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Brasil e Estados Unidos têm apresentado posições políticas divergentes em relação à propriedade intelectual desde a década de 1970. O contencioso das patentes farmacêuticas na OMC foi iniciado em 2000 com um pedido de consulta dos Estados Unidos em relação à lei de patentes brasileira e está inserido nesse contexto de divergência entre os dois países. O contencioso foi solucionado por meio de um acordo no qual os Estados Unidos retiraram a queixa contra o Brasil em 2001. O envolvimento político de redes transnacionais de ONGs levou o assunto ao conhecimento da opinião pública mundial, fato que parece ter influenciado o resultado do contencioso. Sob o marco teórico da transnacionalidade, este estudo tem o objetivo de dimensionar o grau de influência política das ONGs organizadas em redes e seu impacto no resultado do contencioso. Para isso, (1) identifica as principais ONGs envolvidas na campanha global de acesso a medicamentos essenciais no período compreendido entre 1997 e 2001; (2) resgata o conflito em propriedade intelectual existente entre Brasil e Estados Unidos desde as décadas de 70 e 80; analisa (3) as estratégias das redes transnacionais de ONGs dentro da campanha de acesso a medicamentos essenciais e (4) os principais condicionantes do papel das ONGs na política mundial. Com base no estudo empírico da campanha de acesso a medicamentos essenciais, a conclusão reflete um esforço em dimensionar o papel das redes transnacionais de ONGs no contencioso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos na OMC, interpretando-o como parte de um movimento transnacional anti-hegemônico que gerou resultados benéficos em questões de propriedade intelectual aos países em desenvolvimento entre 1997 e 2001. / Brazil and the United States appear to have defended divergent intellectual property policies since the 1970s. The controversy on pharmaceutical patents at the World Trade Organization (WTO) started back in 2000 with a complaint by the United States about the Brazilian patent law and it is part of this context of divergence between both countries. The controversy was solved by means of an agreement in which the United States withdrew the complaint against Brazil in 2001. The political engagement of transnational NGOs networks leveraged this issue to the concern of global public opinion. This fact appears to have influenced the outcome of the case at the WTO. Based on theoretical approaches on transnationalism, this study aims to dimension the degree of political influence of networkbased NGOs and its impact on the conflict outcome at the WTO. For this purpose, the research work (1) identifies the main NGOs engaged in and involved by the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign between 1997 and 2001; (2) reviews the conflicts on intellectual property between Brazil and the United States which have been taking place since the 1970s and 80s; analyses (3) the transnational NGOs networks’ strategies in the scope of the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign and (4) the main conditioning factors to the role of NGOs in world politics. Based on the empirical study on the Global Access to Essential Medicines Campaign, the conclusion reflects an effort to dimension the role of transnational NGOs networks in the controversy between Brazil and the United States at the WTO, interpreting it as part of an anti-hegemonic transnational movement that generated beneficial outcomes on intellectual property issues to developing countries between 1997 and 2001.

As migrações internacionais contemporâneas, ditas globais, têm sido tratadas como um problema ao qual as políticas migratórias dos Estados nacionais precisam dar uma solução. O enfoque desta tese busca desvelar a politização da construção dessas políticas em torno do conceito da irregularidade migratória e das transformações decorrentes da atual dinâmica transnacional das migrações, associada às subjetividades dos migrantes como prática política de transformação da cidadania nacional. Diante desse quadro os discursos patrocinados pelas Organizações Internacionais em torno da ideia de gestão das migrações se mostram nada transformadores em razão de seu caráter tecnocrático. No Brasil, os discursos referentes a uma política migratória baseada nos direitos humanos são predominantes, mas ainda não concretizados. Através de entrevistas com atores governamentais brasileiros busca-se aprofundar a análise sobre esta diretriz diante da amplitude das transformações que requer. Conclui-se que a cidadania sul-americana em construção, a partir do Acordo de Residência do Mercosul, tem características do que poderia vir a ser uma cidadania fundada no paradigma da mobilidade. / International migration has been considered a problem to be solved by national states\' national migration policies. The study aims at revealing the political aspects arising as a result of policy development around the concept of migration irregularity and of the changes arising on the transnational dynamics of migration associated with the immigrants` subjectivity as a political practice of citizenship transformation. The analysis has shown that the migration management discourse coming from the international organizations proves to be insufficient to any transformation due its technocratic features. In Brazil, even though the prevailing migratory policy discourse is based on human rights, policy implementation has yet to take place. Through interviews with Brazilian governmental actors it was intended to further the analysis on this directive due to the meaningful changes it requires. Conclusion reveal that the South American citizenship built upon the implementation of the Mercosur Residency Agreement presents some features of citizenship grounded on the mobility paradigm.

La thèse porte sur les migrations de travailleurs indonésiens vers Kuala Lumpur, en Malaysia, et Singapour, à partir d’une approche qui s’efforce de combiner les principes de l’analyse pragmatiste et la prise en charge des effets de structure, en vue de décrire la formation de transnationalismes dans la région et d’interroger la nature des espaces sociaux qui s’agrègent autour de ces parcours migratoires. En développant une approche socio-anthropologique mise en œuvre au cours de vingt mois de terrain il s’est agi de saisir la migration au plus proche des expériences vécues, sans renoncer à décrire des contextes sociaux, politiques, culturels et historiques qui permettent de les situer dans leurs spécificités mais aussi dans la perspective de dynamiques politiques et économiques globales. Alors que ces migrations se développent et s’institutionnalisent, le choix d’une ethnographie multi-site, dispersée dans les trois pays, a permis de construire un point de vue mobile et décentré, au plus près des expériences situées. Dans cette perspective, la thèse s’efforce de montrer l’émergence de transnationalismes et d’espaces transnationaux à l’intersection entre la production d’un travail globalisé et les politiques nationales, où s’inscrivent des processus de subjectivation inédits. Alors que les socialités se désenclavent sous l’effet des migrations, les espaces vécus se transnationalisent en sorte que saisir ces nouvelles dynamiques sociales, c’est désormais aussi décrire des manières d’habiter le transnational. / The thesis deals with the migration of Indonesian workers to Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) and Singapore. The argument draws on a theoretical approach which attempts to blend the contribution of pragmatism with the analysis of structure effects in order to describe the formation of transnationalisms in the region and to scrutinize the nature of the social spaces which are assembled along these migration trails. By constructing a socio-antrhopological approach, operationalized during a twenty-months fieldwork, we aimed to capture migration as close as possible from lived experiences, yet without giving up the description of the broader social, political, cultural and historical contexts which allow to remain sensitive to their specificities while locating them in the context of global political and economic dynamics. While these migrations are both developing and being increasingly institutionalized, the choice of a multi-sited ethnography, distributed in the three countries, allowed to build a shifting and de-centered point of view, and to remain always as close as possible to situated experiences. In this perspective, the thesis tries to show the emergence of transnationalisms and transnational social spaces at the intersection between the production of a globalized labor and national politics – space politics -, where new subjectivation processes are being shaped. While socialities are increasingly disembbedded from local contexts, lived spaces are also increasingly transnationalized, so that capturing these new social dynamics now supposes to describe new ways of inhabiting the transnational.

Cette thèse appréhende les processus identitaires et les transformations socioculturelles en cours au travers de l’appropriation du rap au Gabon depuis la fin des années 1980, ainsi que l’enchevêtrement de ces productions de catégories identitaires avec des rapports de pouvoir campés dans le domaine des hiérarchies entre aînés et cadets, des relations de genre, des stratifications des réseaux de la musique, ou des rapports de force avec les autorités politiques. Une investigation dans les archives du Gabon éclaire d’abord la manière dont, tout en marquant des ruptures avec la génération précédente, les rappeurs se sont inscrits dans la continuité de plusieurs décennies de pratiques de musiques dans la ville et de dialogues transnationaux avec les productions culturelles en circulation dans l’espace Atlantique. Une deuxième partie se consacre à la description des relations de genre et de la construction de la masculinité, révélant l’agentivité développée par certaines femmes des mondes de la nuit et de la musique. Enfin, une troisième partie se focalise sur les revendications identitaires et idéologiques des rappeurs et sur les nationalismes qu’ils réinventent, dans des emboîtements entre l’ethnique, le national, le panafricanisme et le transnational. Elle traite des métamorphoses de la sorcellerie dans les réseaux du rap et de la world music africaine, du spectacle de la nation, et des mobilités transnationales au travers desquelles quelques rappeurs forment de nouvelles catégories identitaires hybrides. / This dissertation apprehends the identity processes and sociocultural changes taking place through the appropriation of rap music in Gabon since the end of the 80s, as well as the entanglement in power relations of those identity categories produced by young people, in the field of hierarchies between elders and youngers, of gender relations, of musical network stratifications, or towards the political authorities.An investigation in the archives of Gabon firstly highlights how, while marking ruptures with the previous generation, rappers were enrolled in the continuity of several decades of urban musical practices and transnational dialogues with some cultural productions circulating in the Atlantic space. A second part is devoted to the description of gender relations and to the construction of masculinity, revealing the agency developed by some women into the urban worlds of the night and of music. Finally, the third part focuses on rappers’ identity and ideological claims, and on the nationalisms they reinvent in negotiation between ethnic, national, transnational and panafrican levels. It deals with the transformations of witchcraft in rap music’s networks and in African world music market, with the spectacle of the nation and with transnational mobilities through which some rappers form new hybrid identity categories.

Since the second half of the 20th century the Philippines have supplied the world with migrant workers. Today, almost one tenth of the population is residing abroad. Labour migration has become an important source of revenue to both state and private actors through remittances, for the Philippines, and a source of cheap labour battling labour shortage, in the receiving countries. Today, the global labour market is a distinct and important part of what we call globalisation. This is portrayed in this thesis through the lens of Philippine-Korean labour migration. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the emergence of migrants as a commodity for export, the institutionalised creation of migrants, the normalisation of labour migration, and containment of migrants through legal and spatial constraints, in Manila and in Seoul. This thesis look at the ways in which labour migration, as an economic policy, is internalised and transformed into a culture of migration. I argue that the effects of a culture of migration is felt not just by the labour migrants themselves, but also by their families and by the Philippines as a whole. As such, the reliance on remittances as a source of income has transformed domestic and global infrastructures as well as norms and social behaviour. Moreover, this thesis aims to add to the discussion on migration and remittances by exploring social dimensions and consequences of the globalisation of the labour market.

Abstract I study language discourses of Japan Finns: the ways they talk about languages. This research is a part of the language-in-motion studies. Informants are native Finns who are born in Finland and have moved to Japan. There are 14 informants in this study, and the recorded data consists of fourteen interviews and seven pair conversations. The amount of data is about 24 hours altogether. Firstly, the aim is to find out what kind of roles and meanings informants give to Finnish, Japanese and English respectively. In other words, what kind of language discourses they construct. Secondly, I study, whether corpus assisted discourse analysis is suitable for analyzing Finnish spoken data. In the context of globalization, languages are no longer tightly connected to time and space but they move along with people. Globalization changes views about languages and multilingualism, hence new concepts are needed to describe them. I observe language discourses in the context of globalization as well as in the social and language ideological context of Japan. Discourses construct reality and I understand them as social and shared entities. In the analysis, corpus methods and discourse analysis are combined: clusters and semantic preference help me to detect how discourses consist of linguistic features. Cluster analysis reveals different roles of languages. Finnish is a language of identity, Japanese is described as a skill and English as a tool. Clusters create contrasts, voices and estrangements, that tell about relations between languages and speakers’ relationship with a language. Semantic preference shows, how language choices and language identity are context bound. Possibility of change is seen in discourses, though self-expression and emotions and importance of language are preserved in migration. / Tiivistelmä Tutkin väitöskirjassani japaninsuomalaisten kielidiskursseja eli kielistä puhumisen tapoja. Työni on osa liikkuvuuden sosiolingvistiikkaa käsittelevää tutkimusta. Informanttini ovat Suomessa syntyneitä ja Japaniin muuttaneita suomalaisia. Aineistona on 14 haastattelua ja 7 parikeskustelua eli yhteensä noin 24 tuntia nauhoitetta. Selvitän ensinnäkin, millaisia tehtäviä ja merkityksiä informantit antavat kielille – suomelle, japanille ja englannille – eli millaisia kielidiskursseja he rakentavat. Toiseksi tarkastelen, miten puhutun suomenkielisen aineiston korpusavusteinen analyysi toimii ja millaisen kuvan se antaa kielidiskursseista. Kielet eivät globalisaation myötä ole aikaan ja paikkaan sidottuja vaan liikkuvat ihmisten mukana. Globalisaatio muuttaa käsitystä kielistä ja monikielisyydestä, joten nykyistä monikielisyyttä luonnehtimaan tarvitaan uusia käsitteitä. Tarkastelen informanttieni kielidiskursseja paitsi globalisaation näkökulmasta myös Japanin yhteiskunnallisessa ja kieli-ideologisessa kontekstissa. Diskurssinäkemykseni pohjautuu siihen näkökulmaan, että kieli rakentaa todellisuutta, ja näen diskurssit sosiaalisina ja jaettuina. Menetelmäni on diskursseja ja korpustutkimusta yhdistävä: klustereiden ja semanttisen preferenssin avulla hahmotan, mistä lingvistisistä osista diskurssit koostuvat. Klusterianalyysi paljastaa kielten työnjakoja. Suomi on identiteetin kieli, mutta japanista puhutaan kielitaidon ja englannista välineellisyyden kautta. Klustereissa luodaan kontrasteja, ääniä ja etäännytyksiä, jotka kertovat kielten välisistä suhteista sekä puhujan suhteesta kieliin. Semanttisen preferenssin analyysissa näkyy kielivalintojen ja -identiteettien kontekstisidonnaisuus. Diskursseissa on läsnä muutoksen mahdollisuus, mutta itseilmaisu, tunteet ja kielen merkitys säilyvät siirtolaisuudessa.

1 Abstract This MA thesis discusses contemporary US literature in Czechoslovakia between 1948 and 1956 in order to see how the US was represented through the chosen American writers and their works. The first two chapters look at how the parallel canon was established, both from historical and theoretical perspective. The third chapter discusses Langston Hughes as the representative of American poetry. It shows how Hughes was used to draw attention to racial inequality in the US. Howard Fast as the superstar of the "Czechoslovak America" is the focus of the fourth chapter. The cases of both Fast and Hughes show that contemporary US authors published in Czechoslovakia at that time were chosen for the way they depicted the US racial and social inequality and the repression of political opposition, and identified themselves as members of the so called progressive America. Reading Hughes and Fast from the Eastern side of the Iron Curtain contributes to Czech scholarship on the 1950s and adds new perspectives to the contemporary reconsiderations of American leftist writers.

The subject of this thesis is a diversified conception of Czechishness. The main proposition is a comparison of types and aspects of relation to the country in the case of (political) emigrants after 1948 in contrast with the "home-based" non-emigrant Czech population. The thesis will briefly mention also the preceding periods of Czech emigration, the socio-economic situation at the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries, the 1950s etc. All this will be put into the context of the historical turning of the Czech lands away from the West, despite the latter being the destination of the post-February emigrants. In this respect the description of social-political events as perceived by the citizens at the time, by the official propaganda and by emigrants is crucial. The image of the West or emigrants as perceived then together with other conclusions will be compared with the basic theories of migration and migration policy. In the section on political emigration legislation of the period incl. its wording will be quoted. The thesis focuses exclusively on emigrants to the West, especially to Western Europe, the USA and Canada, but also to Australia and Israel. It reflects the direction and the main centres of emigration, checks the relevance of information on the numbers of exiled Czechs, their...

Alors qu’un nombre croissant d’écrivains allochtones d’expression allemande avance de la périphérie au centre du champ littéraire allemand, les auteurs d’origine chinoise restent assez méconnus. En les présentant ici, nous souhaitons combler une lacune, notre propos se concentrant par ailleurs sur les œuvres de trois auteures : Luo Lingyuan (1963-), Xu Pei (1966-) et Lin Jun (1973-). Ces dernières ne publient que de la fiction : des nouvelles, des romans et de la poésie. Afin de clarifier les conditions dans lesquelles elles ont fait leur entrée sur la scène littéraire allemande, nous replaçons la littérature « chinoise » d’expression allemande dans son contexte d’émergence. Le rappel de l’historique des relations germano-chinoises depuis la période coloniale jusqu’à aujourd’hui précède ainsi un retour sur l’histoire de la littérature d’expression allemande depuis les années 1970. Mobilisant le concept d’« existence diasporique », qui explicite le mouvement permanent que les auteures opèrent entre les cultures et les langues chinoise et allemande, l’objectif de cette étude est de proposer une première analyse littéraire interne de leurs textes, dont le caractère transculturel est illustré à travers trois enjeux : temporel, spatial et identitaire. Par le détour de la confrontation directe et croisée avec les œuvres, qui problématisent le caractère transnational, transculturel et plurilingue des sujets en diaspora, nous interrogeons finalement la conception monoculturelle et monolingue de l’identité d’une part et de la littérature dite « allemande » d’autre part, dont nous montrons qu’elle se nourrit d’influences culturelles diverses et dépasse l’horizon national. / While an increasing number of foreign-born writers using German are leaving the fringes of the German literary scene and gaining prominence, authors of Chinese origin are still relatively unknown. We endeavour to fill this gap with a focus on the works of three of them: Luo Lingyuan (1963-), Xu Pei (1966-) and Lin Jun (1973-). Their publications are exclusively fictional: short-stories, novels and poetry. In order to highlight the conditions in which they entered the German literary scene, we place the literature written by Chinese in German in its context of emergence. We first present the history of Sino-German relations from the colonial period until today. Then, we describe the evolution of the literature written in German language since the 1970s. Using the concept of “diasporic existence”, which describes the authors’ constant back and forth movement between the Chinese and German cultures and languages, the aim of this study is to offer an initial internal literary analysis of the texts. Our ambition is to show their transcultural character in the light of three notions: time, space and identity. Through a direct and cross-cutting confrontation with these literary works that problematise the transnational, transcultural and multilingual quality of diasporic subjects, we finally question the monocultural and monolingual conception of identity on the one hand, and of the so-called “German” literature on the other, by pointing to the fact that the latter is impacted by diverse cultural influences and therefore exceeds the limits of the national horizon.