Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-22T18:22:46Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T18:22:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A liga Ti-6Al-4V é uma das ligas de titânio mais suas aplicações estruturais em temperaturas elevadas são limitadas devido a sua afinidade pelo oxigênio. Um tratamento superficial que melhore a resistência à oxidação desta liga permitindo a substituição de peças que atualmente são produzidas com superligas de Ni por este material, poderia reduzir significativamente o peso destes componentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é melhorar a resistência à fluência desta liga utilizando nitretação por plasma. Para homogeneizar a microestrutura do material, foi realizado um tratamento térmico a 1050ºC por 30 minutos para obtenção da microestrutura de Widmanstätten que foi a que apresentou melhor resistência à fluência no material sem tratamento. A nitretação foi realizada variando parâmetros de processo como tempo, temperatura e mistura de gases na atmosfera. A partir dos resultados obtidos, a mistura de gás de Ar:N2:H2 (0,49:0,49:0,03) a 700°C por 4 horas foi a condição escolhida. A caracterização da camada nitretada foi realizada por técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, além de difração de raios X. As fases da amostra nitretada detectadas por DRX foram o ε-Ti2N e δ-TiN, além das fases α e β da matriz. A espessura da camada nitretada foi de cerca de 1 μm. Os ensaios de tração a quente foram realizados em temperaturas entre 500°C e 700°C no material com e sem nitretação e mostraram um aumento na resistência da liga nitretada de até 29% nos limites de escoamento e resistência. Os ensaios de fluência foram realizados variando a temperatura também entre 500 e 700ºC e tensão aplicada entre 125 e 319 MPa. O resultado foi um aumento na resistência à fluência do material nitretado. Isto foi evidenciado pela diminuição da taxa de fluência secundária e também pelo aumento do tempo de ruptura do material. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T15:02:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leticiaalonsodoespiritosanto.pdf: 12879467 bytes, checksum: d51042a439f69a8e77d50c33a71acca2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-27T14:00:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leticiaalonsodoespiritosanto.pdf: 12879467 bytes, checksum: d51042a439f69a8e77d50c33a71acca2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-27T14:01:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leticiaalonsodoespiritosanto.pdf: 12879467 bytes, checksum: d51042a439f69a8e77d50c33a71acca2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T14:01:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leticiaalonsodoespiritosanto.pdf: 12879467 bytes, checksum: d51042a439f69a8e77d50c33a71acca2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-16 / Após a segunda guerra mundial, ocorreu o desenvolvimento do valor da dignidade da pessoa humana, havendo uma reconfiguração dos paradigmas éticos da ordem internacional. Houve um processo de constitucionalização em âmbito mundial e o modelo de estado constitucional expandiu-se, consagrando a dignidade humana como valor jurídico universal e imanente ao ser humano. O novo modelo de estado desencadeou a expansão das garantias e fomentou o acesso aos direitos tidos como essenciais à garantia dessa dignidade, decorrendo, por conseguinte, o fenômeno da judicialização, já que as demandas não atendidas tornaram-se pleitos recorrentes nos tribunais. O Pós-Positivismo representa esse momento de redefinições, servindo de fundamento teórico ao presente trabalho. Afastada a ideia de uma Constituição meramente programática, oportunizou-se uma maior atuação do Poder Público na prestação de serviços essenciais em caráter universal. Abriu-se o ensejo para se questionar a quem incumbe assegurar essa prestação, de maneira a avaliar a competência do Poder Judiciário para determinar o fornecimento de tratamentos ou serviços a partir do princípio da separação de poderes, bem como acerca da reserva do possível. A ANVISA foi criada com o fim de proteger a saúde da população, mas nem todos os medicamentos possivelmente aptos a alcançar este fim constam em seu rol de aprovados. As situações dos tratamentos experimentais e dos não aprovados pelo órgão competente nacional são um ponto complexo do tema e o objeto do presente estudo. No Brasil, é editada, pelo Ministério da Saúde, uma lista de medicamentos e procedimentos que devem ser fornecidos gratuitamente, a Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais - RENAME. Todavia, mesmo sendo esta lista atualizada periodicamente, permanecem os vários questionamentos acerca da sua suficiência e adequação para o suprimento das demandas de saúde. Alguns casos de negativa de oferta de medicamentos não registrados pela ANVISA tornaram-se emblemáticos, como a fosfoetanolamina sintética e os medicamentos derivados da cannabis sativa, sendo o primeiro considerado tratamento em fase experimental e, o último, tratamento novo não registrado. O problema reside em saber os limites do que deve ser assegurado. Partiu-se da hipótese de que as diretrizes constitucionais possuem força normativa e estão dispostas para assegurar o mínimo existencial a todos os cidadãos que estão a ela submetidos, sendo plenamente aplicáveis. Este entendimento encontra lastro teórico no Pós-positivismo, a partir das construções de Dworkin (2002) e Alexy (2013) sobre a normatividade dos princípios e a máxima da proporcionalidade do segundo. Sob a metodologia de análise dedutiva, a pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir da conceituação do que seriam os medicamentos experimentais, do que vêm entendendo a doutrina e a jurisprudência sobre sua concessão, bem como das diretrizes normativas nacionais. Objetivou-se, com fulcro nas submáximas da proporcionalidade, compreender se é razoável que o ente público negue a prestação dos tratamentos experimentais concebidos em ambas as espécies — tratamento em fase experimental e tratamento novo não registrado - aos indivíduos que deles careçam e até em que medida. Para alcançar os objetivos do estudo, além do referencial teórico supramencionado, foram estudados artigos e decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal. As normas atinentes à saúde possuem caráter aberto, o que confere ao aplicador o poder-dever de interpretação no momento da aplicação, observado o seu compromisso com a justiça e a equidade. Uma relação de medicamentos e insumos gera previsibilidade ao orçamento público, entretanto, não pode obstar à previsão de integralidade do sistema, caso seja demonstrada a ineficácia dos tratamentos fornecidos a uma situação especial. A busca da intervenção judicial visa o alcance da igualdade substancial preconizada constitucionalmente, tendo o trabalho apresentado parâmetros para estas decisões. / After World War II, the development of the value of the dignity of the human person occurred, with a reconfiguration of the ethical paradigms of the international order. There was a process of constitutionalisation worldwide and the constitutional state model expanded, consecrating human dignity as a universal and immanent legal value to the human being. The new state model triggered the expansion of guarantees and fostered access to the rights considered essential to guarantee this dignity, resulting in the phe-nomenon ofjudicialization, since the unmet demands became recurring lawsuits in the courts. Post-positivism represents this moment of redefinition, serving as a theoretical foundation for the present work. Once the idea of a purely programmatic Constitution has been withdrawn, there has been a greater role for the Public Power in the provision of essential universal services. The opportunity was opened to question who is responsible for ensuring this benefit, in order to evaluate the jurisdiction of the Judiciary to determine the provision of treatment or services based on the principie of separation ofpowers, as well as the reservation of the possible. ANVISA was created in order to protect the health of the population, but not ali medicines possibiy able to achieve this are included in its approved list. The situations of experimental treatments and those not approved by the competent national body are a complex point of the theme and the object of the present study. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health publishes a list of medicines and procedures that must be provided free of charge, the National List of Essential Medicines - RENAME. However, even though this list is updated periodically, the various questions remain about its adequacy and suitability for the fulfillment of health demands. Some cases of negative supply of drugs not registered by ANVISA have become emblematic, such as synthetic phosphoethanolamine and cannabis sativa drugs, the former being considered experimental treatment and the latter, unrecorded new treatment. The problem lies in knowing the limits ofwhat must be ensured. It was hypothesized that constitutional directives have normative force and are arranged to ensure the existential minimum to ali citizens who are submitted to it, being fully applicable. This understanding finds theoretical balance in Post-positivism, from the constructions of Dworkin (2002) and Alexy (2013) on the normativity of the principies and the maximum of the proportionaiity of the second. Under the methodology of deductive analysis, the research developed from the conceptualization of what would be the experimental drugs, from which they have understood the doctrine and jurisprudence about its concession, as weli as the national normative guidelines. The objective of this study was to understand whether it is reasonable for the pubiic body to deny the provision of experimental treatments designed in both species - experimental treatment and new unrecorded treatment - to those individuais who lack them and even measure. To reach the objectives of the study, in addition to the aforementioned theoretical framework, articles and decisions of the Federal Supreme Court were studied. Health norms have an open character, which gives the applicator the power-duty of interpretation at the time of application, observing their commitment to justice and equity. list of medicines and inputs generates predictability to the public budget, however, it can not present the system from being predicted if the ineffectiveness of the treatments provided to a special situation is demonstrated. The search for judicial intervention aims at the achievement of the substantial equality advocated constitutionally, and the work presented parameters for these decisions.

The present study sought to determine whether a dietary and multi-element psychological treatment (DMPT) approach in combination with standard medical treatment would offer a more efficacious therapeutic package to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients than would standard medical treatment (SMT) employed alone. The DMPT group (N = 19) received a stress management training package for a 2 week period consisting of relaxation training, imagery, and bowel sound biofeedback training via a stethoscope, in addition to instructions to increase their daily consumption of dietary fiber. They also were to continue the implementation of whatever standard medical treatment they were currently receiving, be it a bulking agent, or anti-anxiety, anti-cholinergic, or anti-depressant medications, etc. The SMT group (N = 19) simply received whatever conventional medical treatment they had been prescribed.

To provide a comprehensive meta-analysis on the efficacy of psychological and medical treatments for binge-eating disorder (BED), including those targeting weight loss. Method: Through a systematic search before March 2018, 81 published and unpublished randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), totaling 7,515 individuals with BED (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition [DSM–IV] and Fifth Edition [DSM–5]), were retrieved and analyzed using random-effect modeling. Results: In RCTs with inactive control groups, psychotherapy, mostly consisting of cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed large-size effects for the reduction of binge-eating episodes and abstinence from binge eating, followed by structured self-help treatment with medium-to-large effects when compared with wait-list. Pharmacotherapy and pharmacological weight loss treatment mostly outperformed pill placebo conditions with small effects on binge-eating outcome. These results were confirmed for the most common treatments of cognitive-behavioral therapy, self-help treatment based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, and lisdexamfetamine. In RCTs with active control groups, there was limited evidence for the superiority of one treatment category or treatment. In a few studies, psychotherapy outperformed behavioral weight loss treatment in short- and long-term binge-eating outcome and led to lower longer-term abstinence than self-help treatment, while combined treatment revealed no additive effect on binge-eating outcome over time. Overall study quality was heterogeneous and the quality of evidence for binge-eating outcome was generally very low. Conclusions: This comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrated the efficacy of psychotherapy, structured self-help treatment, and pharmacotherapy for patients with BED. More high quality research on treatments for BED is warranted, with a focus on long-term maintenance of therapeutic gains, comparative efficacy, mechanisms through which treatments work, and complex models of care.

Résumé : Ce projet de recherche est composé de trois parties principales : la première comprend l'analyse expérimentale et la simulation des performances vibratoires de matériaux avec amortissement viscoélastique, en tant que traitements acoustiques appliqués aux structures du fuselage d'un avion. La deuxième partie comprend l'analyse expérimentale et le calcul de la performance acoustique de ces matériaux amortissant en comparaison avec l'effet d'une masse équivalente. Enfin, la troisième partie est une étude paramétrique sur les effets de localisation, de la densité et de la taille d'un traitement massique. Les systèmes d'isolation phoniques typiquement employés dans la construction des fuselages d'avions sont composés de matériaux poreux, avec ou sans des matériaux amortissant (matériaux viscoélastiques). La performance et donc l'utilité de ces traitements amortissant, en comparaison avec une couche de masse équivalente, reste une question largement ouverte. Dans ce travail on a comparé numériquement et expérimentalement les performances acoustiques d'un traitement amortissant avec celui d'une masse équivalente tous les deux incorporées dans le traitement phonique et ceci pour plusieurs types d'excitations. Deux structures représentant des fuselages, une en aluminium et la seconde en carbone composite, ont été sélectionnées pour cette étude ainsi que deux matériaux poreux couramment utilisés en aéronautique : une laine en fibre de verre et une mousse à cellules ouvertes. Deux types d'excitations ont été étudiés numériquement et expérimentalement. La première est une excitation acoustique (champ diffus) et la seconde mécanique (forces ponctuelles). Une troisième, excitation par couche limite turbulente a été étudié numériquement. Dans tous les cas, la perte par insertion du traitement acoustique est utilisée comme indicateur principal de la performance. D'autres indicateurs comme le coefficient d'absorption, le coefficient de perte par amortissement et la vitesse quadratique moyenne sont aussi utilisés pour mieux cerner et expliquer l'effet du traitement. Il a été démontré que l'utilisation d'une couche de masse équivalente à un traitement viscoélastique conduit systématiquement à la meilleure performance acoustique et ceci pour les trois types d'excitations étudiées. En particulier, dans le cas classique où le traitement amortissant est appliqué directement au fuselage. Dans ce dernier cas, les effets de doubles parois créés par la couche massique, positionnée judicieusement loin du fuselage, augmentent la performance en moyennes et hautes fréquences. Les performances en basses fréquences restent limitées par la fréquence de résonance double parois. Et même l'effet amortissant des traitements viscoélastiques, théoriquement visible aux résonances et coïncidences du système, se trouve limité par l'amortissement ajouté par le montage et le traitement absorbants. Cependant, l'efficacité de la couche massique est compromise par les difficultés d'installations et en particulier pour les fibreux. Les résultats de cette thèse restent toutefois limités par notre choix de structures et de traitements étudiés. / Abstract : The project is made up of three main parts. The first part involves a comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis of viscoelastic damping materials as acoustic treatments to aircraft fuselage structures. The second part involves numerical and experimental acoustic comparison of viscoelastic damping material to equivalent mass. And the third part is a parametric study of equivalent mass for the effects of mass location, density and size. The goal of the project is to identify the vibroacoustic effect of viscoelastic material damping of fuselage skin, and develop possible alternatives to damping. The insulation systems (typically used on aircraft) that are made up of porous materials with or without viscoelastic damping material or equivalent mass were called sound packages throughout this document. The viscoelastic damping material and equivalent mass both incorporated in sound packages were acoustically compared. Fiberglass and open cell foam were used as porous materials. The viscoelastic damping material used in this study is constraining layer damping and abbreviated as CLD. The equivalent mass was an impervious screen. Both representative Aluminum and carbon composite fuselage skin structures were treated with sound packages as part of the comparison. The vibroacoustic performance indicators were used to characterize the sound packages. The indicators were airborne insertion loss (ABIL), structure borne insertion loss (SBIL), turbulent boundary layer insertion loss (TBLIL), average quadratic velocity (AQV), damping loss factor (DLF), absorption coefficient, and radiation efficiency. Diffuse field acoustic excitation was used to obtain the vibroacoustic indicators of ABIL and absorption coefficient. Mechanical excitation was used to obtain SBIL, AQV, DLF, absorption coefficient, and radiation efficiency. Turbulent boundary layer excitation was modeled to obtain TBLIL. The numerical methods of finite element method (FEM) and transfer matrix method (TMM) were used to calculate all of the above vibroacoustic performance indicators. Experimentally, ABIL, SBIL, AQV, DLF and radiation efficiency were measured. Experimental modal analysis was also performed to characterize representative Aluminum and carbon composite fuselage skin structures. Based on the numerical analysis, equivalent mass generated a double or multiple (in case of double wall layer configuration) wall effect and hence became an effective acoustic insulator as part of sound packages at mid to high frequencies. Even at coincidence frequencies (in case of the representative carbon composite fuselage skin), the equivalent mass layer was more effective than viscoelastic damping material. However, the drawback was the occurrence of the double wall resonance at lower frequencies which compromised the effectiveness. Nevertheless, the parametric study of equivalent mass revealed that equivalent mass is superior to viscoelastic damping material at reduced weight in term of vibroacoustic performance indicators of overall ABIL/SBIL/TBLIL in the frequency range of 100 to 6300 Hz and mean ABIL/SBIL/TBLIL in SIL (octave lk, 2k, 4k Hz) frequency range.

The increasing concern about water quality and energy demand promotes the development of innovative and low-cost processes to improve the nutrient uptake and energy efficiency of existing wastewater treatments (WWT). In this context, the inclusion of a microalgae system (MAS) in the flowsheet of a WWT plant represents a sustainable alternative to conventional technologies, as it combines a low-cost nutrient uptake system with the production of biomass suitable for biofuel production. However, at present, the energy required to cultivate and process the algae cells is often too high to justify their use. The adoption of a low energy harvesting system and an efficient energy conversion process are the sine qua non requirements to guarantee the sustainability of the process. In this thesis, current and innovative harvesting technologies for large scale applications have been reviewed to identify the optimal working conditions of each system and their link to the main characteristics of the algae suspension. In particular, the performance of the Ballasted Dissolved Air Flotation (BDAF) system was investigated using different algae and compared to the conventional Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF). BDAF was demonstrably a very viable harvesting method where the use of floating microspheres as ballasting agents allowed significant coagulant savings, reduced the level of energy dissipation within the flotation chamber, and lowered the overall carbon emissions and the process costs. Cont/d.

Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bacterial resistance against antibiotic treatments is a global concern and resistance to almost every known antibiotic has already been reported. There is thus a significant need for the development of novel antimicrobial drugs. In addition to probiotic traits, certain bacteria have the ability to produce antimicrobial peptides, referred to as bacteriocins. Lantibiotics, a group of small ribosomally synthesized bacteriocins, recently gained interest for their application in the medical field. Lantibiotics have a very specific structure, including lanthionine rings, that stabilise the peptides. Due to their small size and specific action, these peptides reach specific sites of infection without affecting the composition of the host’s natural microbiota. As with any therapeutic agent, antimicrobial peptides are also prone to in vivo degradation, binding, clearance via immune action and development of bacterial resistance. Nisin F, a class Ia lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis F10, has already shown activity against the well-known pathogens Stapylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and various antibiotic resistant strains. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of nisin F against systemic S. aureus infections in mice and possible immune responses elicited by the peptide. A single administration of nisin F to the peritoneal cavity protected mice from S. aureus infection for at least 15 min. After continuous administration, the peptide showed no significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. The peptide did, however, convey some degree of protection to infected mice by stimulating a pro-inflammatory action through lymphocyte protection. When administered to uninfected mice, nisin F had an immune boosting effect via interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 without being detrimental to the host. The ex vivo effects of nisin F was compared to nisin A, a natural nisin variant, and Nisaplin®, a commercially purified form of nisin A. None of the three peptides inhibited the functional capacity of leukocytes in terms of 1L-1β en IL-6 production, not even in the presence of an external stimulus (lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli). Cytotoxicity was detected in response to high dosages of nisin F. Serum inhibited the antimicrobial effect of nisin F and nisin A, but Nisaplin® remained unaffected. Nisin F was applied against systemic infection for the first time and the immunological effect of the peptide was investigated. Nisin F partially protected mice against S. aureus infections through immunomodulatory effects. This study provided valuable knowledge on the in vivo application of nisin F. With further optimization of nisin F preparation and application systems, the peptide might be more effective against in vivo infections. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bakteriële weerstand teen antibiotika wek wêreldwyd kommer en weerstand teen amper elke bekende antibiotikum is reeds aangemeld. Daar is dus 'n groot behoefte vir die ontwikkeling van nuwe antimikrobiese middels. Bykomend tot probiotiese eienskappe, het sekere bakterieë die vermoë om antimikrobiese peptiede, bekend as bakteriosiene, te produseer. ‘n Groep klein ribosomaal-gesintetiseerde bakteriosiene, lantibitiotika, is onlangs vir mediese toepassing oorweeg. Lantibiotika beskik oor 'n baie spesifieke struktuur, insluitend lantionien ringstrukture, wat die peptied stabiliseer. Weens hul klein grootte en spesifieke aksie is hierdie peptiede daartoe in staat om spesifieke areas van infeksie te bereik sonder om die gasheer se natuurlike mikrobepopulasie te beïnvloed. Soos met enige terapeutiese middel, is bakteriosiene ook geneig tot in vivo afbreking, binding, klaring via die immuunsisteem en ontwikkeling van bakteriële weerstand. Nisien F, 'n klas Ia lantibiotikum, deur Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis F10 geproduseer, het reeds aktiwiteit teen die bekende patogene Stapylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes en verskeie antibiotika-weerstandige stamme getoon. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die antimikrobiese aktiwiteit van nisien F teen sistemiese S. aureus infeksies in muise te bepaal, asook die moontlike immuunreaksies wat die peptied mag veroorsaak. 'n Enkele toediening van nisien F het muise vir ten minste 15 min teen S. aureus beskerm. Na deurlopende administrasie het die peptied geen beduidende antimikrobiese aktiwiteit teen S. aureus getoon nie. Die peptied het egter 'n mate van beskerming aan geinfekteerde muise verleen deur ‘n pro-inflammatoriese aksie te inisieer deur limfosiet beskerming. Met toediening aan gesonde diere, het nisien F 'n immuunversterkende effek teweeg gebring via interleukin (IL)-6 en IL-10 vlakke, sonder nadelige uitwerking op die gasheer. Die ex vivo effek van nisien F is ook vergelyk met nisien A, 'n natuurlike variant van nisien, asook Nisaplin®, 'n kommersieël-gesuiwerde vorm van nisien A. Nie een van die drie peptide het leukosiete se funksionele kapasiteit in terme van 1L-1β en IL-6 produksie inhibeer nie, selfs nie in die teenwoordigheid van ‘n eksterne stimulus (lipopolisakkariede van Escherichia coli) nie. Seltoksisiteit is na blootstelling aan hoë dosisse van nisien F waargeneem. Serum het die antimikrobiese effek van beide nisien F en nisien A geïnhibeer, terwyl die werking van Nisaplin® nie beïnvloed is nie. Nisien F is vir die eerste keer teen sistemiese infeksies ingespan en die immunologiese impak van die peptied is ondersoek. Nisien F het gedeeltelike beskerming aan muise met S. aureus infeksies verleen deur die immuunsisteem te versterk. Die resultate het ‘n waardevolle bydrae gelewer tot die in vivo toediening van nisien F. Met verdere optimisering van nisien F voorbereiding en toedieningsisteme, mag die peptied moontlik meer effektief teen in vivo infeksies aangewend word. / The National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa for financial support and funding of the research

Objective: The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of chairside surface treatments on biaxial flexural strength and subsurface damage of monolithic zirconia ceramics. Methods: Specimens (15x15x1.2 mm3) were prepared by sectioning from commercially available zirconia blanks (BruxZirTM) and sintering according to manufacturer's recommendations. Fully dense specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n=30) and treated as follows; 1) as-sintered (AS) 2) air abraded with 50 μm alumina fine particles (AAF), 3) air abraded with 250 μm coarse alumina particles (AAC), 4) ground (G), and 5) ground and polished (GP) to mimic chairside and dental laboratory treatments. Microstructural changes were thoroughly characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry and atomic force microscopy. Crystalline phases and their depth profile were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD). Results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons. A 0.05 level of significance was used. Reliability was evaluated by Weibull analysis. Results: All treatment groups exhibited a significant difference in mean surface roughness (Rq) compared to the as-sintered group (p<0.05). The AAC group showed the highest surface roughness at 1.08 ± 0.17 μm, followed by the G, AAF and AS groups. The GP group exhibited the lowest surface roughness. The group air abraded with fine particles showed the highest mean biaxial flexural strength (1662.62 ± 202.58 MPa), but was not different from the ground and polished group (1567.19 ± 209.76 MPa). The groups air abraded with coarse particles or ground with diamond bur exhibited comparable mean biaxial flexural strength at 1371.37 ±147.62 MPa and 1356.98 ±196.77 MPa, respectively. The as-sintered group had the lowest mean biaxial flexural strength at 1202.29 ±141.92 MPa. The depth of compressive stress layer, measured by GIXRD was approximately 50 μm in the AAF group, followed by the AAC group with ~35 μm, ~10 μm for the ground group and ~5 μm for the ground and polished group. Deep subsurface cracks were observed in the AAC group (~80 μm in depth) and G group (~25 μm in depth), whereas shallower flaws were present in the AAF and GP groups at 10 and 3 μm, respectively. Weibull analysis represented a greater reliability in zirconia specimens treated with air abrasion groups. Conclusions: Surface treatments induced the t-m transformation in 3Y-TZP and associated development of compressive stresses to a depth that varied with the severity of the treatment performed. GIXRD revealed that AAF led to the thickest compressive stress layer, followed by AAC, G and GP. SEM revealed that subsurface damage was most severe with AAC, followed by G, AAF and GP. We propose that the flexural strength results can be explained by the difference between the depth of the compressive stress layer induced by the transformation and the depth of the subsurface flaws.

Eighty four female undergraduate students participated in a psychotherapy analog study to determine the effects of imagery ability, guided imagery therapy treatments, and personal versus supplied constructs upon self-disclosure variables in a 2 x 3 x 2 Anova design, with repeated measures on the final factor. Dependent variables were measured by reaction time, total talk time, speech duration, silence quotient, and Doster's (1971) Self-Disclosure Rating Scale. Subjects were divided into two imagery ability levels on the basis of local mean scores on Sheehan's (1967) modification of Betts' (1909) Questionnaire upon Mental Imagery. Three treatment procedures were employed: a guided focal imagery treatment, which encouraged imagery involving the interpersonal topics to be discussed, a guided relaxation imagery treatment which used standard sensory relaxation scenes, and a treatment which imparted ambiguous instructions. The final factor was repeated measures of the eight negative topics the subjects were asked to discuss. Four were chosen from the subjects' Role Construct Repertory Test grid (Kelly, 1955; Landfield, 1971), and four were selected from the Semantic Differential (Snider & Osgood, 1969).

Cognitive therapy for the treatment of depression has generated substantial research indicating its effectiveness and it is currently considered among the most viable conceptualizations of depression. However, it has remained controversial because its methods do not directly address emotional symptoms in depressed persons. Treatment of depressed emotions is a primary focus of hypnotic mood elevating techniques. These techniques enable depressed persons to experience positive emotions during hypnosis sessions and to re-experience them daily concurrent with performance of certain specified behaviors. This study evaluated the efficacy of a multicomponent treatment which combines the techniques of cognitive therapy and hypnotic mood elevation in the treatment of depressed persons. The three treatment conditions constructed for this investigation were cognitive therapy plus hypnotic mood elevation, cognitive therapy plus pseudo-biofeedback, and no treatment waiting list.