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Yes / This study investigated the impact of sedimentation on rainwater storage system using a case study at the Ikorodu area of Lagos state, a rural area in Nigeria. In this investigation, the proportions of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that were settleable (due to sedimentation) and those that were at the free phase have been studied. Water samples were collected from different depths in the inspected rainwater storage tank at two different periods (i.e. rainy and dry periods) for 20 days. The samples collected from these periods have been analysed for physical and microbial measures before passing it through the serial filters with pore sizes of 500 μm, 100 μm, 10 μm and 1.5 μm to measure the retained particle mass. From the results, it was observed that: (1) the water quality at the free-phase zone was better than that at the tank’s bottom; (2) the settleable bacteria rapidly sinked to bottom; (3) the correlation of turbidity, E. coli and total suspended solids (TSS) for all the rain events showed a relatively high Pearson’s coefficient of 0.9 to one another; and (4) over 70% of settling TSS occurred within first 36 hours. Finally, it has been found that the physical sedimentation process can significantly reduce the microbial measures.

The diploma thesis focuses on optical fiber sensors with detailed preview of the turbidity sensor, its design and testing. The introduction deals with the general theory of fiber sensors and measurement methodology of physical variables. This part is followed by a charter focusing on the possible ways of measuring turbidity. Furthermore, the diploma thesis introduces design of the new turbidity sensor which is realized with consideration of the industrial usage and future application to the automated process of beer production. It also includes a detailed description of the hardware and software sensors created within this thesis. The last section is devoted to a calibration and testing functionality of turbidity sensor.

Les développements d'algues benthiques dans les canaux de transport d'eau induisent d'importantes contraintes pour la gestion des canaux de distri bution d'eau. Les nuisances physiques et chimiques associées à ces développements nécessitent des stratégies de gestion alternatives. La thèse étudie des méthodes pour la gestion de ces populations algale basées sur le contrôle hydraulique du système: les chasses hydrauliques. Ces opérations consistent à détacher une partie de la biomasse algale fixée en augmentant les contraintes de cisaillement exercées par le courant sur ces algues fixées au substrat. Leur remise en suspension, entraînant un pic de turbidité, doit également être maîtrisée. L'approche proposée vise à caractériser et modéliser les processus de développement, de détachement et de transport des algues lors de ces chasses hydrauliques. Des suivis expérimentaux de la croissance sont réalisés en mésocosme (à l'échelle de canaux réduits). Les suivis de biomasse permettent de caler un modèle de croissance de la couverture algale intégrant l'effet de l'hydrodynamique et de la s ensibilité des algues aux perturbations hydrodynamiques. Des stratégies de chasses sont ensuite expérimentées sur deux canaux de distribution d'eau en zone méditérannéenne. Un modèle de la dynamique des algues fixées et en dérive en réponse à une chasse hydraulique est ensuite élaboré sur la base de ces expérimentations, et calé sur les nuages de turbidité observés. Finalement, un cadre méthodologique basé sur un modèle linéaire est proposé pour des applications à la gestion en temps réel d'une variable de qualité : la turbidité. Deux approches de contrôle sont présentées : la commande en boucle ouverte et la commande adaptative qui permet de recaler les paramètres inconnus comme la biomasse initiale. / Algae developments in open-channel networks induce strong constraints for the network management. The physical and chemical nuisances linked to these developments require alternative management strategies. The thesis proposes an original method for these algae management based on the hydraulic control of the system using flushing-flows. These flushes consist in detaching a part of the fixed algae by increasing the hydraulic shear stress exerted on the biomass fixed on the substratum. The re-suspension of algae in the water column induces a turbidity peak which also has to be controlled. The proposed approach aims at characterizing and modelling the processes of algae development, detachment and transport during the flushes. Experimental monitoring of the growth phase is conducted in experimental flumes. The biomass samples are used to calibrate a model of algal growth which integrates the hydrodynamic effect and the algae sensitivity in the Med iterranean region. A model of the fixed and drift algae dynamics in response to a flush is then developed and calibrated on the observerd turbidity plumes. Finally, a control framework based on a linear model is proposed for the turbidity control during a flush. An open-loop control is first developed, then an adaptative feedback controller is tested to estimate unknown parameters such as initial biomass.

Turbidity currents are one of the primary means of transport of sediment in the ocean. They are fast-moving, destructive fluid flows which are able to entrain sediment from the seabed and accelerate downslope in a process known as `ignition'. In this thesis, we investigate one particular model for turbidity currents; the `Parker model' of Parker, Pantin and Fukushima (1986), which models the current as a continuous sediment stream and consists of four equations for the depth, velocity, sediment concentration and turbulent kinetic energy of the flow. We propose two reduced forms of the model; a one-equation velocity model and a two-equation shallow-water model. Both these models give an insight into the dynamics of a turbidity current propagating downstream and we find the slope profile to be particularly influential. Regions of supercritical and subcritical flow are identified and the model is solved through a combination of asymptotic approximations and numerical solutions. We next consider the dynamics of the four-equation model, which provides a particular focus on Parker's turbulent kinetic energy equation. This equation is found to fail catastrophically and predict complex-valued solutions when the sediment-induced stratification of the current becomes large. We propose a new `transition' model for turbulent kinetic energy which features a switch from an erosional, turbulent regime to a depositional, stably stratified regime. Finally, the transition model is solved for a series of case studies and a numerical parameter study is conducted in an attempt to answer the question `when does a turbidity current become extinct?'.

Cette thèse valorise les données de mesure en continu de pluie de débit et de turbidité, ainsi que les bases de donnée de résultat d'analyse et les connaissances acquises dans le cadre des trois observatoires français en hydrologie urbaine, OPUR-Paris, OTHU-Lyon et ONEVU Nantes, pour valider et améliorer les connaissances sur les flux et les sources de particules vectrices de contaminants, en réseaux d'assainissement unitaire. Les données provenant de 6 sites expérimentaux drainés par un réseau d'assainissement unitaire ont été exploitées : Marais, Quais et Clichy à Paris, Cordon Bleu et Saint-Mihiel à Nantes et Écully à Lyon, avec sur chaque site des bases de données de longue durée qui ont permis des études statistiques sur des échantillons de plusieurs dizaines d'événements pluvieux et de journées de temps sec. Cette thèse a permis : 1- d'évaluer la représentativité de la turbidité pour analyser du transport solide en réseau ; 2- d'analyser et de modéliser statistiquement les concentrations et les masses de particules à l'échelle événementielle ; 3- d'étudier la dynamique des flux et des concentrations à l'échelle intra-événementielle. Les résultats obtenus indiquent d'une part, que la turbidité permet de décrire les dynamiques intra-événementielles des flux et des concentrations à condition d'exprimer ceux-ci sous forme relative, normalisée par les valeurs moyennes événementielles. En revanche, ces valeurs événementielles sont attachées par des erreurs systématiques non négligeables induites par les variations inter-événementielles de la relation MES-Turbidité (intervalle de confiance de l'ordre de 30% de la moyenne). Ils confirment d'autre part que la contribution des dépôts aux flux de temps de pluie est importante mais variable (entre 20 et 80% de la masse à l'exutoire selon l'événement), y compris sur un site réputé exempt de dépôts (grossiers). Autrement dit, les problématiques d'ensablement et de pollution de temps de pluie ne sont pas nécessairement liées. L'autre contribution majeure est celle des eaux usées « de temps sec ». De plus, ils nous ont permis de progresser dans la compréhension des phénomènes de décalage temporel entre hydrogramme et pollutogramme et d'effet piston / This thesis exploits continuous measurement of rainfall, discharge and turbidity data and the knowledge acquired by three French observatories in urban hydrology, OPUR-Paris, OTHU Lyon and ONEVU-Nantes, to validate and improve knowledge on suspended solids discharges and sources of particles, which are major vectors of contaminants in combined sewer systems. Data from six experimental sites served by a combined sewer system were used: Marais, Quais and Clichy in Paris, Cordon Bleu and Saint-Mihiel in Nantes and Ecully in Lyon. At each site, a long duration databases enabled statistical studies on samples of several tens of rainfall events and dry weather days. This thesis allowed: 1-to assess the representativeness of turbidity to analyze sediments transport in network; 2-to analyze and model concentrations and masses of particles at the scale of rain events; 3-to study the dynamics of fluxes and concentrations at intra-event scale. Results show that turbidity can describe the dynamics of intra-event fluxes and concentrations provided these are expressed in a relative form, normalized by the event mean values. However, these mean values are attached by significant systematic errors induced by variations of the inter-event TSS-turbidity relationship (95% confidence interval about 30% of average). The contribution of sewer deposits to wet weather suspended solids discharges is important but variable (between 20 and 80% of the mass at the outlet depending on the event), including for a site allegedly free of (coarse) sewer deposits. In other words, the problems of silting and contribution from deposits to wet weather pollution are not necessarily related. The other major contribution is from “dry weather” wastewater. In addition, they we made some progress in understanding the lag-time phenomena between hydrograph and pollutograph and the piston effect

[pt] A combinação de modelos numéricos com modelos computacionais tem contribuido muito para o melhor entendimento matemático de fluxos gravitacionais, porém esses modelos não podem substituir a análise através de trabalhos experimentais. O uso de modelos físicos em escala provou ser essencial na validação de equações para modelagem de correntes de turbidez. Com o objetivo de diminuir o nível de dificuldade em modelar numericamente essas correntes e de gerar modelos computacionais de alto desempenho, algumas simplificações foram feitas durante o desenvolvimento das equações de velocidade. Dessa forma, para provar que tais simplificações não iriam alterar os resultados numéricos do modelo, foram realizados inúmeros experimentos, coletando informações sobre a evolução espaço- temporal de velocidades das correntes de turbidez não- confinadas com e sem partículas. Comparando os resultados do modelo numérico com os do modelo físico, foi concluído que, infelizmente, as aproximações influenciaram os resultados. Contudo, os dados e a comparação visual entre as simulações também revelaram alguns resultados encorajadores, os quais estimularão pesquisas futuras para se melhorar a precisão da equação de velocidade utilizada no modelo numérico. / [en] The combination between numerical and computer models has improved dramatically the mathematical understanding of gravity currents; however, these models can not replace the analysis by experimental work. The use of scaled analogue models, or physical models, proved to be essential in validating velocity equations for turbidity currents. In order to reduce the level of difficulty to model mathematically these currents, some approximations were applied during the development of the velocity equation. Therefore, willing to prove that these approximations would not compromise the numerical results, innumerous experiments were performed to acquire a spatio-temporal velocity evolution database for both unconfined particle free and particulate turbidity flows. Comparing the results from the numerical and physical simulations, it was concluded that, unfortunately, the approximations have influenced the numerical results. Nevertheless, the data and visual comparisons between the simulations also revealed some encouraging results, which will stimulate some future research to improve the accuracy of the depth-averaging velocity equation.