Populations that utilize deep water running (DWR) are described in Chapter I. A review of the literature concerning maximal and submaximal responses during DWR, shallow water running and swimming is presented in Chapter II. The protocols to elicit maximal responses during DWR and treadmill running (TMR), subject characteristics, and statistical methods employed are described in Chapter III. The results, presented in Chapter IV, indicate that the DWR protocol is a reliable test for eliciting peak oxygen consumption and heart rate. Furthermore, the metabolic responses during DWR are lower than TMR. Chapter V discusses factors which might limit maximal responses during DWR. Chapter VI contains suggestions for further research. Raw data are presented in Appendix A.

A growing body of literature suggests that aging causes restrictions in mobility, gaze, and cognitive functions, increasing the risk of falls and adverse health events. A novel Dual-Task Treadmill walking (DT-TW) program was designed to train balance, gaze, cognition, and gait simultaneously. Eleven healthy community-dwelling older adults (age 70-80 yrs) were recruited to play a variety of computer games while standing on a sponge surface and walking on a treadmill. Data on centre of pressure (COP) excursion for core balance, spatio-temporal gait variability parameters, head tracking performances, and neuropsychological tests were collected pre and post intervention. A significant improvement in balance, gaze, cognition, and gait performance was observed under dual-task conditions. The study thus concludes that DT-TW is a novel intervention program which combines interactive games with exercises to train dual-task abilities in community dwelling older adults. / October 2015

In this report a product development process is constructed and used to redesign an omnidirectional treadmill, the Omnideck. The current design of the Omnideck platform is designed without regard for assembly. Using modularity and design for assembly theories, incorporated with the product development process, the Omnideck platforms design is improved in respect to assembly time. The original design required 175 labour hours to install. The result is an improved design which requires ten and a half hours to install at a customer. This is achieved by redesigning the Omnideck into individual modules which allow for a faster installation.

Studies assessing the reliability of the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for regulating exercise training intensity have reported mixed results. Differences in experimental designs and analytical techniques make it difficult to compare results. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of perceptually-based treadmill (TM) exercise. Eleven subjects (42.5 ± 19.5 yrs) completed a maximal test (GXT) and 3 RPEproduction trials (PT) on a TM. Each PT consisted of two 10-minute bouts where subjects selected speeds and grades to elicit an intensity equated with an RPE of 11-12 (RPE-L) and RPE of 15-16 (RPE-H). Speed and grade, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (V02), and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/V02) were assessed throughout the GXT and the last 3 minutes of each PT. Blood lactate concentration (BLC) was assessed at RPE-L and RPE-H during the GXT and at the completion of each PT intensity. Reliability was assessed using an ANOVA with repeated-measures, intraclass correlations, and absolute differences (ABS A) across the PTs at each intensity. No significant meangroup differences were noted in any of the physiological variables at either intensity across the PTs. Reliability coefficients were higher for the selected workload and the metabolic measures than for HR or BLC. Reliability increased across trials for all measures, and as a function of intensity for V02 (L = 0.91 & H = 0.98), HR (L = 0.60 & H = 0.84), and BLC (L = 0.50 & H = 0.64). Mean ABS A evaluated the inter-trial reliability for HR (bpm) and V02 (METS) at the low intensity PT 1 vs. PT2 = 013 bpm; A3.3 METS, PT 1 vs. PT3 = 010 bpm ; A3.3 METS, and PT2 vs. PT3 = A7 bpm; 01.6 METS and the high intensity PT 1 vs. PT2 = 011 bpm; A2.5 METS, PT 1 vs. PT3 = 011 bpm; A3.4 METS, and PT2 vs. PT3 = A9 bpm; A2.2 METS, respectively. Mean ABS A decreased for HR and V02 between PT2 vs. PT3. These data suggest that reliability of perceptually-based TMexercise varies among physiological measures and various analytical techniques, and individual variation in physiological data across PTs should be considered prior torecommending RPE for the self-regulation of exercise. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity of self-reported historical walking, running, and jogging (WRJ) activity. The criterion measure was concurrent performance on a maximal treadmill test. Subjects completed a medical exam and treadmill test between the years 1976 and 1985, and completed a follow-up questionnaire in 1986. Questionnaire included an item that assessed WRJ for each year from 1976 through 1985. Data analysis included Spearman correlations, partial correlations, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results indicated self-reported historical WRJ can be assessed with reasonable validity when compared with concurrently measured treadmill performance, and there is no decay in the accuracy of this reporting for up to ten years in the past.

The assessment of ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) is increasingly being utilized to complement traditional cardiorespiratory fitness testing during graded exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses and ventilatory efficiency in obese children during a progressive exercise test to volitional fatigue performed on a treadmill and a cycle ergometer. Fifteen obese male (N=3) and female (N=12) adolescents aged 10 to 18 years were recruited in the study and completed both the treadmill and cycle ergometer trials. Mean age and BMI of the sample was 13.3 years and 38.0 kg/m2, respectively. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilatory efficiency were determined during both exercise trials. Subsequently, overall VE/VCO2 slope and the slope below and above AT for ventilatory efficiency were compared between the two exercise modes. VO2max was significantly (p<0.05) greater during the treadmill trial (26.09±5.11 ml/kg/min) compared to the cycle ergometer trial (20.71± 4.31 ml/kg/min). The VO2 at anaerobic threshold (AT) was significantly (p<0.05) higher during the treadmill trial, however, the percentage of VO2max at AT was not significantly different between the two modes (treadmill-63.41± 6.29% and cycle ergometer (67.25± 6.99%). While there was no significant difference in the overall VE/VCO2 slope or the VE/VCO2 slope above anaerobic threshold obtained from the two modes, the VE/VCO2 slope below anaerobic threshold was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the treadmill trial (25.06±2.10) compared to the cycle ergometer trial (23.34± 2.12). In our small sample of obese adolescents, we observed a greater VE response for a given VCO2 during treadmill exercise below the anaerobic threshold. The differences observed may be related to a greater activation of muscle afferents during weight bearing exercise in obese adolescents.

O domínio da locomoção é essencial para a execução adequada de diferentes atividades da vida diária. Atualmente, utiliza-se de vários instrumentos de treinamento para o retorno às atividades funcionais, como a esteira rolante e o elíptico. O problema desta pesquisa está baseado na pergunta: Qual é o padrão de ativação dos músculos do membro durante o exercício no elíptico? O objetivo principal é analisar e descrever as características biomecânicas da aceleração e da atividade eletromiográfica do andar em um elíptico. Participaram 42 adultos divididos em três grupos: grupo adulto jovem, constituído por 20 adultos jovens, grupo adulto idoso, constituído por 12 adultos idosos, ambos praticantes de atividade física regular e sem lesões ou problemas no aparelho locomotor, e grupo de adultos pós acidente vascular encefálico, constituído por 10 indivíduos. O questionário internacional de atividade física e os testes para a avaliação qualitativa da marcha, o teste de categoria de ambulação funcional e teste de equilíbrio em pé foram aplicados. Foram utilizados um acelerômetro tridimensional e um eletromiógrafo de superfície com 16 canais, além de uma esteira ergométrica e um elíptico. Após a familiarização com os equipamentos, os sujeitos andaram no elíptico e na esteira enquanto que a atividade miolétrica e a aceleração tibial foram coletadas. O tempo de coleta foi de 20s e a frequência de aquisição foi 2kHz. As curvas do envoltório linear foram geradas e normalizadas pela base do tempo. Resultados: A amplitude da ativação muscular foi maior durante a marcha na esteira, na fase de propulsão, no grupo de pessoas com AVE e idosos e nos músculos tibial anterior e bíceps femoral (p<0,0001). A menor ativação muscular foi observada no músculo reto abdominal, no grupo de adultos jovens, na fase pré-balanço (p<0,0001). Na análise qualitativa a aceleração da tíbia foi menor para o equipamento elíptico em comparação com a esteira. Os resultados favorecem a indicação do elíptico para o processo de recuperação da locomoção de pessoas com dificuldade para andar com limitações neurológicas ou ortopédicas / The achievement of the locomotion is essential for the adequate performance of different daily life activities. Several training instruments for the return to the functional activities exist, such as the treadmill and the elliptical. The research problem is: What is the lower limb muscle activation pattern during exercising in an elliptical trainer? The aim of this study is to analyze and describe the biomechanical characteristics of the acceleration and myoeletrical activity during walking in an elliptical trainer. The participants were 42 adults divided into three groups: young adult group (n=20), old adult group (n=12), both physically active and without any chronic pain or orthopedic conditions that could alter gait patterning, and chronic stroke adults (n=10). The international questionnaire of physical activity, the gait functional test and balance test were applied. We used one accelerometer and 16-channels electromyography system, a treadmill and an elliptical trainer. They walked on the elliptical and on the treadmill while the myoelectrical activity of 8 muscles and the tibial acceleration were recorded. The recording time was 20 s and sampling frequency was 2 kHz. The ensemble average was calculated for each variable. Results: The muscle activation was the highest at the treadmill, for propulsion phase, for the people with stroke and elderly and for the muscles Tibialis Anterior and Biceps Femoris (p<0.0001). The smallest muscle activity was observed on the Rectus Abdominus muscle, for the young adults, for pre contact phase (p<0.0001). The tibial acceleration was smaller for the elliptical than the treadmill. The results support the use of the elliptical for the rehabilitation of gait impairments related to neurological or orthopedic limitations

Ao longo dos últimos anos observou-se um aumento no número de idosos no mundo, com isso faz-se necessário buscar terapias que amenizem os danos relacionados e também elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos neste processo. O exercício físico tem sido sugerido como uma ferramenta importante, não farmacológica, para atenuar os déficits relacionados à idade. Ainda, estudos recentes sugerem uma relação entre o processo de envelhecimento cerebral e o desequilíbrio de mecanismos epigenéticos, contudo, estes dados ainda não são conclusivos. Sabe-se que o grau de neuroplasticidade varia com a idade e que as estruturas encefálicas podem responder diferentemente à exposição ao exercício. Estudos demonstram que o córtex pré-frontal está envolvido em funções de alta ordem como atenção, tomada de decisão e memória de trabalho. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de exercício físico (sessão única e exercício diário moderado) sobre a modulação de marcadores epigenéticos em córtex pré-frontal de ratos Wistar de 3 e 21 meses de idade. Os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de sessão única (20 minutos) ou o exercício diário moderado (20 minutos durante 14 dias), 1 hora após a última sessão foram eutanasiados. O córtex pré-frontal foi dissecado e a acetilação da H4, o conteúdo da DNA metiltransferase (DNMT1 e DNMT3b), assim como a atividade da histona metiltransferase H3K27 foram analisadas. Os resultados serão apresentados na versão completa desta dissertação. / Over the past few years the number of elderly people has increased in the world, therefore it is necessary to search therapies that ameliorate age-related deficits as well as elucidate the mechanisms involved in this process. Physical exercise has been suggested as an important non-pharmacological approach to alleviate the age-related decline. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested a relationship between the process of brain aging and imbalance of epigenetic mechanisms, however, these data are not conclusive. It is well described that prefrontal cortex is involved in higher functions like attention, decision making and working memory. Then, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two exercise protocols (single session and daily moderate exercise) on the modulation of epigenetic markers in the prefrontal cortex from Wistar rats of 3- and 21- months-old. Animals were submitted to single session protocol (20 minutes) or the daily moderate exercise (20 minutes for 14 days), and 1hour after the last exercise session animals were euthanized. Prefrontal cortex was dissected out and acetylation of H4, the content of DNA methyl transferase (DNMT1 and DNMT3B), as well as histone methyltransferase H3K27 activity were analyzed. Results will be presented in the full version.

A caminhada e a corrida são formas de exercício físico que promovem mudanças no estilo de vida, mas, existem muitas controvérsias dos possíveis benefícios e riscos a respeito da caminhada ou corrida quando realizada em diferentes inclinações. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o limiar anaeróbio bem como avaliar e comparar as respostas fisiológicas durante exercícios contínuos (45 minutos) com intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio executados na esteira rolante nas condições de inclinação positiva (+10%), plano (0%) e inclinação negativa (-10%). Participaram deste estudo 9 mulheres com idades entre 21 e 31 anos, fisicamente ativas. Primeiramente elas realizaram testes crescentes para determinação da intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio em cada inclinação. Após essa determinação foram realizados os protocolos contínuos na intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio por 45 minutos. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que o valor médio (\'+ OU -\' desviopadrão) da velocidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio no plano foi de 6,56 \'+ OU -\' 0,53 Km/h, na inclinação positiva foi de 5,44 \'+ OU -\' 0,53 Km/h (com redução percentual de 17,07% em relação ao plano) e na inclinação negativa foi de 7,22 \'+ OU -\' 0,67 Km/h (com elevação percentual de 9,14% em relação ao plano). Nos protocolos contínuos foi observado que os valores das variáveis ventilatórias apresentaram-se mais elevados para o protocolo com inclinação positiva, já a freqüência cardíaca apenas apresentou diferença até o 15º minuto do exercício entre os protocolos com inclinação positiva e o protocolo com inclinação negativa. Mas apesar disso, as voluntárias não relataram dificuldade do gesto motor na realização dos exercícios. Conclui-se que mesmo com a tentativa de se trabalhar na velocidade ideal para cada condição imposta, as respostas cardiovasculares e metabólicas são diferentes, ) principalmente entre o protocolo com inclinação positiva e o protocolo com inclinação negativa. O presente trabalho mostrou pontos importantes que devem ser levados em consideração, quanto à escolha do protocolo aplicado nos treinamentos físicos em indivíduos com diferentes condições físicas quando se propõem diferentes velocidades de corrida e inclinações da esteira. / Walking and running are forms of exercise that promote changes in lifestyle, but there are many controversies about the possible benefits and risks regarding the walking or running when performed at different slopes. This study aimed to determine the anaerobic threshold and to evaluate and compare the physiological responses during continuous exercise (45 minutes) with intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold run on the treadmill in terms of positive slope (+10%), level (0%) and negative slope (-10%). The study included 9 women aged between 21 and 31 years old, physically active. First they performed increasing intensity tests to determine the intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold on each slope. After determining these parameters the continuous protocols were performed in intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold for 45 minutes. The results showed that the speed average (\'+ OU -\' standard deviation) at level the anaerobic threshold was 6.56 \'+ OU -\' 0.53 km/h, atthe positive slope was 5.44 \'+ OU -\' 0.53 km/h (with a percentage reduction of 17.07% over the level) and the negative slope was 7.22 \'+ OU -\' 0.67 km/h (with high percentage of 9.14% over the level). In continuous protocols was observed that the values of ventilatory variables were more elevated for the protocol with positive slope and the heart rate showed only significant difference until the 15th minute of exercise between protocols with positive slope and with negative slope. But despite this, the volunteers reported no difficulty in motor gesture in exercises. It was conclude that even with the attempt to run at ideal speed for each condition the cardiovascular and metabolic responses are different, especially between the protocol with positive slope and with negative slope. This study showed important points that should be taken into account in the choice of protocol used in physical training in individuals with different physical conditions when they propose different running speeds and inclinations of the treadmill.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_fa_dr_rcla_prot.pdf: 683590 bytes, checksum: 781129a241d3ca2dcd4443ff6f9b3f86 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cinética do consumo de oxigênio (V02) descreve o comportamento respiratório durante a transição repouso-exercício. Os parâmetros derivados dos ajustes (componente lento - CL e constante de tempo - t ou Tau) são utilizados para quantificar a magnitude das alterações ocorridas nesse sistema. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) verificar a influência de diferentes modelos de análise [modelo matemático com três termos exponenciais (Exp3) vs. diferença do V02 entre o sexto e o terceiro minuto de exercício (AVO2 6-3 mm)] na caracterização do CL durante o exercício acima do limiar de lactato (LL) em corrida; 2) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício [corrida em esteira rolante (ER) vs. exercício em bicicleta ergométrica (BE)] no pico do consumo de oxigênio (VO210) e LL (expresso em ml/kg/mim e % VO2pjc) e; 3) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício no tVO2 e no CL da cinética do V02 durante o exercício acima do LL em meninos de 11-12 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças do gênero masculino aparentemente saudáveis e ativos (11,48 l 0,41 anos; 41,38 l 10,45 kg; 147,45 l 6,56 cm), nível maturacional 1 e 2 (pilosidade pubiana) que realizaram dois testes incrementais, um na ER e outro na BÊ para determinação do VO20 e do LL. Para determinação da cinética do VO2 foram realizadas duas transições de 6 minutos em cada ergômetro na intensidade de 75%A [75% A = LL + 0,75 x (VO2pico - LL)]... / The oxygen uptake kinetic (V02) explaian the respiratory behavior during restexercise transition. The parameters from the adjustment (slow component - SC and time constant - t or Tau) are usual to measure the magnitude of the alterations on this structure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to verify the influence of the two different mathematical models [three-exponential model (Exp3) and AVO2 6-3 mm] on the SC of V02 in children during running exercise, performed at above lactate threshold intensity domain (75%A); 2) to verify the effects of exercise mode (running x cycling) on the indexes related to aerobic fitness (VO2peak and blood lactate response to exercise); 3) to verify the effect of the exercise mode (running x cycling) on the tVO2 and the SC of the VO2 in children aged 11 to 12 years during above lactate threshold intensity exercise (75%). Twenty apparently healthy active boys (age = 11,48 l 0,41 years; body mass = 41,38 l 10,45 kg; hemght = 147,45 l 6,56 cm), sexual maturation levels 1 and 2 (pubic hair) took part of this study. These children performed in different days on a motorized treadmill (TM) and on a cycle ergometer (CE) the following tests: 1) an incremental test in order to determine the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the LT and; 2) a series of square-wave transitions of 6-min \- 02peak - iJ1) 111 OTT 'Lo Õe'Lerffilne Yne V02 kinetics (tVO2 and SC). The SC values determined by model Exp3 (129,69 l 75,71 mi/min and 8,4 l 2,92 %) were higher than values determined by model VO2 6-3 mm (68,69 l 102,54 mi/min and 3,6 l 7,34%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)