimentària. La cerca d'estratègies per a aconseguir una millor tolerància als estressos abiòtics és un objectiu de gran interés a nivell mundial, especialment davant de l'estrés supra-tèrmic tenint en compte l'escenari de calfament global en el qual ens trobem. Una manera de sortejar els estressos ambientals, sota el prisma d'un maneig integrat o ecològic del cultiu, és la utilització de plantes empeltades com a estratègia d'adaptació. En pimentó, cultiu de gran importància econòmica al nostre país, la menor utilització de la tècnica de l'empelt és deguda a la inexistència de patrons amb suficient adaptabilitat a condicions d'estrés abiòtic. En aquest sentit, l'equip d'investigació mixt entre la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) i l'Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), el qual engloba aquesta tesi doctoral, ha sigut capaç de seleccionar diferents accessions e híbrids de pimentó, entre ells l'híbrid NIBER®, que utilitzats com portaempelts han obtingut bons resultats en terme de rendiment en condicions d'estrés hídric i salí, i generar informació respecte als diferents mecanismes fisiològics i moleculars responsables d'aquesta tolerància. No obstant això, fins hui, la informació continua sent limitada en diferents sentits: no s'ha estudiat en profunditat l'efecte de l'empelt a les altes temperatures; no s'ha aprofundit en l'estudi dels mecanismes de tolerància del portaempelt NIBER® enfront de l'estrés hídric causat per un reg deficitari controlat; i finalment, cap estudi s'ha centrat en estudiar els efectes del propi empelt sobre el rendiment i qualitat dels fruits de varietats tradicionals de pimentó. En aquest sentit, els objectius que s'han plantejat en aquesta tesi doctoral han sigut: I) avaluació fisiològica i agronòmica de la tolerància a l'estrés supra-tèrmic d'accessions de Capsicum annuum L. utilitzades com portaempelts; II) estudi dels mecanismes fisiològics que subjauen en el comportament de portaempelts tolerants a estrés supra-tèrmic; III) estudi de les bases del comportament agronòmic i fisiològic de portaempelts de pimentó tolerants a estrés hídric en condicions controlades de reg deficitari; IV) avaluació agronòmica i de la qualitat del fruit de varietats tradicionals de pimentó empeltades sobre patrons tolerants a estressos abiòtics. En aquesta tesi doctoral, d'una banda, hem sigut capaços de seleccionar accessions de pimentó, especialment A57, que utilitzades com portaempelts confereixen a la varietat empeltada un cert grau de tolerància a l'estrés tèrmic per altes temperatures. També hem pogut comprovar que aquests portaempelts tolerants permeten a la varietat generar respostes adaptatives als efectes negatius d'aquest estrés mitjançant la modificació del seu comportament fisiològic, disminuint la fugida d'electròlits i l'acumulació de H2O2, i augmentant el contingut de clorofil·les i carotenoides en les fulles. Aquesta resposta fisiològica observada en les fulles resulta en una millor adaptació fisiològica en la seua fase reproductiva, millorant el contingut de prolina en les anteres i la viabilitat dels grans de pol·len, incrementant amb això el quallat de fruits i en conseqüència el rendiment comercial. D'altra banda, la tolerància a l'estrés hídric conferida pel portaempelt NIBER® és conseqüència d'una modificació fisiològica que permet mantenir els nivells de fotosíntesi amb una adequada eficiència en l'ús de l'aigua, resultant en un major rendiment comercial. En aquest sentit, l'ús de l'estratègia de reg deficitari combinada amb l'ús de portaempelts tolerants a l'estrés hídric i amb un major desenvolupament radical, com és el cas del NIBER®, pot considerar-se útil per a reduir el consum d'aigua, esmorteint els efectes negatius de l'estrés sobre el rendiment, degut principalment a la menor incidència de BER. Finalment, hem sigut capaços de constatar que l'ús de portaem / [EN] Currently, abiotic stresses are one of the main limitations in agricultural production and food security. The search for strategies to achieve a better tolerance to abiotic stresses is an objective of great interest worldwide, especially in the face of supra-thermal stress, considering the global warming scenario in which we find ourselves. One way to overcome environmental stresses, under the prism of an integrated or ecological management of the crop, is the use of grafted plants as an adaptation strategy. In pepper, a crop of great economic importance in our country, the lesser use of the grafting technique is due to the lack of rootstocks with sufficient adaptability to abiotic stress conditions. In this sense, the mixed research team between Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) and Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), which includes this doctoral thesis, has been able to select different pepper accessions and hybrids, including the NIBER® hybrid, which used as rootstocks have obtained good results in terms of yield under conditions of water and saline stress, and generate information regarding the different physiological and molecular mechanisms responsible for said tolerance. However, to date, the information remains limited in different ways: the effect of grafting at high temperatures has not been studied in depth; the study of the tolerance mechanisms of the NIBER® rootstock against water stress caused by controlled deficit irrigation has not been studied in depth; and finally, no study has focused on analyzing the effects of the graft itself on the yield and quality of the fruits of traditional pepper varieties. In this sense, the objectives that have been set in this doctoral thesis have been: I) physiological and agronomic evaluation of the tolerance to supra-thermal stress of accessions of Capsicum annuum L. used as rootstocks; II) study of the physiological mechanisms that underlie the behavior of rootstocks tolerant to supra-thermal stress; III) study of the bases of the agronomic and physiological behavior of pepper rootstocks tolerant to water stress under controlled conditions of deficit irrigation; IV) agronomic and fruit quality evaluation of traditional pepper varieties grafted on rootstocks tolerant to abiotic stresses. In this doctoral thesis, on the one hand, we have been able to select pepper accessions, especially A57, which, when used as rootstocks, give the grafted variety a certain degree of tolerance to thermal stress from high temperatures. We have also been able to verify that these tolerant rootstocks allow the variety to generate adaptive responses to the negative effects of this stress by modifying its physiological behavior, decreasing electrolyte leakage and H2O2 accumulation, and increasing the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves. This physiological response observed in the leaves results in a better physiological adaptation in its reproductive phase, improving the proline content in the anthers and the viability of pollen grains, thereby increasing fruit set and consequently commercial yield. On the other hand, the tolerance to water stress conferred by the NIBER® rootstock is the consequence of a physiological modification that allows maintaining photosynthesis levels with an adequate water use efficiency, resulting in a higher commercial yield. In this sense, the use of the deficit irrigation strategy combined with the use of tolerant rootstocks to water stress and with greater root development, as is the case of NIBER®, can be considered useful to reduce water consumption, cushioning the negative stress effects on yield, mainly due to the lower incidence of blossom-end rot (BER). Finally, we have been able to verify that the use of tolerant rootstocks to abiotic stresses, such as NIBER®, in traditional pepper varieties could be a useful technique to improve the yield and commercial quality of this crop, mainly by reducing the incidence of BER, / Esta tesis doctoral ha sido realizada gracias a la financiación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) mediante los proyectos RTA-2017- 00030-C02 y PID2020-118824RR-C2, y a la financiación del Ministerio de Universidades a través de un contrato predoctoral FPU (FPU18/00564) / Gisbert Mullor, R. (2023). Análisis de la variabilidad genética del género Capsicum frente a estreses abióticos para su uso como portainjertos. Estudio de los mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerancia, del comportamiento agronómico y de la calidad del fruto [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196652 / Compendio