This master thesis is focused on issue transimission system of Czech republic after 2040. Thesis is divided in two parts, teoretical and practical. Teoretical part contains present trends of transmission sytem and the most probably changes in the future decade. Practical part contains simulation of Czech transmission system and various scenarios with idea of open source.

Europe requires significant transmission grid expansions to foster the integration of electricity markets, enhance security of supply and integrate renewable energies. However, next to lengthy authorization processes, transmission system operators (TSOs) in Europe are currently facing extreme public opposition in their transmission line projects leading to significant project delays. These delays imply significant additional costs for TSOs as well as society as a whole and put the transformation of the European energy system at risk. Existing scientific literature currently lacks comprehensive studies that have tried to identify generalizable success factors to overcome public opposition in transmission line projects. The goal of work at hand was to close this research gap. Potential success factors were collected through extensive literature review and interviews throughout Europe with respective stakeholders such as citizen action groups, NGOs or energy experts. Experiences from analogue large infrastructure projects like wind parks, carbon capture and storage facilities, hydro dams, nuclear waste repositories, etc. were also used to form hypotheses. The findings were transformed into a structural equation model and tested through a questionnaire answered by almost all European TSOs. Results revealed that people’s trust in the TSO is of utmost importance for less public opposition. It can be regarded as the critical success factor per se. TSOs can create trust through stakeholder participation, sufficient communication, proper organizational readiness and liaison with stakeholders. Furthermore, appropriate technical planning can help to reduce public opposition in transmission line projects. In total 18 concrete and actionable success factors were identified for TSO management to facilitate the establishment of these aforementioned aspects. They will help European TSOs to reduce public opposition and thus accelerate the implementation of new transmission lines. Interestingly, economic benefits for people did not turn out to be a Significant success factor in reducing their opposition against new transmission lines.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulator with redundancy has been adopted in many wireless communication systems for higher data rate transmissions. The introduced redundancy at the transmitter allows us to overcome serious inter-block interference (IBI) problems due to highly dispersive channel. However, the selection of redundancy length will affect the system performance and spectral efficiency, and is highly dependent on the length of channel impulse response. In this thesis, based on the pseudorandom postfix (PRP) OFDM scheme we propose a novel block-based OFDM transceiver framework. Since in the PRP-OFDM system the PRP can be employed for semi-blind channel estimation with order-one statistics of the received signal. Hence, for sufficient redundancy case the PRP-OFDM system with the Bayesian decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is adopted for suppressing the IBI and ISI simultaneously. However, for the insufficient redundancy case (the length of redundancy is less than the order of channel), we first propose a modified scheme for channel estimation. To further reduce the complexity of receiver, the maximum shortening signal-to-noise-ratio time domain equalizer (MSSNR TEQ) with the Bayesian DFE is developed for suppressing the IBI and ISI, separately. That is, after knowing the channel state information (CSI) and removing the effect of IBI with MSSNR TEQ, the Bayesian DFE is applied for eliminating the ISI. Via computer simulation, we verify that performance improvement, in terms of bit error rate (BER), compared with the conventional block-based minimum mean square error (MMSE)-DFE can be achieved.

Transportation is one of the sectors that directly touches the major challenges that energy utilities are faced with, namely, the significant increase in energy demand and environmental issues. In view of these concerns and the problems with the supply of oil, the pursuit of alternative fuels for meeting the future energy demand of the transport sector has gained much attention. The future of transportation is believed to be based on electric drives in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) or plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). There are compelling reasons for this to happen: the efficiency of electric drive is at least three times greater than that of combustion processes and these vehicles produce almost zero emissions, which can help relieve many environmental concerns. The future of PEVs is even more promising because of the availability of electricity infrastructure. Furthermore, governments around the world are showing interest in this technology by investing billions of dollars in battery technology and supportive incentive programs for the customers to buy these vehicles. In view of all these considerations, power systems specialists must be prepared for the possible impacts of these new types of loads on the system and plan for the optimal transition to these new types of vehicles by considering the electricity grid constraints. Electricity infrastructure is designed to meet the highest expected demand, which only occurs a few hundred hours per year. For the remaining time, in particular during off-peak hours, the system is underutilized and could generate and deliver a substantial amount of energy to other sectors such as transport by generating hydrogen for FCVs or charging the batteries in PEVs. This thesis investigates the technical and economic feasibility of improving the utilization of electricity system during off-peak hours through alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs) and develops optimization planning models for the transition to these types of vehicles. These planning models are based on decomposing the region under study into different zones, where the main power generation and electricity load centers are located, and considering the major transmission corridors among them. An emission cost model of generation is first developed to account for the environmental impacts of the extra load on the electricity grid due to the introduction of AFVs. This is followed by developing a hydrogen transportation model and, consequently, a comprehensive optimization model for transition to FCVs in the context of an integrated electricity and hydrogen system. This model can determine the optimal size of the hydrogen production plants to be developed in different zones in each year, optimal hydrogen transportation routes and ultimately bring about hydrogen economy penetration. This model is also extended to account for optimal transition to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Different aspects of the proposed transition models are discussed on a developed 3-zone test system. The practical application of the proposed models is demonstrated by applying them to Ontario, Canada, with the purpose of finding the maximum potential penetrations of AFVs into Ontario’s transport sector by 2025, without jeopardizing the reliability of the grid or developing new infrastructure. Applying the models to this real-case problem requires the development of models for Ontario’s transmission network, generation capacity and base-load demand during the planning study. Thus, a zone-based model for Ontario’s transmission network is developed relying on major 500 and 230 kV transmission corridors. Also, based on Ontario’s Integrated Power System Plan (IPSP) and a variety of information provided by the Ontario Power Authority (OPA) and Ontario’s Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), a zonal pattern of base-load generation capacity is proposed. The optimization models developed in this study involve many parameters that must be estimated; however, estimation errors may substantially influence the optimal solution. In order to resolve this problem, this thesis proposes the application of robust optimization for planning the transition to AFVs. Thus, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation is performed to find the impact of estimation errors in the parameters of the planning models; the results of this study reveals the most influential parameters on the optimal solution. Having a knowledge of the most affecting parameters, a new robust optimization approach is applied to develop robust counterpart problems for planning models. These models address the shortcoming of the classical robust optimization approach where robustness is ensured at the cost of significantly losing optimality. The results of the robust models demonstrate that with a reasonable trade-off between optimality and conservatism, at least 170,000 FCVs and 900,000 PHEVs with 30 km all-electric range (AER) can be supported by Ontario’s grid by 2025 without any additional grid investments.

Transportation is one of the sectors that directly touches the major challenges that energy utilities are faced with, namely, the significant increase in energy demand and environmental issues. In view of these concerns and the problems with the supply of oil, the pursuit of alternative fuels for meeting the future energy demand of the transport sector has gained much attention. The future of transportation is believed to be based on electric drives in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) or plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). There are compelling reasons for this to happen: the efficiency of electric drive is at least three times greater than that of combustion processes and these vehicles produce almost zero emissions, which can help relieve many environmental concerns. The future of PEVs is even more promising because of the availability of electricity infrastructure. Furthermore, governments around the world are showing interest in this technology by investing billions of dollars in battery technology and supportive incentive programs for the customers to buy these vehicles. In view of all these considerations, power systems specialists must be prepared for the possible impacts of these new types of loads on the system and plan for the optimal transition to these new types of vehicles by considering the electricity grid constraints. Electricity infrastructure is designed to meet the highest expected demand, which only occurs a few hundred hours per year. For the remaining time, in particular during off-peak hours, the system is underutilized and could generate and deliver a substantial amount of energy to other sectors such as transport by generating hydrogen for FCVs or charging the batteries in PEVs. This thesis investigates the technical and economic feasibility of improving the utilization of electricity system during off-peak hours through alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs) and develops optimization planning models for the transition to these types of vehicles. These planning models are based on decomposing the region under study into different zones, where the main power generation and electricity load centers are located, and considering the major transmission corridors among them. An emission cost model of generation is first developed to account for the environmental impacts of the extra load on the electricity grid due to the introduction of AFVs. This is followed by developing a hydrogen transportation model and, consequently, a comprehensive optimization model for transition to FCVs in the context of an integrated electricity and hydrogen system. This model can determine the optimal size of the hydrogen production plants to be developed in different zones in each year, optimal hydrogen transportation routes and ultimately bring about hydrogen economy penetration. This model is also extended to account for optimal transition to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Different aspects of the proposed transition models are discussed on a developed 3-zone test system. The practical application of the proposed models is demonstrated by applying them to Ontario, Canada, with the purpose of finding the maximum potential penetrations of AFVs into Ontario’s transport sector by 2025, without jeopardizing the reliability of the grid or developing new infrastructure. Applying the models to this real-case problem requires the development of models for Ontario’s transmission network, generation capacity and base-load demand during the planning study. Thus, a zone-based model for Ontario’s transmission network is developed relying on major 500 and 230 kV transmission corridors. Also, based on Ontario’s Integrated Power System Plan (IPSP) and a variety of information provided by the Ontario Power Authority (OPA) and Ontario’s Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), a zonal pattern of base-load generation capacity is proposed. The optimization models developed in this study involve many parameters that must be estimated; however, estimation errors may substantially influence the optimal solution. In order to resolve this problem, this thesis proposes the application of robust optimization for planning the transition to AFVs. Thus, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation is performed to find the impact of estimation errors in the parameters of the planning models; the results of this study reveals the most influential parameters on the optimal solution. Having a knowledge of the most affecting parameters, a new robust optimization approach is applied to develop robust counterpart problems for planning models. These models address the shortcoming of the classical robust optimization approach where robustness is ensured at the cost of significantly losing optimality. The results of the robust models demonstrate that with a reasonable trade-off between optimality and conservatism, at least 170,000 FCVs and 900,000 PHEVs with 30 km all-electric range (AER) can be supported by Ontario’s grid by 2025 without any additional grid investments.

Σε αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία γίνεται μελέτη του δικτύου διανομής και των σφαλμάτων που συμβαίνουν στις γραμμές μεταφοράς. Τα σφάλματα αναφέρονται σε ένα χρονικό διάστημα 15 ετών, από το 1989 ως το 2003 και καλύπτουν 35 γραμμές της Δυτικής Ελλάδας. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται επεξεργασία των δεδομένων και ταξινόμηση τους, ανάλογα με το έτος, την γραμμή μεταφοράς και το αίτιο που προκάλεσε το σφάλμα. Αναλυτικότερα, στο 1ο κεφάλαιο της διπλωματικής εργασίας γίνεται: - γενική ανάλυση των στοιχείων μιας γραμμής μεταφοράς. - συνοπτική παρουσίαση των αγωγών, των μονωτήρων, των μετασχηματιστών και των πυλώνων που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη λειτουργία μιας γραμμής μεταφοράς. - κατηγοριοποίηση των εναέριων γραμμών μεταφοράς ανάλογα με το μήκος τους. Επίσης, αναφέρονται οι απαιτήσεις των γραμμών μεταφοράς αλλά και οι τύποι που υπάρχουν. Τέλος, αναπτύσσεται διεξοδικότερα ο ρόλος που παίζει η διαδρομή της γραμμής στην αντικεραυνική συμπεριφορά. Στο 2ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται σύντομη αναφορά στο κλίμα της Ελλάδας, στην κεραυνική συχνότητα και σε βασικά χαρακτηριστικά των γραμμών και των πυλώνων στο υπό εξέταση δίκτυο. Στη συνέχεια, παρατίθενται κάποια τεχνικά στοιχεία του συστήματος μεταφοράς, όπως το πλήθος των εναέριων, υπόγειων και υποβρύχιων γραμμών μεταφοράς και κάποια βασικά μεγέθη του δικτύου ηλεκτρισμού. Τέλος τα χαρακτηριστικά του δικτύου είναι μια ευγενική παραχώρηση της Δ.Ε.Η. όπως βέβαια και όλα τα στοιχειά που εξετάζουμε. Το 3ο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στον εντοπισμό σφαλμάτων και αφιερώνεται σε μια γενική θεώρηση της λογική και της χρησιμότητας του εντοπισμού σφαλμάτων. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό γίνεται: - ιστορική αναδρομή για τη συγκεκριμένη θεωρία και παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά τα πλεονεκτήματα της. - μικρή αναφορά στα είδη σφαλμάτων που συμβαίνουν στους αγωγούς. - παρουσίαση πλεονεκτημάτων του “fault locator”. - αναφορά των μεθόδων εντοπισμού σφαλμάτων. Στο 4ο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται τα είδη σφαλμάτων(χωρίζονται σε κατηγορίες με βάση τη χρονική τους διάρκεια και τις επιπτώσεις αυτών στο δίκτυο) που παρουσιάζονται στις γραμμές και γίνεται επεξεργασία αυτών. Οι κατηγορίες των σφαλμάτων είναι: - Παροδικά - Παραμένοντα - Μόνιμα Τα κριτήρια κατηγοριοποίησης είναι η διάρκεια των σφαλμάτων και το ύψος της ζημιάς που προκαλούν. Βέβαια οι δυο αυτές ποσότητες είναι αλληλένδετες και ανάλογες. Μια ζημιά που θα καταστρέψει παραδείγματος χάρη έναν πυλώνα θα διαρκέσει ως βλάβη, στην καλύτερη , περίπτωση μερικές μέρες. Έτσι τα παροδικά σφάλματα διαρκούν το πολύ μερικά δευτερόλεπτα και το δίκτυο στο οποίο εμφανίζεται το σφάλμα επανέρχεται σε λειτουργία από μόνο του, δίχως την ανάγκη παρέμβασης. Τα μόνιμα σφάλματα είναι τα σοβαρότερα και τα πλέον απευκταία. Απαιτούν την παρέμβαση συνεργείου της Δ.Ε.Η. στη συντριπτική πλειονότητα των περιπτώσεων τους. Τα παροδικά είναι τα σφάλματα με χαρακτηριστικά κάπου ενδιάμεσα των δυο προηγούμενων κατηγοριών. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αιτία που προκαλούν τα σφάλματα στις γραμμές. Η πλειονότητα των σφαλμάτων προκαλείται εξαιτίας κακών ατμοσφαιρικών συνθηκών. Με τον όρο αυτό στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση εννοούμε κυρίως τα κεραυνικά πλήγματα πάνω σε μια γραμμή ή πολύ κοντά σε αυτή. Αρκετά πιο σπάνια μπορεί να προκαλέσει σοβαρό σφάλμα σε μια γραμμή ο δυνατός αέρας. Γίνεται, επίσης, ταξινόμηση σε πίνακες, ακολουθούμενα από διαγράμματα, των σφαλμάτων από το 1989 ως το 2003 ανάλογα με την γραμμή μεταφοράς και τον υποσταθμό που εμφανίστηκαν. Τέλος, στο 6ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται: - αναφορά της ανάγκης κατασκευής ενός ΣΑΠ (Σύστημα Αντικεραυνικής Προστασίας) - αναφορά σε ορισμούς που αφορούν ένα ΣΑΠ - αναφορά στο σχεδιασμό ενός ΣΑΠ - παρουσίαση διάφορων μεθόδων προστασίας από κεραυνούς, που όπως αναλύθηκε είναι ένα από τα βασικότερα αίτια πρόκλησης σφαλμάτων - ανάλυση της συχνότητας των κεραυνών και πόσο συχνά πλήττουν τις γραμμές μεταφοράς - παρουσίαση μεθόδων υπολογισμού σφαλμάτων - θεωρητικός υπολογισμός σφαλμάτων για τις γραμμές R-11 και R-23. / This diploma thesis studies the transmission network and the faults that happened on the transmission lines. The faults referred to an interval of 15 years, between years 1989 and 2003 and they are about 35 transmission lines of Western Greece. Also, there is a treatment and a clarification of the data according to the year, the transmission line and the reason that caused the fault. Specifically, in the first chapter of the diplomatic there is: - a general analysis of the data transmission lines. - a summary of the actions of insulators, transformers and posts used in the operation of a transmission line. - a classification of overhead transmission lines according to their length. Also, there is a reference of the requirements of transmission lines and the types of them. Finally, is developed more extensively the role that has the path of the line (routing) in the protection of lines of high voltage. In the second chapter follows short report in the climate of Greece, in the thunder frequency and in basic characteristics of lines and pylons in the network under review. After that, there are the technical date of the transmission system, such as the amount of airspace, underground and underwater transmission lines and some key figures of electricity network. Finally the characteristics of network are a polite concession of Δ.Ε.Η. as of course and the data that we examine. The third chapter referred to debug devoted to an overview about the logic and usefulness of the fault location. In this chapter: - originally presented a history that had to accept the theory and summarizes the advantages - there is also a small reference to the types of faults that occur in the ducts - a summary of advantages of “fault locator” - reference to the methods of faults locating. In the fourth chapter are reported the types of faults (are separated in categories with base their time duration and the repercussions of these in the network) that are presented in the lines and takes place treatment of these. The categories of faults are: - Transitory - Remaining - Permanently The criteria of categorization are the duration of faults and the height of damage that they cause. Of course these two quantities are interrelated and proportional. A damage that will destroy for example pylon will last as damage, in better, case certain days. Thus the transitory faults lasts at maximum certain seconds and the network in which is presented the fault is back on line on his own, without the need of intervention. The permanent faults are most serious. They require the intervention of repair crew of Δ.Ε.Η. in the overwhelming majority of their cases. Transitory are the faults with characteristically somewhere in-between the two previous categories. In the fifth chapter is presented the reason that cause the faults in the lines. The majority of faults are caused because of the bad atmospheric conditions. With this term in the particular case we mainly mean the thunder strokes on a line or a lot near it. Enough more seldom it can cause serious fault in a line the strong air wind. There is, also, a clarification in tables (with the corresponding charts) of the faults between years 1989 and 2003 depending on the transmission line and the substation they took place. Finally, in the sixth chapter there is: - a reference to the construction need of lightning protection system (LPS) - a reference to definitions about the LPS - a reference to the designing of LPS - a presentation of several methods of protection from lightning, which is one of the main reasons faults. - an analysis of lightning frequency and how often they strike the transmission lines. - a presentation of methods of faults calculation - A theoretical calculation of faults in transmission lines R-11 and R-23.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 escobarzuluaga_ah_dr_ilha.pdf: 1508525 bytes, checksum: b6e7b58056f84298f2b063ead5371a59 (MD5) / Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA) / O principal objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma análise de aspectos críticos que surgem na modelagem matemática do problema de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão a longo prazo, assim como o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para a prova de novos modelos e metodologias que possam contribuir na solução do problema de planejamento de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica considerando as condições dos sistemas modernos de energia elétrica. Com esta metodologia, busca-se obter uma rede de transmissão mais eficiente, e com o menor custo possível, que se adapte as novas exigências produzidas pela introdução da desregulação nos sistemas elétricos. Para isto combinam-se três aspectos: rede futura livre de congestionamento, desplanificação e incerteza na geração e na demanda futura, os quais são manipuladas desde a perspectiva mono-objetivo e multiobjetivo. A possibilidade de eliminar completamente o congestionamento na rede de transmissão é analisada através da inclusão no modelo de todos os cenários de geração factíveis futuros, e não somente alguns cenários como outros estudos. Considerar uma operação sem congestionamento para o futuro está associado a grandes custos de investimento. Para atenuar este grande custo uma opção é incluir a possibilidade de desplanificação e a inclusão dos efeitos das incertezas presentes na geração e na demanda futura no problema de planejamento. O problema de planejamento de sistemas de transmissão é um problema de programação não linear inteira mista (PNLIM) quando é usado o modelo DC. Praticamente todos os algoritmos usados para resolver este problema utilizam uma sub-rotina de programação linear (PL) para resolver problemas de PL resultantes do algoritmo de solucão do problema de planejamento, os quais são denominados... / The main goal for this study is to do an analysis of the critical issues that appear in the mathematical modeling of the transmission system expansion planning problem, when long term is considered. A methodology was developed and a computational tool, to solve the transmission expansion planning in modern electrical systems. With this methodology more efficient electrical networks are obtained, at low investment costs. This is accomplished taking into account three important aspects: open access, or congestion-free planning, uncertainty in demand and generation, and de-planning. The problem is solved using mono-objective and multi-objective methodologies. For this investigation, congestion-free transmission networks should consider all the future and feasible scenarios of generation, unlike some papers, where only a few scenarios are taken in to account. This feature is associated to high investment costs. Lower costs are often obtained by the inclusion of uncertainty in future demand and future generation. The transmission system expansion planning problem is a no-linear integer-mixed programming problem (PNLIM) when the DC model is used. Practically, all the algorithms used in the solution process, for this problem, use one subroutine of linear programming (PL) for solved the PL problems that result during the solution process, in the denominated operative problem. The solution of the PL’s is the part of the problem that requires the biggest computational effort, because during the solution process is necessary to solved thousands or millions of PL’s, for high size problems. the PNLIM problem is solved through the combination of a meta-heuristic method and a linear programming method. The meta-heuristic method solves the denominated investment problem and the PL the denominated operational problem. The transmission planning problem considering multiples generation scenarios... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Acts of terrorism are used by various individuals, groups and transnational networks to push forward own political views, ideas and ideology on society whilst using multiple forms of violence. Their acts of violence are able to jeopardize and endanger health and safety of peoples, environment and the vitality of critical infrastructure as well. Nowadays the most spelled threat comes from so called foreign fighters whose destabilized and war-torn countries of origin are located in Northern Africa and Middle East. In combination with inefficient management of illegal migration phenomenon and unsatisfactory EU policies on that matter the problem becomes even more amplified. Schengen Area provides EU-members with non-restrictive border regime which fosters migration and trade by a great deal but on the other hand it creates an enormous security risk in terms of terrorism and its prevention. For that matter there should be much more emphasis added to the management of EU outside borders. The second most problematic issue are the matters of radicalization of individuals and minority groups in the EU. There might be a causal relationship between growing rates of frustration between peoples and social marginalization of noted societal groups which might be caused by unsatisfactory assimilation policies of respective EU member states. The goal of this given thesis was to analyze risks to Czech electrical grid which might be posed by an act of terrorism. The analysis was done by breaking down the electrical grid safety measures into respective sectors and parts. Risk for each particular category were analyzed and final risk assessment whilst using help of security professionals. A questionnaire method was used to complete this particular task. The questionnaire dataset was later used to identification of most vulnerable weak-points in the electricity transmission system of the Czech Republic in respect to acts of terrorism. This diploma thesis might be used as a blueprint for improvements in the security management of the Czech electricity transmission system and for educatory purposes at the University of South Bohemia, at the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences.

Orientadores: Michel Zamboni Rached, Julio Cesar Rodrigues Fernandes de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T22:08:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_EdsonPortoda_M.pdf: 2920023 bytes, checksum: 44d415ca69c358709f1b816f7e603047 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The complete Abstract is available with the full electronic document. / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

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