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Trest smrti a vzdání se práva na život spácháním zvlášť závažného trestného činu / Death penalty and the waiver of the right to life by committing an extremely serious crimeNeradová, Kateřina January 2015 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to define, what is the position of right to life in the system of protection of human rights and whether is the death penalty a justifiable institute in international human rights law. The thesis focuses on the death penalty and its history in connection with the right to life as an inherent human right. It explores the conventions, protocols and resolutions that are related to the matter. The thesis is divided into seven chapters, whereas first of them is introduction, where the author asks questions about vindicability of the capital punishment. That is followed by a brief history of the death penalty and explanation of the purpose of the punishment. Following chapter looks into a view of international society on the death penalty, summing up views of international governmental organizations, as well as non- governmental. Fundamental part of the thesis is a chapter disserting on the right to life, its history, where we can find right to life in international law, interpretation of right to life and case law. Last chapter deals with an issue of a crime as an act of forfeiting the right to life. The analysis consists of criticizing the conclusions made in the course of the thesis and propositions of further possibilities.
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Vybrané aspekty problematiky základního lidského práva dle čl. 6 Listiny základních práv a svobod / Selected Aspects of the Dilemma of the Basic Human Right according to Declaration of Basic Rights, Paragraph 6Niklová, Ivana January 2011 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with the selected aspects of the dilemma of the basic human right according to Declaration of Basic Rights, paragraph 6. It focuses mainly on controversial themes such as euthanasia, abortion and death penalty. It provides readers with the definition of the conflict of these three perspectives with breaking the right to life. It shows historical development of the enactment in the Czech Republic and also in the international context. Last but not least, it describes the attitude of selected states (namely Germany, USA and China) to the solution of conflict relations within this area. The attitude of other states is foreshadowed in terms of euthanasia and abortion.
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Právo na život garantované Evropskou úmluvou o ochraně lidských práv a základních svobod / The right to life guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.Divoká, Simona January 2011 (has links)
Title: The right to life guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Author: Simona Divoká Department: Department of international law Supervisor: prof. JUDr. Pavel Šturma, DrSc. Abstract: The thesis is mainly focused on the interpretation of the article 2 of the Convention which guarantees one of the most important human rights, the right to life. In the first part of the thesis I deal with the European Convention on Human Rights, especially its aplication to be clear when the violation of the Convention is possible. Then I concentrate on the functioning of European Court of Human Rights which was constituted for the purpose to execute the control of compliance with rights and liberties guaranteed by the Convention and Additional Protocols to the Convention which contracting states obligate to fulfill. Then I handle the interpretation of the article 2 of the Convention and I try to describe with the help of judicature of the Court which obligations must be fulfilled by the contracting states and how the contracting states must behave to comply with the Convention. Substantive and procedural obligations give rise to contracting states. These obligations can be divided into positive and negative obligations. I continuously describe these...
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Právo na život vs. jeho nepřirozené ukončení / Right to live vs. unnatural termination of lifeDupáková, Petra January 2013 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to clarify the concept of the right to life in the legislative in the Czech Republic and in abroad with a comparison with its unnatural end, while abortion and euthanasia. This work is primarily devoted to law regulation of these institutes, but also covers other aspects such as religion, philosophy and science. It is designed so that each and every chapter is in its introductory section devoted to the formulation of the topic, the historical development in the Czech Republic but also abroad, it introduces the possible procedures and attitudes, it mentions for example and briefly compares similar institutes. Other parts of the diploma deal with legislation whether the right to life, abortion or euthanasia, provides comparison of domestic legislation with internationals. In light of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights points the views and attitudes on the subject at the international level. The final section is then evaluated core issues especially from the standpoint of law.
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Direito à vida do nascituroTeixeira Junior, Flávio Luiz 15 April 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-15 / This work aims to present that, in the brazilian law, the unborn is human person since the
conception, owning rights originated of his personality, althought the most important is the
fundamental right to life. The subject matter involving this right to life originates of the
respect to dignity of the human person value, which runs the principle of human life, inserted
in the Federal Constitution, but also incorporated by the international conventions that the
Brazil is signatary, and that influences all the brazilian juridic ordenament.
As the right is coherence and uniformity, it presents that the protection of the right to life of
the unborn happens as much by the civilistic optic like with the right to support recognized
by doctrine and jurisprudence, and with the heatlhy development of the pregnancy, product of
the total protection doctrine , as by the penal optic, with the tipification of the offense of the
abortion. This protection happens even though the seed of relativization of this right to life,
like in the judgment of the constitutionality of using human embryo as a source of steam cell,
by divergent interpretations of legal texts, or by the appeal for the legalization of the eugenic
abortion / O presente trabalho objetiva demonstrar que, no direito brasileiro, o nascituro é pessoa
humana desde a concepção, possuindo direitos decorrentes de sua personalidade, sendo que o
mais importante é o fundamental direito à vida. A temática envolvendo este direito à vida se
origina do valor da dignidade da pessoa humana, do qual decorre o princípio do respeito à
vida humana, inserido na Constituição Federal, mas também assimilado dos tratados
internacionais que o Brasil é signatário, e que influencia todo o ordenamento jurídico
brasileiro.
Como o direito é coerência e uniformidade, demonstra-se que a proteção ao direito à vida do
nascituro ocorre tanto sob a ótica civilista como com o direito aos alimentos reconhecido
pela doutrina e jurisprudência, e com o desenvolvimento sadio na gravidez, produto da
doutrina da proteção integral , quanto sob a ótica penal, com a tipificação do delito de
aborto. Essa proteção existe mesmo frente à semente de relativização deste direito à vida,
como no julgamento da constitucionalidade do uso de embriões humanos como fonte de
células-tronco, por interpretações divergentes dos textos legais, ou pelo apelo para a
legalização do aborto eugênico
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DOAÇÃO DE ÓRGÃOS E TECIDOS PARA TRANSPLANTES: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE O BRASIL E O URUGUAITimm, Gilmara Andersson 15 December 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-15 / The transplant activity is considered as one of the most important medical innovations of this century, attracting more media attention and public opinion than other technologies or therapeutic ways. A possible explanation is that the donation-transplant process, beyond technical aspects, it has ethical, legal and moral implications. According to health policy we see the government as main state agent, not only for defining the legislation to be applied, but also in relation to requiring from the hospital institutions the application of the legislation regarded to the topic, making countries of the same continent show different indexes in relation to donations and transplants. For developing this study was applied the methodology of a qualitative research, through documental methodology, as well as descriptive and comparative, with Dialectical Criticism approach with the aim of analyzing the Donation and Transplants Policies of Brazil and Uruguay, searching to identify their similarities and differences. Data collecting were carried out from Brazilian and Uruguayan Legislation, as well as from administrative rules and resolutions related to organ donations and transplants of these countries. The documents used were of public domain published on official governmental websites of these countries. The systematized data were analyzed from the content analysis technique, allowing to reveal symmetries and asymmetries in the Brazilian and Uruguayan legislations and to identify limiting aspects in the donation of organs and transplants process in these countries, through pre-established categories. In this study we can conclude that both countries use the criterion of death as the Death Encefálica.No Brazil organ donation is permitted while in Uruguay's donation is presumed. The diagnosis of ME is more succinct in Uruguay than in Brazil. In Brazil there are easier to donate an organ to a living relative. Both countries exempt the requirement for judicial authorization in the case of living donation to a spouse, Brazil extends the exemption for the spouse, while the Uruguayan law is silent in this regard. In Brazil, the family interview is an essential part in the donation process. In Uruguay, the family interview will only occur if the deceased was not express in life the desire to donate or not. In both countries there is a social control in relation to the waiting list for an organ and tissue. Both countries are characterized with regard to crimes transplants as crimes against life and they bring in their penal legislation types incriminating against professionals and health institutions. Both countries seek to meet assistencialmente the giver and receiver. Finally, it is observed that this study is a snip of a bigger Health Care Research Program in the Mercosur, coordinated by Professor Dr. Vera Maria Ribeiro Nogueira / A atividade de transplante é considerada como um dos mais importantes avanços médicos deste século, exercendo uma atração na imprensa e na opinião pública maior do que outras tecnologias ou formas terapêuticas. Uma possível explicação para este fato é que o processo doação-transplante, além dos aspectos técnicos, tem implicações éticas, morais e legais. Nessa política de saúde vemos como agente principal o Estado, tanto no momento de definir a legislação a ser aplicada, como também no que tange a cobrar das instituições hospitalares o cumprimento da legislação atinente ao tema, o que faz com que países de um mesmo continente apresentem índices muito diferenciados em relação à doação e transplantes. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foi aplicado o método de uma pesquisa qualitativa, através de uma metodologia documental, descritiva e comparativa, com abordagem Dialético-Crítica, onde se pretendeu analisar as Políticas de Doação e Transplantes do Brasil e do Uruguai, buscando identificar suas semelhanças e diferenças. A coleta de dados se deu a partir das legislações do Brasil e do Uruguai, bem como em portarias e resoluções em matéria de doação de órgãos e transplantes desses países. Os documentos que subsidiaram a análise foram de domínio público, publicados em sites oficiais dos governos desses países. Os dados sistematizados foram analisados a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo, permitindo desvelar simetrias e assimetrias nas legislações do Brasil e do Uruguai e identificar aspectos limitadores do processo de Doação de Órgãos e Transplantes nesses países, mediante categorias pré-estabelecidas. Neste estudo pode-se concluir que ambos os países utilizam o critério de morte como sendo o da Morte Encefálica.No Brasil a doação de órgãos é consentida enquanto que no Uruguai é doação é presumida. O diagnóstico de ME é mais sucinto no Uruguai do que no Brasil. No Brasil há maior facilidade de se doar um órgão em vida para um parente. Ambos países dispensam a exigência de autorização judicial em se tratando de doação em vida para cônjuge, o Brasil estende a dispensa para o companheiro, enquanto que a lei Uruguaia é omissa nesse aspecto. No Brasil a entrevista familiar é parte fundamental no processo de doação. No Uruguai a entrevista familiar só irá ocorrer se o falecido não manifestar em vida o desejo ou não de doar. Em ambos os países há um controle social em relação à fila de espera por um órgão e tecido. Ambos os países caracterizam os crimes em matéria de transplantes como crimes contra a vida e ambos trazem em suas legislações tipos penais incriminadores em relação aos profissionais e instituições de saúde. Ambos os países procuram atender assistencialmente o doador e receptor.
Por fim, cabe ressaltar que este estudo é um recorte de um projeto maior de Pesquisa em Atenção à Saúde no MERCOSUL, coordenado pela Profª Dra. Vera Maria Ribeiro Nogueira
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Les atteintes à l'intégrité des personnes détenues imputables à l'Etat : contribution à la théorie des obligations conventionnelles européennes : l'exemple de la France / The violations of the prisoners’ integrity during custody imputable to the StateSimon, Anne 04 December 2013 (has links)
Les conditions d'exécution de toute mesure privative de liberté sont déterminantes de son sens et de son efficacité en termes de réinsertion et lutte contre la récidive. La préservation de l'intégrité physique et psychique des personnes détenues constitue un facteur de légitimité indéniable de l'institution carcérale et de son rôle au sein d'une société démocratique. En vertu des articles 2 et 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, qui protègent respectivement le droit à la vie et la prohibition des traitements inhumains et dégradants, la jurisprudence européenne a identifié une pluralité d'obligations mises à la charge des États. Les atteintes portées à l'intégrité des personnes détenues dans le cadre de la détention carcérale peuvent être directement imputable à l'État lorsqu'elles résultent du fonctionnement officiel de l'institution, en particulier des fouilles, des placements à l'isolement, des rotations de sécurité, ou des conditions de détention. Elles peuvent aussi lui être indirectement imputables, lorsque la défaillance étatique a permis ou toléré la réalisation d'un acte particulier violant ces droits absolus protégés. L'élaboration des critères d'imputation à l'État de ces atteintes au droit à l'intégrité des personnes détenues et les limites de la responsabilité étatique sont précisément déterminées par la définition et l'intensité des obligations européennes. Si la Cour de Strasbourg apparaît comme le premier facteur de la mutation du droit pénitentiaire et d'une protection renforcée des droits des personnes incarcérées, les lacunes de sa jurisprudence pourraient avoir des effets contradictoires et faire obstacle à l'élaboration d'une théorie cohérente et systématisée des obligations conventionnelles européennes. / The conditions of enforcement of any custodial measure are crucial for its meaning and effectiveness in tenns of reinsertion and the prevention ofreoffending. The preservation of the prisoners' physical and psychological integrity is a source oflegitimacy for the prison institution and its function in a democratic society. Under articles 2 and 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which are respectively protecting the right to life and the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment, the European Court ofHuman Rights, in its case law, bas identified numerous obligations imposed on Member States. The violations of the prisoners' integrity during custody can be directly imputable to the State when resulting from the official functioning of the institution, especially bodil searches, solitary confinements, security rotations, or conditions of imprisonment. The violations can also be indirectly imputable to the State when its own failure pennitted or tolerated a violation of these absolute rights by a private person. The development of the criteria for violations of prisoners' integrity and the limits of the State responsibility are precisely delineated by the definition and the intensity of European obligations. If the European Court ofHuman Rights appears to be the primary cause of the changing nature of prison and of an increased protection of the prisoners' rights, the loopholes of its case law might have contradictory effects and stand in the way of a coherent theory of the obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights.
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A legalização do aborto no Brasil: uma questão de Saúde Pública?Clemente, Aleksandro 14 May 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-14 / This paper discusses the controversial issue of the abortion legalization in Brazil
based on careful analysis of the argument that this would be a necessary measure to
address a public health problem, which is: the high rate of maternal mortality caused
by the illegal practice of abortion. The subject studied in this academic research
seeks to know whether this argument - that the abortion legalization is a necessary
measure to address a public health problem - resists a more accurate and rational
analysis, even if legal abortion could be upheld by Brazilian legal system. This paper
seeks to investigate some hypothesis: 1st - Legalizing abortion is a necessary or
proper to reduce the high rate of maternal mortality in Brazil and perfectly compatible
with our legal system; 2nd - Legalizing abortion is a necessary or proper to reduce
the high rate of maternal mortality in Brazil, however, it have no support in the
Brazilian legal system, 3rd - Abortion legalization is no solution to reduce the
maternal mortality rate in Brazil, but the Brazilian legal system have no obstacles to
such an extent , 4th - The abortion legalization is not a solution to reduce the
maternal mortality rate in Brazil and also finds no support in the Brazilian legal
system. We analyzed the issue of abortion legalization in Brazil in a rational and
objective way, studying Brazilian and also other countries legislation considering the
subject. Furthermore, the findings obtained in this study are based on surveys and
statistics compiled and disseminated by various institutions - public and private - as
well as government agencies, including the Brazilian Health Ministry / O presente trabalho debate a polêmica questão da legalização do aborto no Brasil a
partir da análise criteriosa do argumento de que esta seria uma medida necessária
para solucionar um problema de saúde pública, qual seja: o alto índice de
mortalidade materna ocasionado pela prática do aborto clandestino. A problemática
estudada nesta pesquisa acadêmica busca saber se esse argumento - o de que a
legalização do aborto é uma medida necessária para solucionar um problema de
saúde pública resiste a uma análise mais apurada e racional e, ainda, se a
legalização do aborto encontra amparo no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. As
hipóteses que esse trabalho busca investigar são as seguintes: 1ª Legalizar o aborto
é uma medida necessária ou adequada para reduzir o alto índice de mortalidade
materna no Brasil e perfeitamente compatível com o nosso ordenamento jurídico; 2ª
Legalizar o aborto é uma medida necessária ou adequada para reduzir o alto índice
de mortalidade materna no Brasil, porém, não encontra amparo no ordenamento
jurídico brasileiro; 3ª A legalização do aborto não é solução para reduzir o índice de
mortalidade materna no Brasil, embora no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro não haja
óbices para tal medida; 4ª A legalização do aborto não é solução para reduzir o
índice de mortalidade materna no Brasil e também não encontra amparo no
ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Procuramos analisar a questão da legalização do
aborto no Brasil de modo racional e objetivo, estudando a legislação brasileira
acerca do assunto e também a legislação de outros países. Além disso, as
conclusões obtidas neste trabalho se baseiam pesquisas e estatísticas elaboradas e
divulgadas por diversas instituições pública e privadas - bem como por órgãos
governamentais, dentre eles o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil
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Do valor da vida humana e da vida humana sem valorRocha, Francisco Ilídio Ferreira 04 February 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-04 / This thesis has the purpose of analyzing the current state of the constitutional
protection of human life and, from this, specifies the axiological dimension of the vital
existence of the human being. In this sense, it pursues the goal to establish, legally,
what is life as a constitutional and legal interest worthy of protection, stating its
definition and separating it by differentiation of those so called life related rights.
These conceptual foundations are indispensable to the attainment of what is
intended as a legal-axiological study of human life, which allows to recognize that,
despite the imperatives derived from the principle of human dignity, the legal
protection of human life realizes in different degrees of intensity and from arbitrary
criteria in a way that allows the deduction that human life is considered more or less
valuable in certain circumstances and, in some cases, one can even say that the
biological life of the human being does not have any value at all. Identification of
thecritical circumstances implying varying degrees of protection of life, as well as
those authorizing the abandonment and denial of its value, constitutes the core of
this thesis / A presente tese tem como objeto a análise do atual estado da tutela constitucional
da vida humana e, a partir dessa premissa, precisar a dimensão axiológica da
existência vital do ser humano. Nesse sentido, persegue-se a pretensão de
determinar, juridicamente, o que é a vida como um bem jurídico constitucional e
penalmente protegido, precisando sua definição e apartando-o, adequadamente,
daqueles assim designadosdireitos concernentes à vida. Tais bases conceituais são
indispensáveis para a realização do escopo desta tese, a saber, um estudo jurídicoaxiológico
da vida humana, no qual se reconhece que, a despeito dos imperativos
derivados do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, a proteção jurídica da
existência vital do ser humano realiza-se em diferentes graus de intensidade e a
partir de critérios arbitrários que permitem deduzir que a vida humana é considerada
mais ou menos valiosa em determinadas circunstâncias, e que, noutros casos, podese
mesmo dizer que a vida biológica do ser humano não possui valor qualquer. A
identificação de circunstâncias críticas que implicam em graus variáveis de proteção
da vida, bem como aquelas que autorizam o abandono e a negação de seu valor,
constitui-se no cerne desta tese
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A morte digna, direito fundamentalVaralli, Janaina Thais Daniel 13 December 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main objective of the work is to investigate the right to a dignified death as a
true fundamental right of the individual. The premise is that if national and
international legislation protects the right to a dignified life, as can be seen from the
systematic and teleological reading of articles 5 and 225 of the Federal Constitution
and international documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
one must recognize the right to the dignified life in all the phases of existence of the
subject, even when it is in terminal phase. In order to develop the study, the
principles of bioethics and biolaw, the concepts of euthanasia, orthothanasia,
assisted suicide and dysthanasia, as well as palliative care were analyzed. The role
of the State as guarantor of the right to life was also analyzed, but also as a
guarantor of freedom and autonomy in the private matters. Emblematic cases have
been investigated in order to observe the current stage of discussion and legislation
in Brazil and in the world. The right to a dignified death, whether through voluntary
euthanasia or assisted suicide, is an unfolding of the right to a dignified life and can
be exercised by those who are aware, informed of their clinical conditions and
options, privileging the autonomous decision of the subject to submission to certain
medical treatments and procedures and regarding the duration of life, which can be
foreseen in the instrument called advance directives. If life is a right it can not
become a real burden / O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar o direito à morte digna como
verdadeiro direito fundamental do indivíduo. Parte-se da premissa de que se a
legislação nacional e internacional protegem o direito à vida digna, como se
depreende da leitura sistemática e teleológica dos artigos 5º e 225 da Constituição
Federal e de documentos internacionais como a Declaração Universal dos Direitos
Humanos, deve-se reconhecer o direito à vida digna em todas as fases de
existência do sujeito, mesmo quando ele está em fase terminal. Para desenvolver
o estudo foram analisados os princípios da Bioética e do Biodireito, os conceitos
de eutanásia, ortotanásia, suicídio assistido e distanásia, bem como dos cuidados
paliativos. Analisou-se também o papel do Estado como garantidor do direito à
vida, mas também como garantidor da liberdade e da autonomia na esfera privada.
Foram investigados casos emblemáticos a respeito do assunto, para se observar
o estágio atual da discussão e da legislação, no Brasil e no mundo. O direito à
morte digna, seja por meio da eutanásia voluntária ou do suicídio assistido, é um
desdobramento do direito à vida digna e pode ser exercido por aquele que tem
consciência, está informado de suas condições clínicas e opções, privilegiando-se
a decisão autônoma do sujeito a respeito da submissão a determinados
tratamentos e procedimentos médicos e a respeito da duração da vida, o que pode
ser previsto no instrumento denominado de diretrizes antecipadas. Se a vida é um
direito, então, não pode se transformar em verdadeiro fardo
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