The most important component of change management is the employee's endorsement or "buy in" of the new process. Many managers underestimate this aspect (Wilbur, 1999:12). Developing new processes and systems are relatively easy compared to "changing behaviour and managing people's emotional responses ... " (Wilbur,1999:13) As common as change is in today's organizations, employees still do not like it, and display amazing resistance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of resistance to change that affects males and females in junior and management level in an organization. It is hoped that the results obtained from the study will provide a greater understanding of the causes of resistance that affects employees' in an organization. Furthermore, to understand if causes of resistance affect the genders, i.e. if certain causes of resistance affects females more than males. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

Eritrea is a young state and a developing country faced with major problems and constraints, one of which is a shortage of professional, skilled and semi-skilled human resources. With the country's considerable and diverse attractions, tourism is a promising option for economic development in Eritrea. The objective of this research paper is to examine the role of human resource development in contributing to the creation of a modem and internationally competitive tourism sector in Eritrea, as well as increasing tourism 's contribution to ecenomic growth and sustainable develepment. Tourism is one of the major socio-economic sectors of the world and is also a rapidly growing sector. However, it has both positive and negative impacts. In order to maximize the positive and minimize the negative impacts, most countries now are opting for responsible tourism or sustainable tourism development. Not all countries and regions have benefited equally from tourism, and competition in the tourism market is fierce, especially for small countries and new entrants like Eritrea. One of the factors for optirnising the contribution made by tourism is human resource development (HRD) in the tourism industry. This paper investigates how the economic contribution of tourism can be increased, and suggests approaches to revitalizing the human resources of the tourism sector, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study shows how HRD can play a vital role in supporting tourism development and ensuring the continuous supply of quality human resources to meet the industry's growing requirements. Based on human capital theory in relation to the tourism industry, and considering the sector's special employment characteristics, it presents a comprehensive analysis and assessment of current tourism human resources in Eritrea in terms of various HRD variables such as education, training, experience, and foreign language competence. The results indicate that significant gaps exist between the supply of and demand for human resources as the tourism industry grows in Eritrea. The findings reveal that all-round training is required across the spectrum of tourism occupations, places, levels of management and stakeholders including the public at large. The lack of trainers and training infrastructure is identified as a key factor responsible for inadequate professionalism in the Eritrean tourism industry. As a result, the study identifies specific policies, strategies and recommendations to be adopted if Eritrea is to be in a position to face the challenges posed by international tourism competition. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Changes in household composition in South Africa are examined for the period 1995 – 2006 using nationally representative household surveys. Trends show a significant fall in nuclear type households (households that contain immediate family members only) whilst a rise in extended type households (households that contain immediate family members plus ‘other’ relatives). These trends however mask more unique changes in specific household types. More specifically, amongst nuclear type households, there is a rise in ‘single person’ households alongside a fall in ‘nuclear family’ households. Within extended type households, there is a rise in non-standard ‘skip generation’ and ‘complex but related’ households alongside a fall in standard ‘three generation’ and ‘multi generation’ forms of household organisation. Furthermore household heads from different household types are shown to display considerable heterogeneity in terms of their demographic characteristics as well as their poverty levels. Poverty estimates are particularly sensitive to the choice of equivalence scale. Whilst extended type households are consistently poorer than nuclear type households across plausible equivalence scales, poverty rankings amongst specific household types change significantly when different equivalence scales are employed. Across time, the headcount ratio for nuclear type households is seen to fall whilst the headcount ratio for extended type households appears to rise. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2008.

The Government of National Unity (GNU) came into power in 1994 and was immediately confronted with severe problems. In particular, the government was faced with the problems of high rate of unemployment, low economic growth, high rate of inflation, and high fiscal deficits. As part of the measures to address the fiscal deficits problem, the government has approved a process of privatisation and restructuring the state assets. To this end, sector specific task teams have been established and given the mandate to develop major options for the privatisation and restructuring process. There are some issues of concern in the planning of privatisation and restructuring process. The major issues of concern include, the identification of enterprises to be privatised and when and how to privatise public enterprises. Further, privatisation transactions, like any other sale, require a buyer and a seller. Here, the process raises three fundamental questions: (a) should the state-owned enterprise be sold? If yes, should it be disposed of in its entirety or sold off in segments ?; (b) to whom should state assets be sold?; and (c) at what price should the assets be sold? There is also a distributional problem which often results from the pricing of asset being privatised. Discounts on the market and underpricing of asset often result in the transfer of wealth to the new owners from the wider public and tax payers. The process can also affect consumers through changes in both the level and structure of prices of the newly privatised enterprises. It can also be costly to employees of the enterprises being privatised if there are layoffs by the new. owners unless they are offered severance packages. That is why privatisation is, sometimes, open to opposition by unions and public in general. This study reviews literature on privatisation with the aim to bring about the issues, processes, and problems involved in the process. In doing this, the study examines the privatisation experiences of some developed and developing countries with a view to providing some lessons that South Africa could learn from these experiences. The review suggests that South Africa can reduce its stock of debt and finance its expenditure by utilising proceeds from the sale of some of the state assets. In addition, the efficiency ofthe state enterprises can be enhanced ifthe ownership of some of them is transferred to the private sector. Privatisation of state assets, however, comes with costs. The critical concerns regarding the implementation ofthe process are; the openness of the process to political opposition for fear of economic concentration of wealth to rich individuals and public sector unions opposition for fear ofjob losses oftheir members; the setting and determining the market price of the public enterprise in advance of sale. In some cases the tenders fail to reach the reserved price whereas in others the offers are oversubscribed. In the former case, the risk is perceived to be greater that in the latter. Although public offering may be a preferred method, in an economy with underdeveloped financial markets, flotation of shares to the public may not be feasible. Despite these likely problems, privatisation can bring productive gains if it is well planned and managed. / Thesis (M.Comm.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

Through mutual trade in goods and assets, economies become closer linked - integrated - and this changes the way these economies react to their own and each other's economic policy and disturbances. Recognising this, the countries may chose to enter into integration arrangements which facilitate goods and asset trade and may permit co-ordinated action in the policy sphere. A monetary integration arrangement unites more closely the monetary systems of a number of countries, and this may be in the absence or presence of a broader economic integration arrangement (for example a common market). This thesis examines aspects of the integration arrangement known as the Common Monetary Area (CMA), between South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Chapter 2 outlines theoretical considerations of the desirability of monetary integration, while Chapter 3 uses a model to analyse the effects of goods and asset market integration on the economic policy and disturbance transmission of two countries. Chapter 4 describes the institutional and historical setting of the CMA, as well as the reasons behind the changes made to the legal arrangement in 1986. Chapter 5 presents a critique of an attempt to analyse the CMA as an optimal currency area, while Chapter 6 analyses the state of broader economic integration over the CMA, and assesses its implications for monetary integration. Chapter 7 addresses empirically the question of the degree of asset and goods market integration and explains the implications for monetary integration, while chapter 8 analyses the situation of Botswana, a non-CMA member, to assess its importance for the CMA and its relation to the debate surrounding the continued existence of the CMA. The conclusion that is reached is that, given extant levels of goods and asset market integration, the members of the CMA (especially the smaller members) would benefit from greater joint policy making and policy co-ordination, i.e. greater monetary unification. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, 1992.

The overall objective of the research was to evaluate the achievements of reconciliation process in Bugesera district after the Rwandan 1994 genocide. Bugesera district lost over 62,000 Tutsi during genocide, being the most hit in the country. Today, the survivors and perpetrators are living together in the same district. The study is aimed at evaluating the impact of reconciliation mechanisms in place and how these mechanisms can be enhanced to get better results. The research was conducted in Bugesera district and qualitative research methods were adopted where by thirty respondents were interviewed; ten from the survivors , ten from released perpetrators of genocide, five district officials, three from NGOs and two church leaders. The research was based on both primary and secondary data, but primary data was used mostly. Most of the key concepts used in the research were explained in the literature review. From the research, it was revealed that efforts are in place to reconcile the survivors and perpetrators but people are still suspicious of one another. That a gap between survivors and perpetrators still exists, irrespective of government and patterns' efforts in bringing them together. The research suggested a number of recommendations, which would enhance reconciliation in the district. / Thesis (M.Comm.)-University of Kwazulu-Natal, 2008.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between labour market rigidities and unemployment. The thesis does not attempt to undertake surveys, providing instead an overview of the literature and of South African works. The unemployment - labour market rigidity debate is analysed with particular reference to the experiences of European countries belonging the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It appears that while adverse shocks acted in the direction of raising unemployment, they could not account for the considerable heterogeneity or the persistence in unemployment levels across countries. The possibility that labour market institutions or rigidities had a role to play in propagating the effects of adverse shocks on unemployment was then raised, leading to the emergence of a broad consensus that European unemployment has its sources in the interactions of adverse shocks and adverse labour market institutions. Rigidities in the labour market have their source in trade union intransigence and in the legislation governing the labour market. Trade unions in South Africa are strong and in the past have been particularly militant in achieving their objectives of raising members' wages and improving conditions of employment. The regulatory environment in which the South African labour market operates was examined . South Africa's adoption of labour legislation that is very trade union friendly, and that introduces greater inflexibility into the market and affects business's abilities to adapt to change, which is particularly necessary within the context of globalisation, is against the trend observed internationally. The implementation of such legislation seems irresponsible in a country where conservatively 26,4 percent of the economically active population is unemployed. / Thesis (M.Comm.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

Despite the fact that the Wild Coast area is well endowed with natural resources, the area is severely underdeveloped and experiencing high levels of unemployment. It is against this background that the South African government has chosen tourism as an appropriate development instrument for Port St. Johns. The empirical evidence shows that coastal tourism development has produced benefits such as employment and income generation in countries like Kenya, which share the same development trends with the Eastern Cape. Thus, the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative (WCSDI) has been proposed as a vehicle to promote tourism development. The WCSDI aims at unlocking the inherent and under-utilised economic potential of certain specific spatial locations, like Port St. Johns. In this study a critical analysis of the tourism-related projects proposed for Port St. Johns is undertaken, making use of cost-benefit analysis techniques and drawing on projections made in the course of the WCSDI planning process. The study shows that these projects can lead to economic growth through attracting investment and creating employment opportunities. However, this study does not show the exact number of jobs created by this development, as most of these projects are still in the planning stage. Lessons should be drawn from the Kenyan Coastal Development Corridor case study, in order to ensure that the WCSDI is a success. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

The first half of this research is an attempt to provide a solid theoretical foundation of the various theories of the consumption function and the empirical evidence. Both the theoretical foundation and the empirical evidence is wide-ranging, spanning a period of over fifty years, with a discussion on the early Keynesian consumption function through to the influence of the rational expectations approach to economic modelling. The emphasis is both on the macro as well as micro aspects of the consumption function. The second half of this research considers the nature of the consumption function in South Africa. This is done with the application of time-series data to three particular models that could provide some insight, and answer certain broad questions about the behaviour of consumption in South Africa. More specifically this is achieved through disaggregation by considering demand functions for specific items of consumption. / Thesis (M. Com.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1996.

Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, 1990.