A dupla filtração pode ser considerada como uma das mais promissoras tecnologias para tratamento de água, estimando-se que grande parte das necessidades de tratamento poderiam ser satisfeitas com o uso desta tecnologia. Alguns aspectos ainda não devidamente esclarecidos até o presente sobre esta tecnologia estão relacionados ao tratamento de água com turbidez elevada. Com a montagem e operação de uma instalação piloto, constituída de dois sistemas de dupla filtração (sistema 1: filtro ascendente de areia grossa e filtro descendente de areia e sistema 2: filtro ascendente de pedregulho e filtro descendente de areia), foi realizada uma investigação experimental com águas de estudo preparadas com caulinita (água tipo I com turbidez em torno de 100 uT e água tipo II com turbidez em torno de 300 uT). A coagulação foi realizada com o sulfato de alumínio, sem o uso de alcalinizante ou de acidificante, para que resultasse potencial zeta próximo de zero. A operação de ambos os sistemas foi efetuada com e sem descargas de fundo intermediárias nos filtros ascendentes, e foram variadas as taxas de filtração em ambos os filtros (de 120 a 240 m&sup3/m&sup2.d nos filtros ascendentes e de 180 a 300 m&sup3/m&sup2.d nos filtros descendentes). Concluiu-se principalmente que os dois sistemas foram capazes de produzir água filtrada com turbidez consistentemente menor que 0,5 uT e que a produção efetiva de água depende da turbidez da água de estudo, das taxas de filtração, da execução das descargas de fundo intermediárias e da carga hidráulica disponível para retenção de sólidos. / Double filtration may be considered one of the most important technologies for water treatment. It has been estimated that most of water treatment can be efficiently achieved with the use of this technology, although some design and operational aspects related to the high turbidity of the influent water have not been fully studied until the present time. A pilot plant was built comprising two double filtration systems (system 1 with an upflow coarse sand filter followed by a downflow fine sand filter; system 2 with an upflow gravel filter followed by a downflow filter identical to that used in system 1). The experimental investigation was carried out using influent waters prepared with kaolin (water type I with turbidity of approximately 100 NTU and water type II with turbidity of approximately 300 NTU). Coagulation was accomplished by using aluminum sulfate (no acid or alkaline products) so that the zeta potential resulted approximately zero. The operation of both systems was carried out with and without intermediate down flushes during the runs. Filtration rates in the filters of both systems varied from 120 to 240 m&sup3/m&sup2.d in the upflow filters and from 180 to 300 m&sup3/m&sup2.d in downflow filters. It was mainly concluded that both systems resulted capable to produce filtered water with turbidity consistently lower than 0.5 NTU and that the net production was related to the influent water turbidity, filtration rates, execution of intermediate down flushes and the hydraulic head provided for solids retention in both filter of each double filtration system.

Diferentes floculantes ecológicos têm sido estudados na literatura para o tratamento de água. Entre tais substâncias, a quitosana e os taninos têm sido utilizados, regularmente, em diversos trabalhos relacionados ao tratamento de água. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de microesferas de quitosana comercial (QTSc) e tanino extraído da casca de Eucalyptus urograndis (TAN), para a utilização piloto no tratamento de água bruta com baixa turbidez (100-110 NTU). Primeiramente, avaliou-se o grau de desacetilação da quitosana comercial (QTSc) e da quitosana na microesfera (QTSm) para a avaliação da porcentagem de grupamentos aminas livres ou desacetiladas. Em seguida, a quitosana desacetilada foi utilizada como matriz na preparação de microesferas empregando duas concentrações de TAN (5,0 e 7,5 % v/v). O material preparado foi caracterizado por FTIR, DRX, MEV e TGA. Os espectros de FTIR apresentaram aumento da intensidade dos picos à medida que havia aumento de concentração de TAN nas microesferas formadas. Os espectros de DRX apresentaram um material amorfo. As micrografias por MEV mostraram que a interação da QTS com o TAN modifica as características superficiais da microesfera provocando mudanças na superfície. As análises de DTA/TGA mostraram que as microesferas preparadas com 0 e 5% apresentaram três estágios de degradação térmica e dois estágios para QTS/TAN 7,5% mostrando que o material com QTS/TAN 7,5% apresenta resistência térmica diferenciada quando comparado ao QTS/TAN 0 e 5%. As microesferas foram avaliadas em ensaios de coagulação/floculação por Jar test no tratamento de água bruta utilizando planejamento fatorial experimental (23) no qual fatores utilizados os paramentos de massa de coagulante de 10 mg e 25 mg, pH=7,0 e pH=8,0 e tempo de decantação de 15 min e 30 min. Os fatores foram avaliados quanto a porcentagem de remoção de turbidez e cor. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios quanto a remoção de turbidez, com mínimo de 51,52 % e máximo de 76,67 % e remoção de cor com mínimo de 42,86 % e máximo de 66,00 %. Os melhores resultados de % remoção foram obtidos quando foram utilizadas as microesferas de QTS/TAN 5% em pH = 8,0 com tempo de decantação de 30 min e massa de coagulante de 25 mg. Os resultados permitiram avaliar as microesferas de QTS/TAN como materiais promissores no tratamento de água. / Different ecological flocculants have been studied in the literature for treatment of water and wastewater. Among such substances, chitosan and tannins have been used regularly in several works related to water treatment. In this context, the aim of this study was to obtain commercial chitosan microspheres (QTSc) and tannin extracted from barks of Eucalyptus urograndis (TAN) for pilot utilization in the treatment of raw water with low turbidity (100-110 NTU). At first degree of deacetylation of both, commercial chitosan (QTSc) and the chitosan microsphere (QTSm) was verified for assessment of degree of deacetylation of amines. Microspheres were prepared at different concentrations of TAN ranging from 0 - 7.5% v/v and then characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and DTA/TGA. FTIR showed an increase of peak intensity as increased the concentration of the TAN microspheres formed. XRD presented an amorphous material. SEM micrographs allowed verifying the interaction of chitosan and tannin in the modification of the surface. Analyses of DTA/TGA showed that chitosan microspheres CTS/TAN 0% and 5% exhibited three stages of thermal degradation and two stages were observed for 7.5% CTS/TAN, allowed to conclude that CTS/TAN 7.5% has lower heat resistance compared to CTS/TAN 0 and 5%. The microspheres were evaluated in terms of coagulation/ flocculation assays by Jar test using an experimental factorial design (23). The coagulant mass of 10 mg and 25 mg, pH = 7.0 and pH = 8.0 and settling time of 15 min and 30 min were used as main factors. The factors were assessed for percentage removal of turbidity and color, which gave satisfactory results in the removal of turbidity with a minimum at 51.52% and a maximum at 76.67% and color removal with a minimum at 42.86% and maximum at 66.00%. The best results of were obtained using microspheres CTS/TAN 5% at pH 8.0 and settling time of 30 min and 25 mg of coagulant. Microspheres of CTS/TAN are promising in the treatment of water, but additional studies are necessary for searching the better conditions/results for water treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANGELA MARLI LUIZ.pdf: 3624813 bytes, checksum: 05a22e71b3c26190420f5bfe0008cac5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / The combination of natural and anthropogenic factors interfere in characteristics and properties of water, gives it a specific character in each place. The quality of water intended for human consumption has depended largely on the systems of land use on the slopes, erosion associated with the surrounding areas of production and water catchment, within a given watershed. Therefore, this study intends to show the configuration of land uses in the River Basin Taquaral in São Mateus do Sul - PR, between 2010-2011, and its contribution of sediment carried to the main river. As part of the methodology became the definition of four monitoring stations in rainfall and water features throughout the course of Taquaral River. These were defined according the sectorization of the main river and predominant land uses in each sector. Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory of SANEPAR - São Mateus do Sul. The parameters considered to relate to the presence of sediment were color and turbidity. The water samples were taken between August/2010 and July/2011, the 15th day of each month and every rainfall greater than 25 mm continuous event, an interval of 12 hours. The results indicated that there is greater sediment load transported to the Taquaral River along the upper course, where agricultural activities predominate in relation to the lower reaches where it is the urban occupation. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the planning of river basin management that is the basin catchment for urban and rural population of this municipality. Given this diagnostics, which referrals are made to inform and mobilize the population that occupies and uses this water catchment area, to preserve water quality and restore the areas most vulnerable. / A combinação de fatores naturais e antrópicos interferem nas características e propriedades das águas, atribuindo-lhes caráter específico em cada lugar. A qualidade dos recursos hídricos destinados ao consumo humano tem dependido em grande parte dos sistemas de usos do solo/terra nas encostas, associados aos processos erosivos que circundam as áreas de produção e de captação de água, dentro de uma dada bacia hidrográfica. Diante disso, este estudo mostra a configuração dos usos da terra na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Taquaral, em São Mateus do Sul – PR, entre 2010-2011, e a contribuição destes no aporte de sedimentos carreados para o canal principal. Como parte da metodologia fez-se a definição de quatro Estações de Monitoramento das precipitações e das características da água ao longo do curso do Rio Taquaral. Estas foram definidas a partir da setorização do rio principal e dos usos da terra predominantes em cada setor. As amostras de água foram analisadas no laboratório da SANEPAR – São Mateus do Sul. Os parâmetros selecionados para se relacionar à presença de sedimentos foram cor e turbidez. As coletas de água foram realizadas entre Agosto de 2010 e Julho de 2011; no 15º dia de cada mês e a cada precipitação igual ou superior a 25 mm de evento contínuo, num intervalo de 12 horas. Os resultados indicaram que há maior carga de sedimentos transportados para o Rio Taquaral junto ao alto curso, onde predominam atividades agrícolas, em relação ao baixo curso onde se dá a ocupação urbana. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para o planejamento de gestão dessa bacia hidrográfica que serve para abastecer a população urbana e rural deste município. Diante deste diagnóstico, que sejam realizados encaminhamentos no sentido de informar e mobilizar a população que ocupa e usa da água dessa bacia hidrográfica, para preservar a qualidade da água e recuperar as áreas mais fragilizadas.

Correntes de densidade são fluxos gravitacionais gerados pela diferença de densidade entre dois fluidos. Correntes de turbidez fazem parte de uma sub-classificação das correntes de densidade, na qual o fluido mais denso tem, na sua composição, partículas em suspensão. Muitos trabalhos numéricos já estudaram a dinâmica das correntes de turbidez, mas, nenhum dos encontrados aplicou mudanças de relevo concomitantes com a simulação, causadas pela sedimentação das próprias partículas da corrente e nem alterou o relevo após a passagem de cada evento em um domínio tridimensional. O presente trabalho pretende analisar a alteração no relevo de fundo causada por uma corrente de turbidez. No código Incompact3d, as equações de Navier-Stokes, Continuidade e Transporte e Difusão são resolvidas em uma malha cartesiana tridimensional. A condição inicial adotada é a de Lock-Exchange. As simulações realizadas utilizaram Simulação Numérica Direta (DNS). O código utiliza um esquema compacto centrado de sexta ordem, em diferenças finitas, para o esquema espacial, e Adams-Bashfort de terceira ordem para o esquema temporal. A validação do código foi realizada comparando-se com trabalhos experimental e numéricos. A análise das diferentes proporções granulométricas mostrou que quanto maior é a quantidade de material grosso na condição inicial, maior será seu depósito para um dado tempo. Em consequência, mais relevante se torna a consideração da alteração do relevo de fundo. Além disso, quanto maior o fator de compactação do sedimento, maior será o erro de não considerar a atualização de fundo. Os resultados também apontaram que os erros médios ao não considerar a atualização do fundo são da ordem de 4% da massa de depósito em 20 tempos adimensionais, para os parâmetros utilizados. Ao se propagar uma corrente de turbidez sobre o depósito de outra, os erros se mostram menores. / Gravity currents are gravitational fluxes triggered by density di erence between two fluids. A sub-classification of those are turbidity currents, in which the denser fluid is composed by the lighter fluid plus suspended particles. Many papers had shown turbidity currents dynamics, although none of the papers found had applied changes in the simulated topography due to deposit during the own simulation, neither they had altered a 3D domain topography after each flux, applying the changes caused by the previous current. The present dissertation aims to analyse the turbidity current dynamics alteration caused by the influence of its own deposit, altering the topography during the very simulation. The analysis is conducted in a polidispersed turbidity current. The Incompact3d code solves Navier-Stokes, continuity and transport-di usion equation, in a tridimensional cartesian mesh. Lock-exchange was chosen to be the initial condition. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are performed. Sixth order compact finite-di erence schemes are used on the spatial domain, while third order Adams-Bashfort is applied for the temporal evaluation. Comparisons with numerical and experimental papers were performed for code verification. Results showed the coarser the particles on the starting lock-exchange, the higher its deposit is, and the more the terrain will be altered. Nevertheless, the bigger the compacting factor, the bigger the error of not considering bathymetry alteration. Results also point that the average errors of not considering the update are in order of 4% on the mass deposit, after 20 dimensionless times, for the used parameters. When a current propagates over the deposit of a previous one, these errors are smaller.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_fr_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2029517 bytes, checksum: f737742cea44bc8699abdd17def3823d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Estudos de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e fluorescência de estado estacionário da sonda Vermelho do Nilo indicam a formação de vesículas de DODAX (X = Cl- ou Br-) em concentrações de surfactantes tão baixas quanto 10 µM. Estas vesículas foram denominadas microvesículas (µV), cuja Tm diminui monotonicamente com a concentração de DODAX até valores de Tm das vesículas tradicionais preparadas em 1.0 mM do surfactante. O efeito do contra-íon (Br- e Cl-) no comportamento termotrópico de fase das vesículas mistas de DODAB-DODAC foi investigado por DSC, condutimetria e espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS). Observou-se que a Tm aumenta sigmoidalmente de 45.8 a 48.9 oC com a fração molar de DODAC (xDODAC), com um ponto de inflexão no ponto eqüimolar. A condutividade e o diâmetro hidrodinâmico das vesículas variam muito pouco com xDODAB, indicando que a densidade superficial de carga das vesículas de DODAX é semelhante entre si, e o efeito do contra íon na Tm de DODAX se deve a interações específicas desses contra-íons na interface das vesículas. Medidas de DSC, fluorescência e turbidez de misturas de DODAB-DDAB indicam que as vesículas de DODAB têm maior afinidade por DDAB do que o oposto, resultando na formação de duas populações de vesículas mistas de DDAB-DODAB, com propriedades distintas. Além disso, medidas de fluorescência mostraram que a presença de pequena quantia de DODAB incorporado nas vesículas de DDAB causa um efeito significante na emissão da sonda devido ao aumento do tamanho das vesículas, sugerido por medidas de turbidez. O estudo dos sistemas DODAB/CnTAB/água na concentração total de surfactante igual a 1,0 e 5,0 mM, variando a concentração de CnTAB, e também mantendo a concentração de DODAB fixa em 1,0 mM, revelou uma forte dependência do comprimento da cadeia de hidrocarbonetos... / Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence of the probe Nile Red studies reveal the formation of DODAX vesicles (X = Br- and Cl-) at surfactant concentrations as low as 10 µM. These vesicles were referred to as microvesicles (mV), whose Tm decreases monotonically with increasing DODAX concentration to the value for the ordinary vesicles at 1 mM. The effect of counterion (Br- and Cl-) on the thermotropic phase behavior of mixed DODAB-DODAC vesicles were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), conductimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Tm increases sigmoidally from 45.8 to 48.9 oC with DODAC molar fraction (xDODAC), with an inflection point at the equimolarity. The conductivity and the apparent hydrodynamic diameter vary little with xDODAB, indicating that the surface charge density is similar for DODAX, evidencing that the effect of counterion on Tm is due to the counterion specific interactions. DSC, fluorescence and turbidity measurements indicate a higher affinity of DDAB for DODAB vesicles than the reverse, resulting in two populations of mixed DDAB-DODAB vesicles with different properties. Besides, fluorescence measurements show that the presence of a small amount of DODAB in DDAB vesicles causes a pronounced effect on the Nile Red emission, due to the increase in vesicle size, as suggested from turbidity results. The study of DODAB/CnTAB/água systems at 1.0 and 5.0 total surfactant concentration, and varying CnTAB concentrations with constant 1.0 mM DODAB revealed a strong dependence of the chain length n and relative concentration of the surfactante in the properties of mixed DODAB-CnTAB vesicles. This study allowed analyzing the thermotropic phase behavior containing different amount of DODAB, and the mechanism of vesicle-micelle transition with increasing CnTAB concentration, below and above CMC... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Kirka Boron Plant in Eski

Sedimentation (erosion, transport, and deposition) is a primary and growing environmental, engineering, and agricultural issue around the world. However, collection of the data needed to develop solutions to sedimentation issues has declined by about three-fourths since 1983. Suspended-sediment surrogates have the potential to obtain sediment data using methods that are more accurate, of higher spatial and temporal resolution, and with less manually intensive, costly, and hazardous methods. The improved quality of sediment data from high-resolution surrogates may inform improved understanding and solutions to environmental, engineering, and agricultural sedimentation problems. The field experiments for this research includ physical samples of suspended sediment collected concurrently with surrogate metrics from instruments including 1.2, 1.5, and 3.0 megahertz frequency acoustic doppler current profilers, a nephelometric turbidity sensor, and a laser-diffraction particle size analyzer. This comprehensive data set was collected over five storms in 2009 and 2010 at Yellow River near Atlanta, Georgia. This research project has proposed, developed, and tested a new method for evaluation of sediment size from theoretical acoustic attenuation; evaluated and further developed recently introduced empirical methods for estimating acoustic attenuation by sediment; found and quantified data mischaracterization issues for laser-diffraction metrics; defined deterministic causes for observed hysteresis and variance in suspended sediment to surrogate relations; compared the accuracy of sediment concentration models and loads for each tested surrogate; and compared sediment surrogate technologies on the basis of reliability and operational considerations.

Submarine slope failure releases sediments; it is an important mechanism that changes the Earth surface morphology and builds sedimentary records. I study the mechanics of submarine slope failure in sediment that dilates under shear (dilative slope failure). Dilation drops pore pressure and increases the strength of the deposit during slope failure. Dilation should be common in the clean sand and silty sand deposits on the continental shelf, making it an important mechanism in transferring sand and silt into deep sea. Flume experiments show there are two types of dilative slope failure: pure breaching and dual-mode slope failure. Pure breaching is a style of retrogressive subaqueous slope failure characterized by a relatively slow (mm/s) and steady retreat of a near vertical failure front. The retreating rate, or the erosion rate, of breaching is proportional to the coefficient of consolidation of the deposit due to an equilibrium between pore pressure drop from erosion and pore pressure dissipation. The equilibrium creates a steady state pore pressure that is less than hydrostatic and is able to keep the deposit stable during pure breaching. Dual-mode slope failure is a combination of breaching and episodic sliding; during sliding a triangular wedge of sediment falls and causes the failure front to step back at a speed much faster than that from the breaching period. The pore pressure fluctuates periodically in dual-mode slope failure. Pore pressure rises during breaching period, weakens the deposit and leads to sliding when the deposit is unstable. Sliding drops the pore pressure, stabilizes the deposit and resumes breaching. The frequency of sliding is proportional to the coefficient of consolidation of the deposit because dissipation of pore pressure causes sliding. Numerical model results show that more dilation or higher friction angle in the deposit leads to pure breaching while less dilation or lower friction angle leads to dual-mode slope failure. As a consequence, pure breaching is limited to thinner deposits and deposits have higher relative density. / text

Pheroid is a patented system comprising of a unique submicron emulsion type formulation. Pheroid vesicles consist mainly of plant and essential fatty acids and can entrap, transport and deliver pharmacologically active compounds and other useful molecules. The aim of this study was to show that a modulation of components and parameters is necessary to obtain the optimum formula to be used in pharmaceutical preparations. Non-optimal or non-predictable stability properties of emulsions can be limiting for the applications of emulsions (Bjerregaard et al., 2001:23). Careful consideration was given to the apparatus used during the processing along with the ratios of the various components added to the formulation and the storage conditions of the Pheroid vesicles. A preliminary study was performed to optimize the most accurate processing parameters during emulsification. The effect of emulsification rate and time, the temperature of the aqueous phase, the number of days the water phase were gassed, the concentration of the surfactant, cremophor® RH 40, used and the concentration of Vitamin F Ethyl Ester CLR added to the oil phase of the o/w emulsion has been studied. Quantification of the mean particle size, zeta potential, turbidity, pH and current values were used to characterize the emulsions. The samples were characterised after 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The emulsions were also characterised with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to measure the number and size and size distribution of the vesicles. After determination of the processing variables influencing the emulsion stability an accelerated stability test was conducted on a final formula. In the present study, accelerated stability testing employing elevated temperatures and relative humidity were used with good accuracy to predict long-term stability of an o/w emulsion kept at both 5 and 25 OC with 60 % relative humidity and 40 OC with 75 % relative humidity. The results of the stability tests were presented in histograms of the physical properties 24 hours, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after preparation of the emulsion. It was concluded that Pheroid vesicles demonstrate much potential as a drug delivery system. The high stability of this formula allows its use in a wide variety of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.