In this study, we have successfully developed a high performance transmission mode Laser scanning for SHG imaging. This setup is capable of acquiring images of size 512¡Ñ512 pixels at a rate of 5.4 seconds/frame. The of samples can thus be imaged, which reflects the samples¡¦ structure and symmetry.

Neurogenesis is the process of generation of neurons during embryonic development and adulthood. The focus of this doctoral work is the study of the cell biological aspects of neurogenesis and the mechanisms regulating the switch of neural stem cells from proliferation to differentiation. During embryonic development neurogenic divisions occur at the apical or basal side of the pseudostratified epithelium that forms the wall of the neural tube, the neuroepithelium. Apical asymmetric neurogenic divisions (AP) give rise to a neuron and a progenitor cell, while basal symmetric neurogenic divisions (BP) give rise to two neurons. The first part of this thesis is focused on the study of some cell biological aspects of BPs. We first validated the use of the Tis21-GFP knock in mouse line, previously generated in our laboratory. We found that the totality of neurogenic progenitors is marked by the expression of a nuclear GFP. We calculated the abundance of BPs overtime since the onset of neurogenesis showing that BPs overcome APs over development. We studied the loss of apical contact of the basal dividing cells. We found that both neurogenic and non-neurogenic basally dividing progenitors miss the apical contact; which is lost prior mitosis. We generated and characterized a second mouse line, the Tubb3-GFP line expressing a plasma membrane-localized GFP in neurons. These two lines were crossed to obtain a new line (TisTubb-GFP) allowing detection of neurogenic divisions and tracking daughter cells. Using this model: (i) we imaged symmetric neurogenic divisions of BPs, identifying daughter cells as neurons, during imaging; (ii) we compared the kinetics of betaIII-tubulin-GFP appearance after apical or basal mitosis, showing that daughters of BPs express betaIII-tubulin-GFP faster than daughters coming from apical divisions; (iii) we imaged neuronal migration and localization of the Golgi apparatus. Neurogenesis in the adult is confined to two specific regions in the telencephalon: the sub ependymal zone, lining the ventricle, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The second part of this thesis focuses on the adult neurogenic progenitors lineage. Tis21-GFP expression was found and characterized in the two adult neurogenic regions from early postnatal to adulthood. Using a panel of markers for the adult neurogenic cell lineage and confocal imaging, we characterized Tis21-GFP expression, in the dentate gyrus. Tis21-GFP is first expressed in the neurogenic subpopulation of doublecortin positive cells. Tis21-GFP is inherited by the neurons and eventually degraded. Moreover, our data suggest that mitotic Tis21-GFP cells are an indicator of the levels of neurogenesis more accurate than doublecortin positive cells, in the early postnatal mouse. (Anlage Quick time movies 77,88 MB)

The progress of miniaturisation towards the nanoscopic scale in science and technology has also influenced the biosciences. This is particularly important, since proteins, as the smallest functional units of life, exhibit a spectacular wealth of functionalities, enabling them to fulfil complex tasks in cells and organisms. For this reason, they are often termed molecular or cellular “machines”. To be able to investigate and better understand these fascinating molecules in their native environment, new analytical methods must be developed, with appropriately high sensitivity and spatial and temporal resolution. We describe one very promising technique based on fluorescence spectroscopy, which allows a quantitative analysis of protein- protein interactions in the live cell. / Die zunehmende Miniaturisierung bis hin zum nanoskopischen Maßstab in vielen technischen Disziplinen hat auch die Lebenswissenschaften ergriffen. Dies ist insofern von großer Bedeutung, als die Proteine als kleinste funktionale Einheiten des Lebens trotz ihrer winzigen Abmessungen eine faszinierende Komplexität aufweisen, die es ihnen erlauben, hoch differenzierte und spezialisierte Aufgaben in der Zelle und im Organismus zu übernehmen. Aus diesem Grund werden sie in der modernen Biologie auch als molekulare oder zelluläre „Maschinen“ bezeichnet. Um diese kleinen Wunderwerke zu studieren und ihre Funktionsweise in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung zu analysieren, bedarf es innovativer Technologien, die es erlauben, mit maximaler räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung auch einzelne Moleküle in der lebenden Zelle sichtbar zu machen und zu verfolgen. Im Folgenden wird eine von uns entwickelte fluoreszenzspektroskopische Methode vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe die komplizierten Interaktionen zwischen Proteinen in der lebenden Zelle aufgeklärt werden können.

<p>Time-dependent density functional theory calculations have been carried out to determine the complex first-order hyperpolarizability in the two-photon resonance region of the molecule IDS-Cab. Calculations show that three strongly absorbing states, in the ultraviolet region, are separated to the extent that no significant interference of the imaginary parts of the tensor elements of the first-order hyper-polarizability occurs. Consequently, and in contrast to experimental findings [27], no reduced imaginary parts of the first-order hyperpolarizability in the two-photon resonant region can be seen.</p>

The roles of the vascular architecture and blood flow in response to neurovascular diseases are important in predicting physiological outcomes. Observing these parameters chronically with optical imaging techniques provides insight into the neurovascular recovery process. We develop and deploy optical imaging systems for monitoring the progression of vascular structure, perfusion, and functional blood response after ischemic stroke in a chronic rodent model to observe vascular dynamics of the cortex under normal and diseased pathologies. Specifically, we monitor the progression of the vascular structure and cerebral blood flow (CBF) over a chronic period in the rodent cortex after photo-thrombotic occlusion. Multi-Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) provides surface measurements of microvascular flow dynamics while Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy offers direct visualization of the microvascular structure. We observe the occurrence of vascular reorientation in the sub-surface microvascular structure over a 35 day post-occlusion period. We also correlate MESI flow estimates in the parenchyma with sub-surface microvascular volume fractions from two-photon microscopy to assess how vascular density influences the surface-integrated MESI measurements. Next, we develop and validate a MESI technique for measuring absolute changes of the functional blood flow response to forepaw stimulation in rodents, termed FA MESI. The optimal camera exposures for capturing the CBF response to forepaw stimulation are extracted from a training set of animal data and the feasibility of the technique is demonstrated in a testing animal set by comparing functional response results between new and existing techniques. We then deploy this system in a chronic study monitoring the progression of hemodynamic parameters after ischemic stroke within the functionally responding area of the cortex. The progression of the regional CBF perfusion and absolute changes in the magnitude of the functional blood flow response are monitored chronically after photo-thrombotic occlusion. We compare the differences between absolute and relative measurements of the functional blood flow responses, and validate FA MESI by comparing baseline measurements to 15-exposure MESI over the sampled flow distributions. We demonstrate the differences measured between the functional outcomes and the regional CBF perfusion over a three week post-occlusion time period. / text

A new and general procedure is described for a detailed analysis of time-resolved fluorescence depolarisation data in the presence of electronic energy migration. An isotropic ensemble of bifluorophoric molecules (D1-R-D2) has been studied to demonstrate its utility. Intramolecular donor-donor energy migration occurs between the two donor groups (D), which are covalently connected to a rigid linker group (R). These groups undergo restricted reorientational motions with respect to the R group. The analysis of depolarisation data basically involves the search for best-fit parameters which describe the local reorienting motions, the interfluorophore D1-D2 distance, as well as the mutual orientations of the donors. For this, the analysis is partly performed in the Fourier domain and the best-fit parameters are determined by using an approach based on a Genetic Algorithm. The energy migration process has been described by using Monte Carlo simulations and an extended Förster theory. It is found that this theory provides the least time-consuming computational method. Since one-photon and two-photon excited fluorescence experiments can be applied for energy migration studies, a general and unified theoretical formulation is given. To exemplify the developed quantitative approach the depolarisation of the fluorescence in the presence of electronic energy migration within a bis-(9-anthrylmethylphosphonate) bisteroid molecule has been studied by time-resolved two-photon excited fluorescence depolarisation experiments. To solely obtain information about local reorientations of the 9-anthrylmethyl group, also the mono-(9-anthrylmethylphosphonate) bisteroid was studied, which enabled modelling of the ordering potential of the donor. Values of the two-photon absorption tensor components were obtained. To describe the discrepancy between the measured values of the initial anisotropy and fundamental anisotropy predicted by theory the distribution of absorption tensor caused by fast processes have been introduced. An angular parameter of absorption tensor was determined. Reasonable values of the distance between the 9-anthrylmethyl groups, as well as for their mutual orientation were obtained.

Depuis deux décennies, la modernisation des techniques d’imagerie de fluorescence a permis decomprendre et d’étudier de nombreux processus biologiques. Ce formidable essor a néanmoins étéralenti par les faibles performances des sondes fluorescentes disponibles pour ce type d’imagerie. Cemanque d’objets luminescents a motivé des recherches intenses dans le but d’optimiser les sondesmoléculaires fluorescentes déjà existantes afin de leur permettre d’être plus fluorescentes, mais aussiplus stables. En parallèle à ces optimisations, l’avancée des nanotechnologies à permis de développerde nouveaux outils pour l’imagerie biologique. Du fait de leurs propriétés optiques, de leur excellentephotostabilité, ainsi que la possibilité de fonctionnaliser leur surface, les nanoparticules semiconductrices(QDs) ont connu un succès phénoménal dans les domaines de l’imagerie. Au fur et àmesure de leur utilisation, de nombreuses questions partiellement élucidées sur la toxicité des QDs ontémergé. Dans le but de proposer une alternative aux QDs, de nombreux groupes de recherche onttravaillé sur la préparation de nanoparticules (ONPs) à base de molécules organiques, ce qui a mis finà l’hégémonie des QDs en imagerie biologique. Parmi ces ONPs, les nanoparticules fluorescentes àbase de molécules organiques (FONs) se sont imposées comme des candidats sérieux pour sonder levivant. Dans cette optique, nous développons de nouveaux chromophores qui, par un designmoléculaire adapté, peuvent former des FONs avec des brillances à un et deux photons comparables àcelle des QDs tout en étant biocompatibles. / Since decades, bioimaging technics increased a lot, thus leading to a better understanding of biologicalprocesses. However, the fluorescence imaging was limited due to the low photostability and brightnessof available organic dyes. In order to improve the lack of photostability and brightness of thecommercially available dyes, lots of effort was done by organic chemists. In the mean time with theincoming of nanotechnologies, new tools such as the semi-conductors QDs raised as promisingluminescent probes for bioimaging. Due to their intrinsic properties, QDs are bright and photostablenano-objects, furthermore, the labeling of the surface of the QDs is of interest for targeting (such asthe detection of cancer cells). Despite their popularity, with time, issues about the clearance and thetoxicity of the QDs have been adressed and are still not fully solved. So the development of safer andbiocompatible tools for bioimaging emerged as evidence for scientists. In that context, the use ofnanoparticles made of organic materials gain in interest and particularly the fluorescent organicnanoparticles (FONs). We aimed to propose biocompatible and safer alternative to QDs, so wedeveloped new nanotools, based on the self aggregation of propeller-shaped fluorophores as FONs.Because of the specific design of the chromophores, these FONs have large one and two-photonbrightness combine with good photostability. These features made these FONs promising tools foreither one-photon and two-photon fluorescence imaging in cells and in vivo.

La photolibération d'agents biologiques cagés par des groupements protecteurs photolabiles (PPGs) a récemment attiré un intérêt croissant en thérapie et physiologie. La combinaison de cet outil avec les avantages de l'absorption à deux photons (2PA) dans le proche IR est cependant un défi. Dans ces travaux, nous présentons deux voies différentes vers de nouveaux décageurs efficaces en 2PA.Nous élaborons d’abord une série de systèmes tandem basés sur le FRET, combinant des antennes quadrupolaires 2PA avec des modules PPGs appropriés. La modification des blocs constitutifs de ces composés nous a permis de moduler les paramètres clés tels que les propriétés photophysiques, l'efficacité de FRET et la cinétique de photolibération. Les systèmes synergiques à base de coumarines, dans lesquels la paire donneur-accepteur est la plus adaptée, ont finalement conduit à des valeurs de δu record pour la libération d’acides carboxyliques.La problématique critique de solubilité en milieu biologique a ensuite été étudiée en incorporant des motifs hydrosolubilisants dans nos systèmes coopératifs. De nouveaux outils hydrophiles et amphiphiles, adaptés respectivement à la délivrance de neurotransmetteurs et la thérapie anticancéreuse, ont ainsi été développés à partir de nos systèmes tandem.Enfin, pour mieux comprendre les relations structure-propriétés dans les PPGs de la famille des coumarines, nous avons synthétisé une série de cages DEAC π-étendues portant différents groupements électroattracteurs, et évalué leur efficacité pour la libération de glycine. Cette étude nous a permis de faire un pas vers la rationalisation du rendement quantique de photolibération chez les PPGs de ce type. / Photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) have attracted growing interests in many fields of chemistry and biology. Light-induced release of biological agents, commonly known as “uncaging”, has thus emerged as an interesting process for drug delivery or investigation of biological phenomena. Combining this tool with the intrinsic advantages of two-photon (2P) excitation (2PE) in the NIR is however a challenge. In this work, we use different engineering routes towards new efficient 2P uncagers.First we demonstrate that combining quadrupolar 2P light harvesting antennas with suitable uncaging subunits leads to efficient release of active molecules upon 2PE. In these FRET-based systems, gradual adjustments of the constitutive building blocks allowed us to tune key parameters such as photophysical properties, FRET efficiency, and kinetics of photorelease. In particular, coumarin-based tandem systems, in which absorption and emission of the donor-acceptor pair best match, eventually led to record δu values for uncaging of carboxylic acids.We then assessed the critical water-solubility issue by introducing hydrophilic units onto our cooperative PPGs. New hydrophilic and amphiphilic systems, suited for controlled release of neurotransmitters or anti-cancer agents, were designed from our multi-chromophoric systems.Finally, in our effort towards better understanding of the structure-properties relationships in coumarin PPGs, we synthesized a small library of π-extended DEAC cages bearing strong electron-withdrawing moieties, and assessed their efficacy for 2P uncaging of glycine. With this study, a step was made towards rationalization of the uncaging quantum yield in coumarin cages.

As propriedades ópticas não lineares refrativas e absortivas de ferrofluidos, formados por nanopartículas de magnetita dispersas em óleo ou em água, e de filmes finos feitos a partir dos ferrofluidos são estudadas através da técnica experimental de varredura-z. Um feixe laser Gaussiano pulsado, com cerca de 200 femtosegundos de largura de pulsos e comprimento de onda de 800 nm, é utilizado para a medida do índice de refração não linear n2 e do coeficiente de absorção de dois fótons . Apresentamos toda a caracterização do feixe necessária para tais medidas, assim como as caracterizações ópticas e estruturais das amostras. Em particular, os diâmetros das nanopartículas são obtidos pelas técnicas de difratometria de raios X, espalhamentos de raios X a baixos ângulos e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os efeitos ópticos não lineares provenientes do aquecimento da amostra pelo laser são evitados com o emprego, em conjunto, de um obturador eletromecânico e de um modulador eletro-óptico. n2 e são medidos em função do diâmetro médio das nanopartículas, e como resultado diminui com a diminuição do diâmetro médio das nanopartículas. Além disso, a comparação de para amostras de diferentes concentrações permite a obtenção da seção de choque de absorção de dois fótons 2PA da magnetita. As absorções e refrações não lineares também são estudadas em função da aplicação de um campo magnético externo sobre os filmes finos e ferrofluidos. Para esses últimos, os valores de aumentam com a aplicação de campo magnético na mesma direção da polarização da luz, e diminuem com a aplicação de campo perpendicular à polarização. Os possíveis motivos de tal comportamento são discutidos e a determinação de elementos do tensor susceptibilidade óptica de terceira ordem são obtidos a partir desses resultados. / The refractive and absorptive nonlinear optical properties of ferrofluids, made with magnetite nanoparticles in water or oil, and of thin films made from the ferrofluids, are investigated by z-scan technique. A Gaussian pulsed laser beam, with pulse width of ~ 200 femtoseconds and wavelength of 800 nm is used in the nonlinear refractive index n2 and two-photon absorption coefficient measurements. The beam characterization is detailed, as well as the samples optical and structural characterization. The nanoparticles mean diameters, especially, are achieved by X-ray diffractometry, small angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. An electro-optical modulator and an electromechanical shutter are applied in the setup to avoid the thermal nonlinear optical effects, that could be present due to the sample heating by the beam. n2 and are measured as a function of the mean nanoparticles diameters, and as a result, values decrease when the diameters decrease. Besides, the values comparison for samples with different concentrations allows the determination of the magnetite two-photon absorption cross section 2PA. The nonlinear absorption and refraction are also studied as a function of an external magnetic field applied in the thin films and ferrofluids. For the last, values increase with the field when its direction is parallel to the light polarization, and decrease with field when its direction is perpendicular to the polarization. The possible reasons are discussed, and some elements of the third-order optical susceptibility are obtained from these results.

Nos últimos anos, a busca por materiais com altas não linearidades ópticas tem crescido rapidamente devido as suas potencias aplicações em diversas áreas das ciências, que vão de biologia até fotônica. O processo de absorção de dois fótons, por exemplo, têm sido usado em limitação óptica, micro-fabricação tridimensional, armazenamento óptico e microscopia por fluorescência. Neste trabalho, investigamos o processo de absorção de dois fótons em moléculas orgânicas e organometálicas, buscando colaborar com os esforços que vêm sendo feitos para aprofundar a compreensão dos aspectos envolvidos na absorção não linear. Os espectros de absorção de dois fótons de derivados de perilenos tetracarboxílicos, derivados de fenil-bifenilamina e complexos acetilados de platina foram determinados através da técnica de Varredura Z com pulsos ultracurtos. Para os derivados de perilenos, utilizando a técnica de Varredura Z com luz branca, observamos sutis estruturas no espectro não linear, as quais estão relacionadas a estados permitidos por dois fótons na região do ultra-violeta. A existência de tais estados foi confirmada através de cálculos usando teoria do funcional da densidade. O espectro de absorção de dois fótons para os complexos acetilados de platina apresentam bandas em torno de 600 nm, com seções de choque relativamente altas, da ordem de 640 GM. A ampla janela de transparência desses compostos na região do visível os torna interessantes candidatos para dispositivos de limitação óptica assistida por dois fótons. Por fim, as amostras da família fenil-bifenilamina mostraram uma combinação entre os efeitos não lineares do grupo fenil-bifenilamina e do grupo azoaromático, a qual pode ser explorada em dispositivos de armazenamento óptico tri-dimensional. / In the last few years, the design and characterization of novel materials exhibiting high optical nonlinearities is the subject of a fast-growing interest because of their potential application in various fields, from biology to photonics. Two-photon absorption processes, for example, have been used for optical limiting, three-dimensional microfabrication, optical data storage and fluorescence imaging. In this work we investigate the two-photon absorption in organic and organometallic molecules, aiming at the understanding of aspects related to the nonlinear absorption. The two-photon absorption spectra of perylene derivatives, phenyl-diphenylamine derivatives and Platinum Acetylide Complexes were measured using the Z-scan technique with ultrashort pulses. For perylene derivatives, using the white-light continuum Z-scan, we were able to observe subtle structures in nonlinear spectra, which are related to two-photon allowed states in the UV region. Such transitions were confirmed using density functional theory. The two-photon absorption spectrum of Pt-acetylene complexes revealed bands around 600 nm, with relatively high two-photon absorption cross-section in the order of 1000 GM. The broad transparence windows exhibited by these compounds in the visible make them promising candidates for optical limiting devices assisted by two-photon absorption. Finally, the phenyl-biphenylamine samples exhibited a combination between effects from the phenyl-biphenylamine group and the azoaromatic groups, which can be explored in tri-dimensional optical storage devices.