Ces cinquante dernières années, le cinéma ouest-africain francophone reste largement tributaire de l'aide financière accordée par la France pour continuer de produire leurs films. Cette relation entre la France et l'industrie cinématographique africaine fait aujourd’hui du pays de la langue de Molière le plus grand producteur et consommateur de ce cinéma et ouvre les portes du marché français, européen et international à ces réalisateurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Parallèlement, les différentes tentatives entreprises par la France, en collaboration avec certains pays africains francophones, de créer une industrie cinématographique durable au niveau national et régional continuent d’échouer, entrainant d'une description de cette industrie cinématographique comme « un cinéma invisible ». Peu d’études ont été réalisées sur le sujet ou sur des thèmes particuliers tels que la complexité des conditions industrielles transnationales dans lesquelles ce cinéma est produit et diffusé ou les effets de cette intervention française sur la visibilité de ce cinéma au marché intérieur en Afrique. En examinant ce phénomène, cette dissertation sera dédiée à la création d'un cadre pour examiner les relations et les luttes de pouvoirs des réalisateurs africains au niveau national aussi bien qu’international, en prenant en considération les effets des facteurs sociaux, économiques et culturels sur l'industrie cinématographique ouest-africaine. Cette analyse tiendra compte de l'histoire coloniale, du présent postcolonial, mais aussi des effets qui émergent actuellement des flux de la mondialisation. / For over fifty years, Francophone West African (FWA) celluloid art cinema has remained reliant on international support from France, which, as a self-proclaimed champion of art cinema in the global arena, remains the FWA film industry's primary producer and consumer. At the same time, the various attempts to create a sustainable, domestic industry in the region continue to fail, and international interest in this cinema is on the wane, leading to the description of this industry as “an invisible cinema”. There remains only scant scholarship examining the complexities of the transnational industrial conditions in which this cinema is being produced and circulated, with even fewer studies committed to interrogating the effect of this French investment on the way this industry engages with its domestic market. This thesis has been designed to redress this gap in scholarship by taking into consideration all the levels on which this cinema participates in processes of transnational cultural exchange with France, examining the political, economic and ideological power relations that these processes engender. By considering how the FWA industry has been shaped by social, economic and cultural forces, connected not only to the region’s colonial history and present relationship with France, but also to emerging effects of contemporary global flows, this thesis uses critical transnationalism to address pertinent questions regarding the dynamics of this North/South partnership and its impact on the development of the FWA industry today.

En partant de l’analyse anthropologique de l’expérience migratoire de Mozambicains vers l’Afrique du Sud, notamment dans le travail des mines d’or, de platine et de charbon, cette thèse se propose de comprendre les dynamiques migratoires internationales dans le contexte de l’économie capitaliste et elle entend se pencher sur cette réalité à partir d’une perspective théorique des migrations circulaires transnationales, en posant de nouvelles questions pour l’analyse du phénomène migratoire contemporain. La thèse entend mettre en relief les dimensions transnationale, sociale, économique, politique, historique et symbolique de ce flux, en soulignant les aspects macro (généraux) et micro (spécifiques). Concernant les aspects macro, sont analysés le rôle des Etats mozambicain et sud-africain, les relations que ils établissent avec le marché et les mécanismes juridique et bureaucratique. Dans les aspects micro, sont analysées les questions directement liées à l’impact du phénomène migratoire sur la vie familiale et professionnelle des sujets qui émigrent, ainsi que les aspects liés aux relations de genre et aux trajectoires qui recréent et renouvellent les multiples identités du migrant dans le contexte de sa transition entre les pays d’origine et d’accueil. / A partir da análise antropológica da experiência migratória de moçambicanos para a África do Sul, em particular para as minas de ouro, platina e carvão, a presente tese busca compreender as dinâmicas migratórias internacionais no contexto da economia capitalista e procura olhar essa realidade a partir de uma perspectiva teórica das migrações circulares transnacionais, lançando novas questões para a análise do fenômeno migratório contemporâneo. A tese procura colocar em evidência as dimensões transnacional, social, econômica, política, histórica e simbólica desse fluxo, enfatizando aspectos macro (gerais) e micro (específicos). Nos aspectos macro, são considerados o papel dos Estados moçambicanos e sul-africano, as relações que eles estabelecem com o mercado e os mecanismos jurídico e burocrático que orientam esse fluxo. Nos aspectos micro, consideram-se as questões relacionadas diretamente com o impacto do fenômeno migratório na vida familiar e profissional dos sujeitos que migram, assim como os aspectos ligados às relações de gênero e trajetórias que recriam e atualizam as múltiplas identidades do migrante no contexto da sua transição entre os países de origem e de acolhimento. / From the anthropological analysis of the Mozambican migratory experience to South Africa, in particular to the gold, platinum, and coal mines, this paper tries to understand the international migratory dynamics within the context of the capitalist economy, it also tries to see this reality from a theoretical perspective of the circular transnational migrations, launching new questions to examine the contemporary migratory phenomenon. The thesis attempts to put in evidence the transnational, social, economic, politic, historic, and symbolic dimensions of this flow, highlighting both macro (general) and micro (specific) aspects. Within the macro aspects, attention is given to the role of the Mozambican and South-African States, the relationship they establish with the market, and the legal, and bureaucratic mechanisms. Within the micro aspects, attention is focused on the issues directly related to the impact of the migratory phenomenon in the family and professional life of the migrating individuals, as well as the aspects related to the gender relations and trajectories which recreate and update the multiple identities of the immigrant in the context of his/her transition between the country of origin and host country.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude de processus de transmission en situation (post)migratoire. A partir d’une étude socio-anthropologique, elle vise à saisir l’impact de différents cadres nationaux sur ces transmissions, mais aussi à étudier les dynamiques transnationales à l’œuvre, car le groupe étudié est caractérisé par sa forte répartition dans plusieurs pays d’Europe. L’analyse dégage diverses formes de transmissions, allant des rapports de genre aux langues, aux pratiques transnationales, à la religion, ou encore au rapport à la modernité et à l’altérité. Ces transmissions révèlent, indépendamment de l’origine sociale des familles rencontrées, être motivées par la transmission de la « fierté d’être soi », par laquelle les familles élaborent une résistance active à l’impact du postcolonialisme. Un outil particulièrement puissant dans ce processus s’avère consister dans la transmission de la mémoire familiale, par laquelle les personnes étudiées développent une réflexion intense autour du rapport entre histoire, mémoire et construction des sociétés contemporaines, visant à rapprocher le « ici » du « là-bas ». / This PhD treats the question of transmission processes in families with migrant background. Departing from a socio-anthropological research, the study aims at depicting the impact of different national frameworks on these transmissions, but also to grasp the transnational dynamics at work, as the group of migrants concerned is particularly widespread in Europe. The analysis reveals different forms of transmission, going from the transmission of gender relations to the transmission of languages, transnational practices, religion or the positioning towards modernity and “Othering”. Independently from the social origin of the encountered families, these transmissions show to be motivated by the “strategy of transmitting self-esteem”, through which the families develop an active resistance to the impact of postcolonialism. A particularly powerful tool here by consists of the transmission of family memory, through which the encountered persons develop an intense reflection on the relationship between history, memory and the construction of contemporary societies, aiming at letting the “here” and the “there” get closer to one another.

This thesis expands on primary field research conducted for my MMus degree. Undertaken in the Saharaui refugee camps of southern Algeria (2004-2005) that research - based on ethnographic data and the analysis of Saharaui music, known as Haul ¹- focussed on the musical system, the social context of musical performance and the music culture in Saharaui refugee camps. This doctoral research examines Saharaui Haul music as practised in Spain and is particularly focussed on its entry, since 1998, into the global market by way of the World Music label, Nubenegra records. The encounter between Saharaui musicians and Nubenegra records has created a new type of Saharaui Haul which is different to that played in the refugee camps. This phenomenon has emerged as a result of western music producers compelling Saharaui musicians to introduce musical changes so that both parties may be considered as musical agents occupying different positions on a continuum of tradition and change. Nubenegra undertook the commodification of Saharaui music and disseminated it from the camps to the rest of the world. A musical and social analysis of the relationship between Nubenegra and Saharaui musicians living in Spain will form the basis of the research in this thesis. In particular, Mariem Hassan is an example of a musician who had her music disseminated through the relationship with Nubenegra and she is promoted as the music ambassador of the Western Sahara. I collaborated with her as a composer and performer on her last album, El Aaiun egdat (Aaiun in fire), in 2012² and gained first hand insight into the relationship between Mariem and Nubenegra. This thesis reflects on this relationship and my role in facilitating this encounter.

Brasil e Estados Unidos têm apresentado posições políticas divergentes em relação à propriedade intelectual desde a década de 1970. O contencioso das patentes farmacêuticas na OMC foi iniciado em 2000 com um pedido de consulta dos Estados Unidos em relação à lei de patentes brasileira e está inserido nesse contexto de divergência entre os dois países. O contencioso foi solucionado por meio de um acordo no qual os Estados Unidos retiraram a queixa contra o Brasil em 2001. O envolvimento político de redes transnacionais de ONGs levou o assunto ao conhecimento da opinião pública mundial, fato que parece ter influenciado o resultado do contencioso. Sob o marco teórico da transnacionalidade, este estudo tem o objetivo de dimensionar o grau de influência política das ONGs organizadas em redes e seu impacto no resultado do contencioso. Para isso, (1) identifica as principais ONGs envolvidas na campanha global de acesso a medicamentos essenciais no período compreendido entre 1997 e 2001; (2) resgata o conflito em propriedade intelectual existente entre Brasil e Estados Unidos desde as décadas de 70 e 80; analisa (3) as estratégias das redes transnacionais de ONGs dentro da campanha de acesso a medicamentos essenciais e (4) os principais condicionantes do papel das ONGs na política mundial. Com base no estudo empírico da campanha de acesso a medicamentos essenciais, a conclusão reflete um esforço em dimensionar o papel das redes transnacionais de ONGs no contencioso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos na OMC, interpretando-o como parte de um movimento transnacional anti-hegemônico que gerou resultados benéficos em questões de propriedade intelectual aos países em desenvolvimento entre 1997 e 2001. / Brazil and the United States appear to have defended divergent intellectual property policies since the 1970s. The controversy on pharmaceutical patents at the World Trade Organization (WTO) started back in 2000 with a complaint by the United States about the Brazilian patent law and it is part of this context of divergence between both countries. The controversy was solved by means of an agreement in which the United States withdrew the complaint against Brazil in 2001. The political engagement of transnational NGOs networks leveraged this issue to the concern of global public opinion. This fact appears to have influenced the outcome of the case at the WTO. Based on theoretical approaches on transnationalism, this study aims to dimension the degree of political influence of networkbased NGOs and its impact on the conflict outcome at the WTO. For this purpose, the research work (1) identifies the main NGOs engaged in and involved by the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign between 1997 and 2001; (2) reviews the conflicts on intellectual property between Brazil and the United States which have been taking place since the 1970s and 80s; analyses (3) the transnational NGOs networks’ strategies in the scope of the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign and (4) the main conditioning factors to the role of NGOs in world politics. Based on the empirical study on the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign, the conclusion reflects an effort to dimension the role of transnational NGOs networks in the controversy between Brazil and the United States at the WTO, interpreting it as part of an anti-hegemonic transnational movement that generated beneficial outcomes on intellectual property issues to developing countries between 1997 and 2001.

En partant de l’analyse anthropologique de l’expérience migratoire de Mozambicains vers l’Afrique du Sud, notamment dans le travail des mines d’or, de platine et de charbon, cette thèse se propose de comprendre les dynamiques migratoires internationales dans le contexte de l’économie capitaliste et elle entend se pencher sur cette réalité à partir d’une perspective théorique des migrations circulaires transnationales, en posant de nouvelles questions pour l’analyse du phénomène migratoire contemporain. La thèse entend mettre en relief les dimensions transnationale, sociale, économique, politique, historique et symbolique de ce flux, en soulignant les aspects macro (généraux) et micro (spécifiques). Concernant les aspects macro, sont analysés le rôle des Etats mozambicain et sud-africain, les relations que ils établissent avec le marché et les mécanismes juridique et bureaucratique. Dans les aspects micro, sont analysées les questions directement liées à l’impact du phénomène migratoire sur la vie familiale et professionnelle des sujets qui émigrent, ainsi que les aspects liés aux relations de genre et aux trajectoires qui recréent et renouvellent les multiples identités du migrant dans le contexte de sa transition entre les pays d’origine et d’accueil. / A partir da análise antropológica da experiência migratória de moçambicanos para a África do Sul, em particular para as minas de ouro, platina e carvão, a presente tese busca compreender as dinâmicas migratórias internacionais no contexto da economia capitalista e procura olhar essa realidade a partir de uma perspectiva teórica das migrações circulares transnacionais, lançando novas questões para a análise do fenômeno migratório contemporâneo. A tese procura colocar em evidência as dimensões transnacional, social, econômica, política, histórica e simbólica desse fluxo, enfatizando aspectos macro (gerais) e micro (específicos). Nos aspectos macro, são considerados o papel dos Estados moçambicanos e sul-africano, as relações que eles estabelecem com o mercado e os mecanismos jurídico e burocrático que orientam esse fluxo. Nos aspectos micro, consideram-se as questões relacionadas diretamente com o impacto do fenômeno migratório na vida familiar e profissional dos sujeitos que migram, assim como os aspectos ligados às relações de gênero e trajetórias que recriam e atualizam as múltiplas identidades do migrante no contexto da sua transição entre os países de origem e de acolhimento. / From the anthropological analysis of the Mozambican migratory experience to South Africa, in particular to the gold, platinum, and coal mines, this paper tries to understand the international migratory dynamics within the context of the capitalist economy, it also tries to see this reality from a theoretical perspective of the circular transnational migrations, launching new questions to examine the contemporary migratory phenomenon. The thesis attempts to put in evidence the transnational, social, economic, politic, historic, and symbolic dimensions of this flow, highlighting both macro (general) and micro (specific) aspects. Within the macro aspects, attention is given to the role of the Mozambican and South-African States, the relationship they establish with the market, and the legal, and bureaucratic mechanisms. Within the micro aspects, attention is focused on the issues directly related to the impact of the migratory phenomenon in the family and professional life of the migrating individuals, as well as the aspects related to the gender relations and trajectories which recreate and update the multiple identities of the immigrant in the context of his/her transition between the country of origin and host country.

Brasil e Estados Unidos têm apresentado posições políticas divergentes em relação à propriedade intelectual desde a década de 1970. O contencioso das patentes farmacêuticas na OMC foi iniciado em 2000 com um pedido de consulta dos Estados Unidos em relação à lei de patentes brasileira e está inserido nesse contexto de divergência entre os dois países. O contencioso foi solucionado por meio de um acordo no qual os Estados Unidos retiraram a queixa contra o Brasil em 2001. O envolvimento político de redes transnacionais de ONGs levou o assunto ao conhecimento da opinião pública mundial, fato que parece ter influenciado o resultado do contencioso. Sob o marco teórico da transnacionalidade, este estudo tem o objetivo de dimensionar o grau de influência política das ONGs organizadas em redes e seu impacto no resultado do contencioso. Para isso, (1) identifica as principais ONGs envolvidas na campanha global de acesso a medicamentos essenciais no período compreendido entre 1997 e 2001; (2) resgata o conflito em propriedade intelectual existente entre Brasil e Estados Unidos desde as décadas de 70 e 80; analisa (3) as estratégias das redes transnacionais de ONGs dentro da campanha de acesso a medicamentos essenciais e (4) os principais condicionantes do papel das ONGs na política mundial. Com base no estudo empírico da campanha de acesso a medicamentos essenciais, a conclusão reflete um esforço em dimensionar o papel das redes transnacionais de ONGs no contencioso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos na OMC, interpretando-o como parte de um movimento transnacional anti-hegemônico que gerou resultados benéficos em questões de propriedade intelectual aos países em desenvolvimento entre 1997 e 2001. / Brazil and the United States appear to have defended divergent intellectual property policies since the 1970s. The controversy on pharmaceutical patents at the World Trade Organization (WTO) started back in 2000 with a complaint by the United States about the Brazilian patent law and it is part of this context of divergence between both countries. The controversy was solved by means of an agreement in which the United States withdrew the complaint against Brazil in 2001. The political engagement of transnational NGOs networks leveraged this issue to the concern of global public opinion. This fact appears to have influenced the outcome of the case at the WTO. Based on theoretical approaches on transnationalism, this study aims to dimension the degree of political influence of networkbased NGOs and its impact on the conflict outcome at the WTO. For this purpose, the research work (1) identifies the main NGOs engaged in and involved by the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign between 1997 and 2001; (2) reviews the conflicts on intellectual property between Brazil and the United States which have been taking place since the 1970s and 80s; analyses (3) the transnational NGOs networks’ strategies in the scope of the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign and (4) the main conditioning factors to the role of NGOs in world politics. Based on the empirical study on the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign, the conclusion reflects an effort to dimension the role of transnational NGOs networks in the controversy between Brazil and the United States at the WTO, interpreting it as part of an anti-hegemonic transnational movement that generated beneficial outcomes on intellectual property issues to developing countries between 1997 and 2001.

Ce travail tente d’explorer les questions du nationalisme turc dans le cadre d’une expérience d’immigration turque, et ce, à travers les membres de la communauté islamique Millî Görüş en France et en Allemagne. Prenant en compte les divers rôles que la communauté joue dans la vie de ses sympathisants en terre d’accueil, il met en évidence le lien entre les constructions nationales et le processus de socialisation communautaire. Si la communauté semble jouer un certain rôle d’intermédiaire dans la réappropriation des questions en lien avec le pays d’accueil, elle véhicule aussi la transmission d’un ensemble de valeurs en rapport avec la « turcité » qui, de par la force de son enracinement sur un terrain religieux, politique, culturel et historique, demeure manifestement une identité résistante, tout en permettant d’établir les voies de l’identification à la nation turque et au pays d’origine. / This dissertation explores the issues of Turkish nationalism, as part of a Turkish immigration experience, within the Millî Görüş Islamic community in France and Germany. Taking into account various roles that the community plays in the lives of its members in the host countries, it analyzes the link between national constructions and the process of socialization within the community. While the community seems to play a certain intermediary role in the reappropriation of issues related to the host countries, it also conveys the transmission of a set of values related to “Turkishness” which, by force of its roots in religious, political, cultural and historical grounds, clearly remains a resistant identity, establishing at the same time the means of identification with the Turkish nation and the country of origin.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:00:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2772.pdf: 12938732 bytes, checksum: 3ecd3cfd85466efccfc83dfa4d33ca6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-07 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The focus of my recearch was the negotiation of 'identity' for Japanese, Japanese descendants, and people without Japanese ancestry living in Brazil with a vehicle a sport called Kendo [Japanese fencing]. In this martial practice noticed a disciplining of the body and attitudes that consciously and unconsciously defines negotiations of 'identity and difference' established social relationships activated by practitioners. The research problem was located as the negotiation process of 'Japanese identity' and its moral postulate in Brazil with regard to this martial practice. And as she and all ethical and moral training in due to contact with immigrant teachers provide support for such a Japanese ontology. The hypothesis that I favor is the hallmark of an unconscious system of value that allows the classification in terms of proximity and distance in relation to a particular notion of Japaneseness. In short, there are characters to biological properties which make the ratings, but the closer it is knowledge of the Japanese. Kendo, taken as an unit of analysis is a machine, a device of Japaneseness - that is, a mechanism for the production of 'Japanese' myth and rith speeches, re-designed and updated from an objective and subjective body-size. / O foco de minha pesquisa foi a negociação de 'identidades' para japoneses, descendentes de japoneses e pessoas sem ascendência nipônica residentes no Brasil tendo por veículo uma prática esportiva designada por Kendo [esgrima japonesa]. Nesta prática marcial observo uma disciplinarização do corpo e das atitudes que delimita consciente e inconscientemente uma negociação de 'identidade e diferença' demonstrada nas relações sociais ativadas pelos praticantes. O problema da pesquisa foi situar como se processa a negociação da 'identidade japonesa e seu postulado moral no Brasil no tocante a esta prática corporal-marcial. E como ela e o conjunto ético-moral decorrente do treinamento e do contato com professores imigrantes fornecem um suporte a essa ontologia nipônica. A hipótese que defendo é a indicação de um sistema inconsciente de valor que permite a classificação em termos de proximidade e distância em relação a uma dada atualização de japonesidade. Em suma, não são os caracteres biológico-fenotipicos que fazem as classificações, mas sim, quanto mais próximo se está dos conhecimentos sobre os japoneses. O Kendo, tomado como uma unidade de análise é uma máquina, um dispositivo de japonesidades ou seja, um mecanismo de produção de 'japoneses' e de discursos 'mito-ríticos', re-elaborados e atualizados a partir de uma dimensão corpórea objetiva e subjetiva.

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-03T13:46:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGVNL.pdf: 2955100 bytes, checksum: 553f443c2ae3e29fa5380d0acaf92dcb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T17:30:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGVNL.pdf: 2955100 bytes, checksum: 553f443c2ae3e29fa5380d0acaf92dcb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T17:30:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGVNL.pdf: 2955100 bytes, checksum: 553f443c2ae3e29fa5380d0acaf92dcb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T17:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGVNL.pdf: 2955100 bytes, checksum: 553f443c2ae3e29fa5380d0acaf92dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / In my Master's research, I evaluated the Japanese Kendō practice as a Japaneseness device, i.e., something that sought to "make Japanese". In this manufacturing process, Kendō focused on three connected planes: the 'Spirit' [Ki], the Sword and the Body. While development of the foregoing, this doctoral thesis sought to analyze data from life stories of Kendō practitioners and Documents about the notion of Ki – Life Force, Vital Energy – through an extensive ethnographic research in Brazil and Japan. The notion of Ki introduced itself as an important way to understanding the Japanese Culture itself, in a close relationship with an idiosyncratic notion of Love - Ai. The result was a theoretical and analytical potentiality to understand the Japanese Kinship and Japanese-and-Non-Japanese’s Family Studies, including cultural recognition processes whose assessment was made by anthropological and comparative perspectives / Em minha pesquisa de mestrado, avaliei a esgrima japonesa enquanto um dispositivo de japonesidade, ou seja, algo que buscava “fabricar japoneses” – fossem descendentes ou não. Neste processo de fabricação, o Kendō focava três planos intimamente conectados: o ‘espírito’ [Ki], a espada e o corpo. Enquanto desenvolvimento do precedente, este texto de doutoramento buscou organizar e analisar os dados de relatos de vida de praticantes de Kendō e de documentos que versassem sobre a noção de Ki – energia vital – por meio de uma extensa pesquisa etnográfica no Brasil e no Japão. A noção de Ki se apresentou como um importante modo de se compreender a Cultura Japonesa na prática, em íntima relação com uma noção idiossincrática de Amor – Ai – culturalmente japonesa. Disso resultou uma potencialidade – teórica e analítica – para estudos de parentesco-relacionalidade e família japonesas, incluindo processos de reconhecimento intra-inter-culturais cuja avaliação se fez de um ponto de vista antropológico-comparativo.