In situ follicular neoplasia (ISFN) is defined as a monoclonal proliferation of B cells with immunophenotypic and genetic features of follicular lymphoma (FL) but confined to germinal centers of lymph nodes or other organs. It may not be associated with underlying overt lymphoma. It can be associated with lymphoproliferative disorders other than FL. A fifty-seven-year-old caucasian male initially presented with atypical chest pain, which led to cardiology evaluation. Patient underwent a coronary CT angiogram, which revealed a calcium score of 0, however also incidentally revealed mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Patient had a bronchoscopy which revealed no endobronchial lesions bilaterally. Using endo-bronchial ultrasound, right carinal lymph node was visualized, and trans-bronchial fine needle aspiration was performed. Cytology was positive for necrotic lesion with atypical cells. Patient had a dedicated CT scan of chest which showed enlarged sub-carinal lymph node measuring 3.3 x 3.0 cm. PET/CT scan showed increased uptake in the sub-carinal lymph nodes, also increased uptake of mid para-esophageal lymph nodes. It also showed some low-grade lymphadenopathy in right lower paratracheal region as well as mesenteric lymphadenopathy with misty appearance. Small pulmonary nodules were also noted in right middle and lower lobes with no associated uptake. Patient was scheduled for a mediastinoscopy and lymph node dissection. Patient proceeded with mediastinoscopy and a total of 4 lymph node specimens were removed from level 4R and level 7. Pathology from one of the lymph nodes revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with staining consistent with histoplasmosis. Interestingly, two other lymph nodes showed in situ follicular neoplasia. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated rare secondary lymphoid follicles with unremarkable morphology, showing strong germinal center staining with BCL2. FISH analysis was normal indicating absence of t(14;18). Pathology showed morphologically unremarkable B-cell nodules, concentrated in the cortical area which were CD20 positive and BCL2-positive. Patient underwent subsequent treatment with anti-fungal agents for the Histoplasmosis and is currently under surveillance for in-situ follicular lymphoma. In-situ follicular neoplasia is considered a premalignant lesion and a precursor of follicular lymphoma. Incidence of ISFN is difficult to ascertain, as it is usually a subclinical diagnosis. Incidence of FL is 3.18 per 100,000 population in the United States and findings suggest that ISFN is likely more frequent than that. Also, similar to FL, ISFN is seen in middle-aged and older individuals, mean age being around the fifth decade of life.Incidentally found ISFN without prior or simultaneous lymphoma is associated with a very low rate of clinical progression. Because some cases of ISFN are associated with prior or concurrent lymphoma, screening studies including computed tomography (CT) scan and bone marrow biopsy should be conducted after the diagnosis of ISFN is made. In the absence of overt lymphoma, it has been recommended that patients with ISFN be observed without chemotherapy, based on the very low incidence of progression into overt FL. The clinical significance of ISFN is not fully understood, however studies have demonstrated that incidentally found ISFN without prior or simultaneous lymphoma is associated with a very low rate of clinical progression. (

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Tolerance mechanisms, which collectively work to prevent autoimmunity, play a key role in suppressing the adaptive immune response to tumor antigens. This phenomenon is attributed to the extensive overlap of tumor associated antigens with self peptides. We studied immune tolerance to tumor antigen TRP-1, a melanoma associated glycoprotein. Vaccination of Wild type (WT) and TRP-1 deficient (Bw) mice with TRP-1 antigen highlighted the substantial effect of tolerance on the T cell response: in the Bw population a log-fold differential was observed with greater clonal numbers and higher intensity of cytokine release from the antigen specific CD4+ T cell population. Additionally, TRP-1-reactive T cells derived from Bw mice demonstrated significantly more efficacious tumor treatment ability than WT donor cells when adoptively transferred into recipients challenged with B16 melanoma. Furthermore, donor Bw T cells were so potent as to overcome suppression by endogenous Tregs in mediating their effect. Probing for a tolerance mechanism, we isolated medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) from WT mice and found that they promiscuously express TRP-1. Unexpectedly, TRP-1 expression in mTECs was found to occur independently of the prominent Autoimmune Regulator (Aire) transcription factor as well as the melanocyte specific transcription factor, mMitf. Our most recent data suggests that thymic dendritic cells may also express copies of the TRP-1 transcript. Future transplant studies will test whether mTECs or thymic dendritic cells directly tolerize TRP-1 specific T cells. Overall, these findings highlight the relevance of central tolerance to cancer immunology and compel further investigation of its mechanistic impact on the development of tumor-reactive T cells.bb

No description available.

No description available.

Das Neuroblastom (NB) zählt zu den therapieresistentesten Tumoren des Kleinkindalters. Besonders NB-Patienten mit MYCN-Amplifikation sind mit einer schlechten Prognose konfrontiert. Neuere Studien legen nahe, dass eine spezifische aktive Immuntherapie gegen MYCN ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Bekämpfung dieser malignen Erkrankung darstellen könnte. Zur Untersuchung dieser Hypothese wurde ein sogenanntes Minigen-Vakzin, welches für drei ausgewählte Epitope aus der MYCN-AS-Sequenz kodiert, generiert. Die Auswahl der Minigen-Epitope erfolgte mit dem MHC-Liganden-Vorhersageprogramm syfpeithi, welches drei starke H2-Kk-Liganden lieferte. Außerdem wurden zwei weitere Vakzine hergestellt: als Negativkontrolle MYCNLow, dessen MYCN-Peptide laut syfpeithi schlechte MHC-Klasse-I-Liganden darstellen und ein cDNA-Vakzin auf Basis der gesamten MYCN-cDNA-Sequenz. Zur Applikation der Vakzine wurden attenuierte Salmonella typhimurium SL7207 verwendet, die eine zusätzliche Stimulierung des mukosalen Immunsystems hervorrufen. Für die Untersuchung der Impfstoffe in vivo wurden zwei neuartige immunkompetente NB-Mausmodelle etabliert. Dazu wurden die syngenen NXS2/C1300 A/J-Mausmodelle soweit modifiziert, dass sie über eine induzierbare MYCN-Expression verfügten. Nach Auswahl und Charakterisierung geeigneter Transfektanten in vitro und in vivo wurde in diesen Modellen die Wirksamkeit der Vakzine untersucht. In diesen Versuchen konnte mit Hilfe der Vakzine das Primärtumorwachstum von NXS2-MYCN in geimpften Tieren signifikant im Vergleich zu Kontrollen reduziert und die Metastasierung durch C1300-MYCN Zellen signifikant verzögert werden. Mit den in-vivo-Versuchen anschließenden Analysen wurde schließlich bewiesen, dass die Immunantwort durch tumorinfiltrierende MYCN-spezifische zytotoxische CD8+ T-Zellen vermittelt wird. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine MYCN-DNA-Vakzinierung erfolgreich zur Behandlungen MYCN-exprimierender NB im Mausmodell eingesetzt werden kann. / High-level expression of MYCN protein caused by amplification of the gene characterizes a malignant phenotype of neuroblastoma (NB). Recent studies suggest that MYCN might be a promising target for immunotherapy. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of three MYCN-specific DNA vaccines. Two minigene vaccines were generated; each encoded for three selected epitopes of the MYCN protein sequence with the highest, or as a control lowest, predicted affinity to MHC-Class-I Molecules. The third vaccine based on the cDNA of MYCN. Salmonella typhimurium SL7207 were used as oral application vehicle for the vaccines in in vivo experiments to induce an additional stimulation of the immune system. To investigate the immunotherapeutic approach NXS2- and C1300-cells syngeneic to immunocompetent A/J-mice were stably transfected with a tetracycline inducible vector system coding for MYCN. The transfectants were characterized and established in vitro and in vivo. In the MYCN-overexpressing models vaccination with the MYCN-DNA-vaccines resulted in significant reduced primary tumor growth or decelerated metastasis spread. The immune responses in the in vivo experiments followed by orally applied MYCN-DNA vaccines was mediated by tumor infiltrating cytotoxic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. MYCN specificity of infiltrating lymphocytes was verified by MYCN-specific cytolytic activity and IFN-gamma secretion ex vivo. Finally, we showed that blocking of MHC-class I molecule H2-Kk approbated cytotoxicity mediated by CD8+ T cells, indicating MYCN specificity of the induced immune response. In summary, we showed that a MYCN based DNA vaccination strategy is effective against MYCN-expressing NB in vivo. In light of the description of MYCN-specific T cells in NB patients, the lytic action of autologous T cells on MYCN-expressing cells and the results of this study underline the possible potential of an active immunotherapy against MYCN as an alternative therapeutic approach to treat NB.

IL-33 participa em diversas doenças com funções pró-inflamatórias e protetoras, de acordo com o contexto do microambiente. Com relação a biologia tumoral, o papel de IL-33 ainda é controverso. Estudos demonstraram que IL-33 possui efeitos pró e anti-inflamatórios em diferentes modelos animais de câncer. A presença desta citocina no estroma favorece a imunossupressão pela ativação de células T reguladoras e células mieloides supressoras. IL- 33 pode em outras situações promover a imunogenicidade e a resposta imune antitumoral de tipo 1 através das células T citotóxicas e células Natural Killers. Contudo o efeito preciso de IL-33 em diferentes tipos de câncer permanece incerto. Sendo assim, compreender o papel de IL-33 na imunobiologia do câncer, poderia direcionar esta citocina como um possível alvo em imunoterapias contra o câncer. Considerando, portanto, a pluralidade desta citocina no desenvolvimento de uma resposta imune, no presente estudo buscamos avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com anti-IL-33 em modelo experimental de carcinoma espinocelular de pele em camundongos BALB/c de linhagem selvagem. Ao final dos protocolos de indução e tratamento, a análise histopatológica revelou que o tratamento com anti-IL-33 levou a menor incidência de carcinoma espinocelular in situ e diminuição das atipias celulares e, consequentemente, do grau de displasia. O tratamento com anti-IL-33 levou a aumento nos percentuais de células B e diminuição nas percentagens de linfócitos T CD4+, células dendríticas, células TREG e macrófagos isolados do microambiente tumoral. Ademais, o tratamento com anti-IL-33 levou a aumento na percentagem de linfócitos T CD4+ produtores de IFN- e menor percentagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ produtores de IL-4 nos linfonodos. Em camundongos submetidos ao tratamento, observou-se menor produção de TGF- no microambiente tumoral, sem interferir de modo significativo com a produção de IFN-, IL-4, IL-10 e IL-17. Os nossos resultados indicam que o tratamento com anti-IL-33 poderia ser alvo de novos estudos em busca de estratégias terapêuticas para o carcinoma espinocelular de pele. / IL-33 participates in several diseases with pro-inflammatory and protective functions, according to the context of the microenvironment. Related to tumor biology, the role of IL-33 is still controversial. Studies have shown that IL-33 has pro and anti-inflammatory effects in different animal models of cancer. Its presence in the stromal and tumor serum increases the immunosuppression by the activation of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. On the other hand, the intracellular form in tumor cells promotes immunogenicity and the antitumor type 1 immune response through cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. However, the precise effect of IL-33 on cancer conditions remains uncertain. Thus, understanding its role in the immunobiology of cancer could target this cytokine as a marker in cancer immunotherapies. Considering, the range of IL-33 in the development of an immune response, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the anti-IL-33 treatment on wild type BALB/c mouse squamous cell carcinoma (SSCC) development. Histopathological analysis revealed that anti-IL-33 treatment decreased the dysplasia. In addition, anti-IL-33 treatment showed an increasing percentage of B cells and reduced the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, TREG cells and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. In the lymph node, anti-IL-33 treatment induced a shift towards the TH1 type cytokine profile and reduced the percentage of IL-4 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Additionally, anti-IL-33 treatment showed a reduced TGF- production in the tumor microenvironment, but with no changes to the IFN-, IL-4, IL-10 e IL-17 production. Taken together these results indicate that anti-IL-33 treatment could be the subject of further studies of therapeutic strategies for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) é um dos cânceres humanos mais incidentes. A despeito do entendimento da fisiopatologia do CEC, as opções terapêuticas ainda são limitadas e o(s) exato(s) mecanismo(s) envolvido(s) na progressão deste tipo de tumor ainda não foi descrito. Estudos recentes mostram a existência de uma associação direta entre a resposta imune TH1 e um melhor prognóstico em pacientes com CEC. Aumento da expressão de componentes do eixo IL-33/ST2 foi demonstrado contribuir para transformação neoplásica em diversos modelos tumorais, incluindo cânceres de estômago e de mama. Trabalho recente do nosso e de outros laboratórios indicam que IL-33 pode impedir a resposta imune TH1 . Baseado nessas observações, a hipótese testada foi que o impedimento da resposta imune pela interação IL-33/ST2 pode contribuir para iniciação e progressão do CEC. Utilizando modelo de carcinogênese química em camundongos WT e deficientes de ST2 (ST2KO), os resultados mostram que a deficiência de ST2 leva a uma notável redução da severidade das lesões 20 semanas após a carcinogênese química, sugerindo que a sinalização ST2 é necessária para o desenvolvimento tumoral neste modelo. Análises do infiltrado inflamatório presente nas lesões em camundongos WT e ST2KO revelaram redução significativa nas percentagens de macrófagos, células T CD4+ e células dendríticas, mas não em células T CD8+, células B e células natural killer (NK) no microambiente tumoral de camundongos ST2KO. Além disso, células NK esplênicas isoladas de camundongos ST2KO exibiram atividade citotóxica aumentada contra células YAC quando comparado com células de camundongos do grupo controle (WT). Os resultados indicam que a via IL-33/ST2 contribui para o desenvolvimento de carcinoma espinocelular recrutando células T CD4+, macrófagos e células dendríticas e reduzindo a citotoxicidade de células NK. / Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer and is most commonly observed in photo-exposed areas of the body. The mechanism(s) involved in the progression of this tumor are unknown. Recent studies have shown that there is a direct association between a TH1-related immune response and a better prognosis in patients with SCC. Increased expression of the IL33/ST2 axis components has been demonstrated to contribute to neoplastic transformation in several tumor models, including gastric and breast cancer. Recent work from ours and other laboratories indicate that can IL-33 impair TH1-type immune responses. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that TH1-type immune response impairment by IL33/ST2 could contribute to the initiation and progress SCC. We found that ST2 deficiency led to a marked decreased in severity of skin lesions at 20 weeks post-DMBA, suggesting that ST2 signaling is necessary for tumor development in this model. Analysis of tumor lesions in WT and ST2KO mice revealed that lack of ST2 led to a specific and significant reduction in the frequency of macrophages, T CD4+ and dendritic cells, but not CD8+, B and NK cells. In addition, splenic NK cells isolated from DMBA-treated ST2KO mice exhibited increased cytotoxicity activity against YAC cells targets when compared with WT splenic NK cells in the same cytotoxic assay. Altogether, our findings indicate that IL-33/ST2 pathway contributes to the SCC development by recruitment T CD4+ cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells and impairing NK cytotoxicity.

Das La-Protein wurde als Autoantigen bei Autoimmunpatienten, die an SLE oder Sjögren-Syndrom erkrankt sind, entdeckt. Es kommt in phosphorylierter Form im Zellkern aller Eukaryonten vor und nimmt Aufgaben bei der Faltung, Prozessierung und nukleären Retention von RNA-Polymerase III-Transkripten wahr. Unter normalen zellulären Bedingungen ist das La-Protein außerdem in der Lage, zwischen Zellkern und Zytoplasma zu pendeln. Bei Zellstress, der nach UV-Exposition oder während einer viralen Infektion entsteht, wird das Protein verstärkt im Zytoplasma beobachtet, wo es an der Cap-unabhängigen Translation zellulärer und ggf. viraler Proteine beteiligt ist. Wird in der Zelle daraufhin Apoptose induziert, so ist das La-Protein auf der Zellmembran bzw. in apoptotischen Körperchen nachweisbar. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung verschiedener monoklonaler anti-La-Antikörper. Einige wenige konnten durch wiederholte Immunisierung von Mäusen mit rhLa-Protein generiert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu resultierte die einmalige Übertragung von gegen das hLa-Protein aktivierten CD4+ T-Zellen auf eine hLaTg-Maus in der Gewinnung mehrerer La-spezifischer Antikörper. Die Sequenzanalyse der Gene, die für die variablen Antikörperdomänen codieren, bestätigte, dass es sich um individuell rekombinierte und hypermutierte Immunglobuline handelt. Die Antikörper zeichneten sich außerdem durch unterschiedliche Eigenschaften bei der Bindung von humanem und murinem La-Protein in der Immunfluoreszenz, im Immunoblot oder während der Immunpräzipitation aus. Für die IgG-Antikörper konnten die Epitopbereiche innerhalb des La-Proteins eingegrenzt werden. Auffällig waren die kurzen linearen Peptidepitope, die von den auf konventionelle Art erzeugten Antikörpern gebunden wurden. Hingegen erkannten alle Antikörper, die aus dem adoptiven T-Zell-Transfer hervorgegangen waren, Konformationsepitope. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass einige mAks aber auch anti-La-Patientenseren die reduzierte von der oxidierten Form des La-Proteins unterscheiden können. Unerwartet ist die Erkenntnis, dass sich offensichtlich zahlreiche B-Zellen mit anti-La-Spezifität von wenigen variablen Ketten ableiten und dass diese bei einer herkömmlichen Immunisierung entweder nicht aktiviert werden (und deshalb nicht in der Milz zu finden sind) oder sogar eliminiert werden. Der Import des La-Proteins in den Zellkern wird durch die klassischen Transportmoleküle Karyopherin-α und Karyopherin–β vermittelt. Für den Shuttlingprozess muss das Protein auch wieder aus dem Kern exportiert werden. Da es kontroverse Daten bezüglich eines Crm1-abhängigen Kernexports gab, wurde das Shuttlingverhalten von GFP-La-Fusionsproteinen in dieser Arbeit genauer analysiert. Mit Hilfe von Heterokaryonexperimenten konnte bestätigt werden, dass sowohl das hLa- als auch das mLa-Protein zwischen humanen und murinen Zellkernen pendeln kann und dass der Export unabhängig von Crm1 stattfindet. Aufgrund der kurzen Verweildauer im Zytoplasma schienen die Proteine quantitativ im Zellkern vorzuliegen, doch ein Teil konnte stets in den im Heterokaryon enthaltenen Nachbarzellkernen detektiert werden. Die Verwendung von N-terminal deletierten La-Fragmenten, die alle über das C-terminale NLS verfügten, gab Aufschluss über die Regulation des Shuttlings. Es zeigte sich, dass die Menge des exportierten Proteins von einem nukleären Retentionspartner festgelegt wird, der das La-Protein bindet und dadurch im Zellkern festhält. Wird diese Assoziation aufgehoben, gelangt das La-Protein in das Zytoplasma. Dort ist es allerdings nicht detektierbar, da das NLS einen umgehenden Import zurück in den Zellkern hervorruft. Zusätzlich wurde die Auswirkung von zellulärem Stress (z. B. durch ROS) auf die intrazelluläre Lokalisation des Proteins untersucht. Unter oxidativen zellulären Bedingungen wird einerseits die Wechselwirkung mit dem nukleären Retentionspartner aufgehoben und andererseits findet kein Kernimport über Karyopherin-α mehr statt. Aus diesem Grund reichert sich das La-Protein nun verstärkt im Zytoplasma an. Darüber hinaus wurde nachgewiesen, dass das La-Protein von apoptotischen Zellen freigesetzt wird und daraufhin auf die Membran von Nachbarzellen binden kann. Die Bindungs-eigenschaften wurden mit rhLa-Protein genauer untersucht. Das La-Protein war auf Endothel- und Epithelzellen nachweisbar und die Bindung fand sowohl bei Inkubation auf Eis als auch bei 37 °C statt. Da das La-Protein auch über DNA-Bindungseigenschaften verfügt, war es in der Lage, DNA auf der Zelloberfläche zu immobilisieren. Innerhalb von PBMCs wurde es selektiv auf Antigen-präsentierenden Zellen nachgewiesen. Diese Eigenschaften lassen eine Beteiligung des Proteins bei der Induktion von anti-dsDNA-Antikörpern in Autoimmunpatienten vermuten. Es ist bekannt, dass die Bedingungen (Virusinfektion, UV-Exposition), die zur Translokation des La-Proteins auf die Zelloberfläche führen, bei SLE-Patienten Krankheitsschübe auslösen können. Bisher wurden anti-La-Autoantikörper aber eher nicht als pathophysiologisch erachtet, da sie bei der Bindung an bereits apoptotische Zellen keine weiteren Schäden verursachen können. Jedoch wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass das La-Protein apoptotischer Zellen auf der Oberfläche von lebenden Zellen in der Umgebung nachgewiesen werden kann. Daran könnten anti-La-Autoantikörper binden und eine Komplement- oder NK-Zell-vermittelte Zerstörung der Nachbarzellen hervorrufen. Dadurch entstehen zusätzliche Gewebeschäden. Im Chromfreisetzungstest waren NK-Zellen tatsächlich in der Lage, La-dekorierte Zielzellen Antikörper-abhängig zu lysieren, sofern zusätzliche in vitro Stimuli präsent waren, die z. B. eine virale Infektion simulierten. Die Immuntherapie von Tumoren ist auf bestimmte Zielstrukturen auf den Tumorzellen angewiesen, über welche die Wirkstoffe spezifisch zu den maligne transformierten Zellen gebracht werden. Die Therapeutika, die sich oft von mAks gegen diese Zielstrukturen ableiten, müssen für verschiedene Tumorarten individuell entwickelt werden. Da das La-Protein von apoptotischen Zellen freigesetzt wird und auf die Membran benachbarter (bestrahlungsresistenter) Zellen binden kann, ist es in Kombination mit einer vorangegangenen Bestrahlung als universelle Zielstruktur für die Immuntherapie nutzbar. Aus diesem Grund wurde unter Verwendung eines ausführlich in dieser Arbeit charakterisierten anti-La-Antikörpers ein rekombinantes bispezifisches Antikörperderivat entwickelt. Es ist in der Lage, das La-Protein auf der Oberfläche von Tumorzellen zu binden und auf diesen zytotoxische T-Lymphozyten zu immobilisieren. Durch die Quervernetzung werden die T-Lymphozyten aktiviert und induzieren in den Zielzellen Apoptose. Das neue Antikörperderivat verspricht eine vielseitige Anwendung in Kombination mit Strahlentherapie oder auch mit rekombinanten Antikörpermolekülen, die gegen spezifische Zielstrukturen auf den Tumorzellen gerichtet sind.

No description available.

O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) é um dos cânceres humanos mais incidentes. A despeito do entendimento da fisiopatologia do CEC, as opções terapêuticas ainda são limitadas e o(s) exato(s) mecanismo(s) envolvido(s) na progressão deste tipo de tumor ainda não foi descrito. Estudos recentes mostram a existência de uma associação direta entre a resposta imune TH1 e um melhor prognóstico em pacientes com CEC. Aumento da expressão de componentes do eixo IL-33/ST2 foi demonstrado contribuir para transformação neoplásica em diversos modelos tumorais, incluindo cânceres de estômago e de mama. Trabalho recente do nosso e de outros laboratórios indicam que IL-33 pode impedir a resposta imune TH1 . Baseado nessas observações, a hipótese testada foi que o impedimento da resposta imune pela interação IL-33/ST2 pode contribuir para iniciação e progressão do CEC. Utilizando modelo de carcinogênese química em camundongos WT e deficientes de ST2 (ST2KO), os resultados mostram que a deficiência de ST2 leva a uma notável redução da severidade das lesões 20 semanas após a carcinogênese química, sugerindo que a sinalização ST2 é necessária para o desenvolvimento tumoral neste modelo. Análises do infiltrado inflamatório presente nas lesões em camundongos WT e ST2KO revelaram redução significativa nas percentagens de macrófagos, células T CD4+ e células dendríticas, mas não em células T CD8+, células B e células natural killer (NK) no microambiente tumoral de camundongos ST2KO. Além disso, células NK esplênicas isoladas de camundongos ST2KO exibiram atividade citotóxica aumentada contra células YAC quando comparado com células de camundongos do grupo controle (WT). Os resultados indicam que a via IL-33/ST2 contribui para o desenvolvimento de carcinoma espinocelular recrutando células T CD4+, macrófagos e células dendríticas e reduzindo a citotoxicidade de células NK. / Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer and is most commonly observed in photo-exposed areas of the body. The mechanism(s) involved in the progression of this tumor are unknown. Recent studies have shown that there is a direct association between a TH1-related immune response and a better prognosis in patients with SCC. Increased expression of the IL33/ST2 axis components has been demonstrated to contribute to neoplastic transformation in several tumor models, including gastric and breast cancer. Recent work from ours and other laboratories indicate that can IL-33 impair TH1-type immune responses. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that TH1-type immune response impairment by IL33/ST2 could contribute to the initiation and progress SCC. We found that ST2 deficiency led to a marked decreased in severity of skin lesions at 20 weeks post-DMBA, suggesting that ST2 signaling is necessary for tumor development in this model. Analysis of tumor lesions in WT and ST2KO mice revealed that lack of ST2 led to a specific and significant reduction in the frequency of macrophages, T CD4+ and dendritic cells, but not CD8+, B and NK cells. In addition, splenic NK cells isolated from DMBA-treated ST2KO mice exhibited increased cytotoxicity activity against YAC cells targets when compared with WT splenic NK cells in the same cytotoxic assay. Altogether, our findings indicate that IL-33/ST2 pathway contributes to the SCC development by recruitment T CD4+ cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells and impairing NK cytotoxicity.