Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställning - Studien undersöker hur tränare inom barn- och ungdomsfotbollen i Stockholm leder sina adepter i träning. Forskningsfrågorna lyder: Vilka ledarskapsbeteenden tillämpar tränare inom barn- och ungdomsfotbollen under pågående träning? Vilka typer av frågor använder tränarna och på vilka sätt utövas feedback/återkoppling? Vilka praktiska ledarskapsbeteenden kan identifieras i olika teorier om ledarskap?  Metod - I detta arbete genomfördes en etnografisk observation av tio fotbollstränare i åtta olika pojklag mellan tio och 19 år. Både träningen och tränarens röst spelades in. Tränarnas beteenden summerades i en tematisk analys för att ta reda på mönster i ledarskapet.   Resultat - Resultaten visar fyra tematiska områden av tränarnas tillämpade ledarskap, nämligen tillämpning av frågor, tillämpning av feedback, gruppsamlingar och atmosfär. Frågor används i ledande syfte eller som öppna frågor medan feedback ges specifikt eller icke-specifikt. De tillämpade ledarbeteendena kan kategoriseras in i dem olika ledarskapsstilar i Full Range of Leadership modellen. Slutsats - Beroende på ledarbeteendenas kontext skiftar tränarna framför allt mellan transaktionellt och transformationellt ledarskap.  Abstract Aim – The study researches how coaches in child- and youth soccer in Stockholm lead their followers in practice. The research questions are:  Which coaching behaviors do coaches apply in child and youth soccer practices? Which types of questions do coaches use and how is feedback applied?  Which practical leadership behaviors can be identified in leadership theory?  Method - The applied method is an ethnographic observation of ten coaches in their practices in eight boys’ football teams between ten and 19 years of age. Both practice and voice were recorded and subjected to a thematic analysis of behavioral patterns.  Results - The results show four themes of coaches’ applied leadership. These are application of questions, application of feedback, group gatherings and atmosphere. Questions are used in a leading fashion or as open questions, while the type of feedback is specific or non-specific. The applied leadership behaviors can be categorized in the Model of the Full Range of Leadership. Conclusion - Depending on the context of the behavior coaches vary especially between transactional and transformational leadership.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån Leader-Member exchange teorin (LMX) undersöka om relationen mellan ledare och följare påverkar hur följaren upplever ledarens ledarskapsstil. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med deduktiv forskningsansats har tillämpats i denna studie. Populationen består av tio stycken följare från ett säljande svenskt företag och datainsamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats och tolkats genom kodning och tematisering för att sedan redovisas och analyseras i empirin utifrån de teoretiskt härledda kategorierna. Resultat och slutsats: Studien leder till en ökad förståelse för hur relationen mellan ledare och följare påverkar ledarens attributions -och ledarskapsstil. Slutsatsen säger därmed att beroende på om följaren hamnar i en in -eller ut-grupp kommer ledaren att anpassa både sin ledarskapsstil och attributionsstil vilket presenteras i en modell. Där följare som hamnar i en in-grupp upplever en transformativ ledare med en yttre attributionsstil och en följare som hamnar i ut-grupp en transaktionell ledare med en inre attributionsstil Examensarbetets bidrag: Studiens bidrag består av vår vidareutvecklade modell som utvecklats genom analysen av det teoretiska samt empiriska materialet. Modellen leder till en större förståelse för hur relationen mellan ledare och följare kan påverka följarens indelning i in -eller ut-grupp samt ledarens ledarskap -och attributionsstil. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: För en mer generaliserbar slutsats hade det varit intressant om liknande studier genomförs där även ledarens perspektiv undersöks. Utöver detta såg vi indikationer på ett samband mellan följarens år inom organisationen och tillhörighet i in- eller ut-grupp vilket skulle kunna undersökas vidare. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to, based on the Leader-Member exchange theory (LMX), investigate whether the relationship between leader and follower affects how the follower experiences the leader's leadership style. Method: A qualitative method with a deductive research approach has been applied in this study. collection took place through semi-structured interviews. The empirical material was analyzed and interpreted through coding and thematization and then reported and analyzed in the empirical data based on the theoretically derived categories. Result and Conclusions: The study leads to an increased understanding of how the relationship between leader and follower affects the followers experience of the leader’s attribution and leadership style. The conclusion tells us that depending on whether the follower ends up in an in-or-out group, the leader will adapt both his leadership style and attribution style, which is presented in a model. Followers who end up in an in-group experience a transformative leader with an external attribution style. However, a follower who ends up in an out-group experience a transactional leader with an internal attribution style Contribution of the thesis: The study's contribution consists of our further developed model that has been developed through the analysis of the theoretical and empirical material. The model leads to a greater understanding of how the relationship between a leader and follower can affect the follower's distribution into in-or-out groups as well as the leader's leadership and attribution style. Suggestions for future research: It would have been interesting if similar studies were carried out where the leader's perspective is also considered. In addition to this, we saw indications of a correlation between the followers' year within the organization and belonging to an in- or out-group, which could be investigated further.

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Leadership has been of the highest interest for decades as leaders are one of the main factors for organisational success. However, when understanding start-ups the classical leadership theories lack insight into how a leader can grow and thrive together with the organisation. The most used theories today determine what is generally understood as good and bad leadership styles. However, these fail to incorporate the start-ups' unique position and the leaders´ dynamic relationship with their organisation. Start-ups act in new, uncertain environments and more than two-thirds end up failing before growing into an established organisation. The critical phase in which the leaders could affect whether a start-up shall grow or fail is called the transition phase.  This study therefore aims to understand the perspective of leaders in start-ups through growth. By looking through the leaders' perspective, the study investigates how the transformational- and transactional leadership affect start-ups through growth. The second aim of the thesis is to gain a further understanding of the managerial challenges leaders face due to start-up growth.  The study was conducted through qualitative interviews with CEOs and top managerial founders of start-ups in the Northern region of Sweden. The studies managers had all been part of the organisation's growth journey and provided unique insights into the mind of a leader.  The findings portray two main trends of leadership, proactive and reactive. These findings provide insight into the importance of knowledge and positive attitudes toward change as contributing factors for proactively working towards adaptation and development. The findings also portrayed that managerial challenges are mostly connected to the lack of knowledge of leadership. The study concludes with a proposed framework, introducing a complementary dimension to the body of literature on leadership and growth. The dimensions are “Knowledge of leadership” and “Positive attitudes of change”.

[pt] Esta tese propõe um modelo teórico que integra e associa as perspectivas transformacional, transacional (BASS, 1985), instrumental (ANTONAKIS e HOUSE, 2014) e empoderadora (PEARCE e SIMS, 2002) da liderança com a geração de capacidades dinâmicas e obtenção de vantagem competitiva em equipes de projeto. Com base em teorias de motivação e sua articulação teórica com as perspectivas de liderança, foi proposto um modelo hierárquico onde comportamentos de liderança ressaltados nas perspectivas estudadas são propostos como ações complementares associadas mecanismos de motivação intrínsecos e extrínsecos para formar competências globais de liderança, e por via dessas competências influenciarem o desempenho de equipes. O estudo também propõe uma associação entre as competências de liderança do gerente de projeto e as capacidades dinâmicas da equipe, assim como das capacidades com o desempenho das equipes. O modelo conceitual foi testado estatisticamente em 50 equipes de consultoria que atuam em projetos da empresa Elogroup, e avaliado através da modelagem estrutural baseada em mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) e de técnicas de bootstrapping para calcular a significância dos efeitos estimados. Verificou-se os efeitos positivos das competências de liderança abordadas por este estudo no desempenho de equipes de consultoria, avaliado em termos da satisfação de clientes e da capacidade das equipes de criarem novos projetos junto a um mesmo cliente, mas não no lucro bruto obtido nos projetos. Os resultados da análise não mostraram qualquer efeito estatisticamente significante dos comportamentos de liderança transformacional, transacional, instrumental e empoderadora nas capacidades dinâmicas das equipes. / [en] This thesis proposes a theoretical model that articulates the conceptual connections between the transformational, transactional (BASS, 1985), instrumental (ANTONAKIS and HOUSE, 2014) and empowering (PEARCE and SIMS, 2002) perspectives of leadership in generating dynamic capacities and obtaining competitive advantage in project teams. Based on theories of motivation and its theoretical articulation with the perspectives of leadership, a hierarchical model was proposed where leadership behaviors highlighted in the studied perspectives are presented as complementary actions associated to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation mechanisms to form global leadership competencies, and via these competencies influence the performance of project teams. The study also proposes an association between the leadership competencies of the project manager and the team dynamic capabilities, as well as these capabilities with the performance of the teams. The conceptual model was statistically tested in 50 project teams from Elogroup consulting company, evaluated using structural modelling based on partial least squares (PLS) and bootstrapping techniques to calculate the significance of the estimated effects. The positive effects of the leadership skills addressed by this study were verified on the performance of consulting teams, evaluated in terms of client satisfaction and the team s ability to create new projects with the same client, but not on the gross profit of the projects. The results of the analysis did not show any statistically significant effect of transformational, transactional, instrumental and empowering leadership behaviors on the dynamic capabilities of the teams.

Sammanfattning  Titel: Vilket ledarskap önskar Generation Z hos sin framtida arbetsgivare? En studie bland fastighetsmäklarstudenterNivå: Examensarbete på kandidatnivå i ämnet företagsekonomiFörfattare: Hampus Hjärtstam & Robin Karlsson  Handledare: Katarina ArbinDatum: 24 Maj 2023Syfte: Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka och bidra med kunskap om hur generation Z:s fastighetsmäklarstudenter förhåller sig till ledarskap och vilket ledarskap generation Z:s fastighetsmäklarstudenter önskar för att stanna kvar på sin framtida arbetsplats.Metod: Studien är kvalitativ med abduktiv ansats. Studien består av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med fastighetsmäklarstudenter på högskolan i Gävle.Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visar att transformativt och till viss del transaktionellt ledarskap är efterfrågat av generation Z:s fastighetsmäklarstudenter. I början av sin karriär ett ledarskap med hög tillgänglighet, individanpassat och att ledaren har god personlig relation till sina följare och inte enbart professionell relation, vilket faller under det transformativa ledarskapet. Studien visar att det personliga och tillgängliga ledarskapet kan senare i karriären övergå till ett mer uppgiftsorienterat ledarskap för att få individen att utvecklas ytterligare efter att de blivit mer självgående. Detta faller inom det transaktionella ledarskapet där tydliga instruktioner, direktiv, förväntningar och belöningar blir mer viktiga för fortsatt utveckling. Examensarbetets bidrag: Den här studien bidrar till kunskap om vilket ledarskap fastighetsmäklarstudenter inom generation Z efterfrågar för att stanna kvar på sin arbetsplats. Förslag till vidare forskning: En studie som studerar skillnader mellan könen och ledarskapspreferenser, eller hur ledarskapspreferenser skiljer sig åt beroende på om du är född tidigt i generation Z 1995-1997 eller senare 2003-2010Nyckelord: Generation Z, ledarskap, ledarskapsstilar, transaktionellt ledarskap, transformativt ledarskap, Generation Z och ledarskap / AbstractTitle: What leadership does generation Z wish for in their future workplace? A study among  real estate studentsLevel: Bachelor thesis in business and economicsAuthors: Hampus Hjärtstam & Robin KarlssonSupervisor: Katarina ArbinDate: May 24 2023Aim: The aim of this study is to explore and contribute to the understanding of how generation Z:s real estate students relates to leadership and what leadership they wish for to stay at the workplace.Method: The study is qualitative with an abductive approach and consists of ten semi- structured interviews with real estate students at Gävle University.Results and conclusions: The results show that both transformational and to some extent transactional leadership is what generation Z:s real estate students are looking for at the workplace. In the beginning of their career are leaders that are available, individual coaching and a good personal connection are key factors which falls under the transformative leadership. The study shows that the personal and available approach can transition into a more task-oriented approach later in their career in order of the followers' development and make them more independent. This approach falls under the transactional leadership where clear instructions, directives, expectations and rewards are more important for continued development.Contributions of the thesis: This study contributes to the knowledge about what leadership generation Z:s real estate students are looking for to stay at the workplace.Suggestions for future research: A study that shows if there are any gender differences among generation Z leadership preferences. A study that shows if there are any differences between generation Z:s born between 1995-1997 and 2003-2010 leadership preferences. Key words: Generation Z, leadership, leadership styles, transactional leadership, transformative leadership, generation Z and leadership

Bakgrund: Begreppet ledarskap har än idag inte en enhetlig definition, då begreppet påverkas av olika faktorer exempelvis sociala sammanhang. Olika ledarstilar kännetecknas av olika beteenden, detta arbetet syftar till att skapa förståelse kring sambandet mellan genus och ledarskap, genom att tillämpa den komparativa metod jämförelselogik mellan kvinnodominerade och mansdominerade organisationer. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur medarbetarna uppfattar kvinnligt ledarskap.  Metod: För att kunna undersöka medarbetarnas individuella åsikter om kvinnligt ledarskap användes komparativ metod. Under studiens gång används primärdata som består av 12 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Empiri: Kvinnligt ledarskap kan skilja sig från manligt ledarskap med avseende på ledarens egenskaper. En kvinnlig ledare kan inneha manliga egenskaper och vice versa. Analys: Analysen visar att cheferna inom både hemtjänsten och Svenska kyrkan anser att teorier om ledarstilar saknar betydelse i praktiken i offentlig sektor. Dessutom anser cheferna och medarbetarna att inga tydliga skillnader finns mellan manligt och kvinnligt ledarskap, eftersom ledarstilen är influerade av ledarens egenskaper. Slutsats: Samtliga respondenter från hemtjänsten och Svenska kyrkan anser att egenskap snarare än kön har betydelse för ledarskap. Det beror på att män och kvinnor kan inneha liknande egenskaper, vilket tyder på att ledarstilar inte har någon betydelse i arbetslivet. / Background: The concept of leadership does not yet have a uniform definition, as the concept is influenced by various factors such as social contexts. Different leadership styles are characterized by different behaviors, this work aims to create an understanding of the relationship between gender and leadership, by applying the comparative method comparison logic between female-dominated and male-dominated organizations. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how employees perceive female leadership. Method: In order to be able to examine the employees' individual views on female leadership, a comparative method was used. During the study, primary data consisting of 12 semi-structured interviews are used. Empirical findings: Female leadership can differ from male leadership in terms of the leader's qualities. A female leader can possess masculine qualities and vice versa. Analysis: The analysis shows that the managers in both the home care service and the Church of Sweden believe that theories about leadership styles have no significance in practice in the public sector. In addition, managers and employees believe that there are no clear differences between male and female leadership, as the leadership style is influenced by the characteristics of the leader. Conclusion: All respondents from the home care service and the Church of Sweden believe that trait rather than gender is important for leadership. This is because men and women can possess similar characteristics, which indicates that leadership styles have no significance in working life.

The construction and civil engineering industry has long been male-dominated, but in recent times, the gender gap has decreased and an increase in female leaders has been observed. The gender distribution is common in the industry raises questions about leadership and emphasizes the importance of conducting studies that explore the differences between men's and women's leadership. It is crucial to understand how gender can influence leadership and identify factors that contribute to an inclusive work environment. By studying previous research and analyzing these differences, the study provides deeper insights into the traits and styles that men and women can bring to leadership roles. The aim of this thesis is to investigate women's and men's leadership within the construction and civil engineering industry based on three leadership theories: transactional, transformative, and situational leadership. Specifically, the study is based on the respondents' own perceptions of their leadership. Additionally, we examine whether gender influences the choice of leadership style. The study adopts a qualitative nature with a phenomenological approach to capture individuals' perceptions. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather the primary data of the study. The collected material underwent a seven-step analysis process to identify the study's themes, which were subsequently analyzed. The study's conclusion is that there were elements of both transformative and transactional leadership, but the majority of both men and women employed a situational leadership approach. The study found few differences between women and men in their leadership styles but did highlight factors that affect the attractiveness of the industry. / Bygg- och anläggningsbranschen har länge varit mansdominerad, på senare tid har klyftan minskat och en ökning av kvinnliga ledare har observerats. Könsfördelningen som råder inom branschen väcker frågor om ledarskap och understryker vikten av att genomföra studier som utforskar skillnaderna mellan mäns och kvinnors ledarstil. Det är viktigt att förstå hur kön kan påverka ledarskapet och vilka faktorer som kan bidra till en inkluderande arbetsmiljö. Genom att studera tidigare forskning och analysera dessa skillnader ger studien en djupare insikt i de egenskaper och stilar som män och kvinnor kan bidra med i ledarskapsrollen. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka kvinnors och mäns ledarskap inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen utifrån tre ledarskapsteorier: transaktionellt, transformativt och situationsanpassat ledarskap. Specifikt bygger studien på respondenternas uppfattning om det egna ledarskapet. Vi undersöker även om genus påverkar valet av ledarskapsstil. Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ karaktär med en fenomenologisk ansats för att fånga upp individers uppfattningar. Tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts för att samla in studiens primärdata. Det insamlade materialet har genomgått en analysprocess i sju steg för att finna studiens teman som sedan har analyserats. Studiens slutsats är att det fanns drag av både transformativt och transaktionellt ledarskap men att majoriteten män och kvinnor använde sig av ett situationsanpassat ledarskap. Studien fann få skillnader mellan kvinnor och män i deras ledarskapsstilar men däremot uppmärksammades faktorer som påverkar branschens attraktivitet

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Ph. D. (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Universities of Technology are an essential institutional type in South African higher education. However, their performance often lags behind that of traditional and comprehensive universities, which inspires the need to use research to seek ways of improving them. This study focuses on the interconnection between transformational and transactional leadership, organisational innovation and performance in South African universities of technology. Performance was measured based on the balanced scorecard perspective. The study followed a quantitative method, using the views of 387 academic and non-academic professional respondents drawn from three South African universities of technology. Hypotheses were tested using correlations and regression analysis. The study identified three transformational leadership factors, namely idealised influence, intellectual stimulation and inspirational leadership that are relevant to the tested relationship. Six performance dimensions, namely internal growth, financial performance, internal processes, customer satisfaction, learning, and grants and income were also identified and used to measure performance. The three transformational leadership factors, idealised influence, intellectual stimulation and inspirational leadership all correlated with and predicted innovation. In turn, innovation correlated with and predicted the six performance factors (internal growth, financial performance, internal processes, customer satisfaction, learning, and grants and income). The study indicates that the transformational leadership style has a direct positive effect on institutional innovation in universities of technology. Furthermore, innovation is an important driver of performance. Therefore, universities of technology that place an emphasis on transformational leadership and innovation are likely to register superior performance.