Esta tese propõe uma interpretação sobre a relevância da segregação residencial como dimensão estruturante das relações raciais no Brasil, a partir da análise de dados da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Comparações com situações de segregação racial típicas de cidades norte-americanas, aliadas a narrativas de dissimulação das manifestações do racismo no Brasil, têm alimentado discursos que desprezam a importância da segregação para as relações raciais, argumentando que em nossas cidades ocorre segregação apenas por classe social. Esta pesquisa posiciona-se contrariamente a tais discursos e apresenta evidências da segregação residencial por raça nos diferentes estratos sociais. Por um lado, através de abordagens quantitativas mais tradicionais que partem dos diferenciais de localização das residências de grupos sociais, constatamos pequenos níveis de segregação racial em camadas sociais mais baixas que se tornam significativos nas camadas médias e altas. Os brancos de classes médias e superiores residem nas áreas mais privilegiadas da metrópole, estando muito isolados e distantes de todos os outros grupos, até mesmo de negros de classe média e alta. Trata-se, portanto, de segregação residencial por raça e classe. Por outro lado, a partir de uma crítica das formas como a própria noção de segregação residencial tem sido mobilizada pela sociologia, propomos uma abordagem mais aprofundada que revele em que medida a separação das moradias se associa a diferenciais de integração social e acesso à cidade. Para tanto, empreendemos uma estratégia empírica baseada no mapeamento de trajetos e locais frequentados pelos indivíduos no espaço da cidade e na espacialização de suas redes pessoais de relações. As informações foram coletadas através de pesquisa qualitativa na qual entrevistamos 28 indivíduos de classe média negros e brancos, mulheres e homens em três diferentes áreas da cidade de São Paulo: São Miguel Paulista, Tatuapé e Itaim Bibi. Demostramos a importância do local de residência na medida em que a maior parte dos relacionamentos pessoais e dos locais frequentados localizam-se no entorno do distrito no qual residem os entrevistados. Ou seja, na medida em que negros e brancos estão residencialmente segregados, são segregadas também suas redes pessoais e locais frequentados. Além disso, nossos resultados apontam que brancos, independentemente do local de residência, possuem redes pessoais compostas preponderantemente por outros brancos e frequentam mais as áreas nobres da metrópole. Nossos achados realçam o papel do espaço urbano em processos de fechamento social que reforçam barreiras à integração de negros nas classes médias. Ademais, argumentamos que as classes médias se organizam como grupos de status cujas fronteiras são fortemente baseadas, não apenas em características raciais, mas também no espaço urbano (habitado e frequentado). / This thesis proposes an interpretation on the relevance of residential segregation as a structuring dimension of race relations in Brazil, based on the data from the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Comparisons with cases of racial segregation typical of North American cities, coupled with narratives that disguise manifestations of racism in Brazil, have fueled discourses that despise the importance of segregation for race relations, arguing that in our cities segregation occurs only by social class. This research opposes such discourses and presents evidence of residential segregation by race in the different social strata. On the one hand, through more traditional quantitative approaches based on the differentials of location of residences, we find small levels of racial segregation in lower social strata that become significant in the middle and upper classes. The white middle and upper classes reside in the most privileged areas of the metropolis, being very isolated and distant from all other groups, even from middle and upper-class blacks. This is, therefore, residential segregation by race and class. On the other hand, from a critique of the ways in which the very notion of residential segregation has been mobilized by sociology, we propose a more in-depth approach that reveals the extent to which the separation of housing is associated with differentials of social integration and access to the city. Therefore, we undertook an empirical strategy based on mapping of paths and places frequented by individuals in the city space and on the spatial distribution of their personal networks of relationships. The information was collected through qualitative research in which we interviewed 28 middle class individuals blacks and whites, women and men in three different areas of the city of São Paulo: São Miguel Paulista, Tatuapé and Itaim Bibi. We demonstrate the importance of place of residence to the extent that most of the personal relationships and the places attended are located around the district in which the respondents reside. That is, to the extent that blacks and whites are residentially segregated, their personal networks and urban paths are also segregated. In addition, our results indicate that whites, regardless of their place of residence, have personal networks that are predominantly composed of other whites and frequent more the elite areas of the metropolis. Our findings highlight the role of urban space in social closure processes that reinforce barriers to the integration of blacks in the middle classes. Furthermore, we argue that the middle classes are organized as status groups whose boundaries are strongly based not only on racial characteristics, but also in urban space (inhabited and frequented).

Architektur und Städtebau des Sozialismus haben nach der politischen Wende der Jahre 1989-1991 einen erheblichen Wertungswandel erfahren. Insbesondere die in industrieller Bauweise errichteten Quartiere des komplexen Wohnungsbaus, die einstmals privilegierte Wohngegenden waren, haben heute oftmals den Ruf von „Ghettos“. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte einen Beitrag dazu leisten, dieses Bild zu korrigieren und das öffentliche Image von Plattenbausiedlungen zu verbessern. Dazu wurde anhand des ostdeutschen Plattenbaugebietes Strausberg-Hegermühle untersucht, welche Faktoren die positive Identifikation der Bewohner mit ihrem Viertel begünstigen. Ziel der Arbeit ist, damit Anregungen für die Praxis lokal engagierter Bürger, Kommunalpolitiker, Wohnungsgesellschaften und Verwaltungen zu geben. Das Wohngebiet „Hegermühle“ in der brandenburgischen Mittelstadt Strausberg wurde in den 1980er Jahren gebaut. Die Bevölkerung Hegermühles war bis 1990 stark durch Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Nationale Verteidigung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik geprägt. Die Wohnungen im Viertel waren wegen ihres hohen technischen Standards begehrt. Nach dem Ende der DDR erfuhr das Viertel einen starken Wandel seiner Sozialstruktur und bekam ein Image, das zwischen den Polen „graue Schlafstadt“ und „sozialer Brennpunkt“ angesiedelt ist. In diesem Wohngebiet wurde im zweiten Halbjahr 2009 eine qualitative Untersuchung durchgeführt. Neben mehreren in Bild- und Textform dokumentierten Feldexplorationen wurde eine Reihe von Interviews mit Personen geführt, die aktuell in Hegermühle wohnen oder früher dort wohnten. Die Auswahl der Interviewpartner erfolgte nach der Methode des Theoretical Sampling (Glaser/Strauss), wobei eine möglichst große Differenzierung des Samples nach Alter, Herkunft, Geschlecht und Beruf angestrebt wurde. Die Interviews wurden nach der Methode des Problemzentrierten Interviews (Witzel) geführt und auf Grundlage des Konzepts der Grounded Theory (Glaser/Strauss) ausgewertet. Für die Arbeit wurden acht Interviews ausgewählt, in denen die Interviewten Auskunft geben über die folgenden Themen: die Umstände ihres Zuzugs nach Hegermühle, die Entwicklung des Wohngebiets seitdem, das Image Hegermühles, ihr eigenes Verhältnis zum Viertel und die Perspektiven des Wohngebiets. Als Ergebnis der Arbeit lässt sich festhalten, dass die positive Identifikation mit dem Wohngebiet am stärksten durch die problematische Sozialstruktur behindert wird, die in hohem Maße von Arbeitslosigkeit und sozialen Desintegrationserscheinungen geprägt ist. Davon abgesehen überwiegen pragmatische Kriterien bei der Bewertung des Wohngebiets. Die gute infrastrukturelle Ausstattung Hegermühles mit Einkaufs-, Betreuungs- und Erholungsmöglichkeiten wurde von allen Befragten positiv hervorgehoben. Diese Faktoren sind jedoch genau so auch in anderen Orten zu finden und damit nicht geeignet, eine Identifikation mit einem spezifischen Ort zu befördern. Von den Befragten wurde daher auch mehrfach auf das Fehlen von Merkmalen hingewiesen, die Hegermühle auszeichnen und es von anderen Vierteln abheben. Dagegen war die Lokalidentität bei den Interviewpartnern am stärksten, die den Aufbau Hegermühles in den 1980er Jahren persönlich miterlebt haben. Die Arbeit schließt darum mit Überlegungen, wie diese Erfahrung einer Ortsgeschichte, die Bedeutung für die eigene Biografie hat, anderen Einwohnern vermittelt werden kann. Zwei mögliche Konzepte werden vorgeschlagen: a) die Erforschung und Vermittlung der Wohngebietsgeschichte, sowie b) die Schaffung und Pflege räumlicher Identifikationspunkte, die die lokale Geschichte, Landschaft und andere Besonderheiten des Viertels im Alltag erfahrbar machen. Beispielsweise können Kunstwerke im öffentlichen Raum oder Gedenktafeln als Anknüpfungspunkte einer ortsbezogenen Identität dienen und ein Gefühl persönlicher Verbundenheit mit dem Wohnort bestärken. Damit könnte unabhängig von pragmatischen Faktoren eine Bindung an den Ort begünstigt und die Bereitschaft der Einwohner erhöht werden, sich für die Verbesserung der Verhältnisse im Wohngebiet einzusetzen. / The judgment on socialism’s architecture and urban design has undergone a large change since the political turn of the years 1989-1991. This is especially true for the industrially built housing estates of the complex housing program, which were once privileged residential areas, but which now have a reputation as “ghettos”. This paper is meant to contribute to the correction of this perception and to the improvement of the public image of “Plattenbau” housing estates. In order to achieve this, research was done in the East German housing estate Strausberg-Hegermühle to find factors which promote positive identification of residents with their neighbourhood. The paper aims at giving suggestions for the work of locally committed citizens, community politicians, residential housing companies and local administrations. The housing estate “Hegermühle” in the medium-sized Brandenburg town Strausberg was built in the 1980s. Until 1990, Hegermühle’s population was dominated by employees of the German Democratic Republic’s Ministry of National Defence. Apartments in the neighbourhood were sought after because of their high technical standard. After the GDR’s demise, the neighbourhood’s social structure changed profoundly. Today, its public image is located between the extremes “boring dormitory town” and “deprived area”. In the second half of 2009, a qualitative enquiry was conducted in this housing estate. Apart from field explorations, which were documented in text and image, a number of interviews was conducted with persons who were living or had formerly been living in Hegermühle. Interviewees were selected according to the method of theoretical sampling (Glaser/Strauss) with the goal of achieving a high differentiation of the sample in terms of age, descent, gender and profession. The interviews were conducted according to Witzel’s method of problem-centered interviews, and they were interpreted on the basis of Glaser’s & Strauss’ grounded theory concept. For this paper, eight interviews were selected, in which the interviewees speak about the following topics: the circumstances of their moving to Hegermühle, the neighbourhood’s development since then, the public image of Hegermühle, their own relationship with the neighbourhood and the housing estate’s future perspective. The results of the conducted research show that the largest obstacle for positive identification with the housing estate is its problematic social structure, which is highly dominated by unemployment and social disintegration. Apart from that, the housing estate is mostly judged by pragmatic criteria. The good infrastructure of Hegermühle, which includes facilities for shopping, child care and recreation, was emphasized by all interviewees. These factors though can be found in the same form in other places. Thus they are not able to serve as a base for identification with any specific place. That is why it was remarked by the interviewees that Hegermühle lacked distinguishing features which separate it from other neighbourhoods. In contrast, those interviewees who had personally witnessed the creation of Hegermühle in the 1980s showed the highest level of local identity. Because of this, the paper ends with reflections on how this experience of a local history of significance to one’s own biography can be shared by other residents. Two possible concepts are proposed: a) exploration and presentation of the housing estate’s history, and b) creation and preservation of spatial points of identification, which make the local history, landscape and other distinguishing features of the neighbourhood perceivable in everyday life. Public works of art or commemorative plaques for example could serve as links for a local identity and could strengthen a feeling of personal connection with the place of living. This could promote a local connection independent from pragmatic factors and increase the residents’ willingness to get involved in the improvement of their housing estate.

The thesis investigates the early phases of apartment block development in Istanbul, which took place in the second half of the 19th century. Apartment block development represents a unique process in Istanbul. It not only reflects the &ldquo / west-oriented&rdquo / side of the Ottoman Empire but also sheds light on the transformation of urban fabric from pre-modern to modern. The emergence of apartment blocks in Istanbul, hence, does not simply imply the adoption of a &ldquo / western&rdquo / and &ldquo / modern&rdquo / life, but also reflect a spatial transformation. To clarify this unique process, the thesis studies the social and spatial aspects of apartment block development from 1889 to 1922. The study uses the Annuaire Orientals related to the years of 1889, 1893, 1896, 1910 and 1922. Through the use of the Annuaire data, it investigates on the &lsquo / social profile&rsquo / of the early apartment residents and &lsquo / spatial setting&rsquo / of apartment blocks. Doing this, the study aims to shed light on the socio-spatial differentiation behind the apartment block development.

For several decades, Turkey has witnessed increasing investments in housing. There is evidence that some households benefited from this increase. The transfer of housing assets today is also an extensive social and economic phenomenon different from the traditional processes. There are several issues related to this process the most significant being the universal concern for its contribution to wealth polarization. Supply impacts in the markets are other aspect of the same process. Since greater accumulation of housing wealth has pooled in the hands of household heads aging 50 and more, the process of housing wealth transfers will gain significance soon. No extensive study of this process has yet been made. After reviewing the factors affecting the process of wealth transfers and elaborating the institutional background of inheritance, the intergenerational property transfers in Turkey are examined with the 1994 Households Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey, The Population Census and The Death Statistics of Turkey. It is possible to develop a model to investigate the number of potential benefactors and beneficiaries and, the prospective property transferred in one year as a result of inheritance. Then, the amount of transfer taxes by Ministry of Finance could be compared with taxes realized for the same year, as one method of exploring problems of process of housing inheritance in Turkey. The results depict that in one year 30 477 individual property owners die and approximately 102 000 individuals benefit. It is concluded that property wealth is in general transferred to those who are already homeowners. It is observed that the amount to be taken by the Treasury as inheritance tax should be 13 times greater than the actual amount transferred. And finally, it is concluded that taxation system should not be the only solution for the problems in inheritance processes, but Reverse Mortgage may be a solution for transmission of wealth inequalities and for the efficient use of inherited property. It is also mentioned that inherited properties may be pilot areas for new rehabilitation projects for declining neighborhoods.

As many American metropolitan areas spread outward, urban sociologists are interested in the effects of sprawl and in efforts to limit suburban expansion. To rein in urban sprawl, land use measures known as “smart growth initiatives” are gaining popularity. Urban growth boundaries are the particular type of initiative examined in this research. An urban growth boundary delineates where development is encouraged and where it is discouraged or prohibited. My first research question is whether urban growth boundaries contribute to the exclusion of racial minorities. I also explore whether urban growth boundaries affect residential segregation. I study 86 places throughout the U.S.: 43 matched pairs of places (with each pair comprised of a place with an urban growth boundary and a place without a boundary but otherwise similar to its partner). I also consider Atlanta, with no constraints on growth, and Portland, Oregon, a smart growth leader. Census data and residential segregation indexes from 1990 and 2000 for whites, blacks, and Hispanics are analyzed. The analysis consists of comparing change in the number of blacks and Hispanics due to in-migration and population growth in places with and without urban growth boundaries, and examining levels of segregation in them. I find that urban growth boundaries do not reduce blacks’ or Hispanics’ in-migration or population size. Also, the preponderance of the results supports the view that urban growth boundaries are not a cause of racial residential segregation.

The aim of this study is to discuss white collar industrial employee&rsquo / s alienation to urban life in Kocaeli. In this context, Lived Space of white collar industrial employees in a selected factory in the city is examined in terms of employees&rsquo / use and perception of the urban space. To this end, several expert interviews (local media representative, head of chamber of industry and head of the department of human resources of the selected factory) and subject group interviews were carried out and analyzed in combination with an application of a questionnaire conducted with 62 employees. At the micro level, the study shows that white collar industrial employees only feel limited &ldquo / urban attachment&rdquo / and perceive Kocaeli as a place they have put up with in order to gain a living. At the macro level, it is suggested that a spatial regime in which Kocaeli is the industrial periphery of the Istanbul Metropolitan Region is an important determinant of the assumed alienation of the subject group. In this context, the results attained from the field study show that although the white collar industrial employees use the urban space partially in their daily activities and establish some community relations, they are still alienated to the city in terms of their perception of the urban space and stuck in the centrifugal structure between the metropolitan centre and the industrial periphery.

ANKARA, 1923-1950: THE SOCIO-SPATIAL MANIFESTATION OF REPUBLICAN WILL Tak, Ahmet Ph. D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yusuf Ziya &Ouml / zcan February 2007, 248 pages The social, cultural, aesthetic, and spatial aspects of the urban transformation in its specific relationship with a certain ideology is examined in the study. Ankara, as the capital city of a new state, is regarded as a materialized reflection of the modernization program of the Kemalist ideology which defined the main foundations of the Republic and shaped its formation. The formation process of Ankara is tried to be understood in a historical deepness. Therefore, in order to comprehend the nature of the social transformation, in a historical context, Istanbul is taken into consideration as a model for the traditional Ottoman city because it had represented the Ottoman urban ideals with its social, cultural and aesthetic aspects. From the Ottoman period to the Republican, the structural transformation of the cities is tried to be studied with referring to a notion of crisis which has covered the cultural area. Ankara had been the most important place where the endeavors of the Republican elite to build a nation and to create a national culture and identity had became manifest explicitly and in the most pure form. Therefore, the creation process of Ankara presents us an important exemple to understand social and cultural dimensions of the Turkish modernization in the Republican period. In the context of Ankara, the process of establishing a modern and national high culture and identity in the tensions between modernity and traditionalism and its consequences are examined in the study.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the class and consciousness formation in a local setting by also developing and applying a theoretical framework which allow us to study the interaction of locus of class consciousness with the other loci of consciousness formation such as the community and the state. Such an approach is also grounded in the belief that a relational understanding of these processes requires us to take spatial dynamics such as local dependency, spatial fix and fixity and mobility into account. By critically drawing upon historico-geographical materialist approach(es), the thesis attempts at resolving the tensions between &lsquo / locality-wider society&rsquo / and &lsquo / structure-consciousness&rsquo / . By integrating them into a holistic and operational conceptual framework, it investigates the highly complex patterning of relations within urban structured coherences, and their effects upon the class and consciousness formation processes. It is shown that interpenetration of these fields of tension through urban processes is crucial in shaping a backbone for the concrete struggles fought by working class against capital in and of the urban regions. These issues are discussed with reference to two working class neighborhoods in Bursa. The first community, Emek, is an unplanned, illegally built settlement, hosting mostly migrant, and lower-wage earning industrial workers, and the second one, Akpinar, is a planned settlement, composed of low-cost housing cooperatives, symbolizing a higher living standard environment for well-paid, socially secure workers, mostly local in origin. The field research focuses on the relations between &lsquo / the labor market, housing market and local dependency&rsquo / and &lsquo / the strategies between mobility-fixity adopted both on part of capital and labor&rsquo / . The specific character of these strategies also tell us how the patterning of the relations between class, community and state loci of consciousness formation and the formation of local coherences mutually shape one another. It is often assumed in this context that formation of class-based consciousness is hindered by other loci of consciousness such as the community-based one. This study shows that community-based consciousness is itself largely absent in the communities in hand and when community-base is deployed by the local workers it is often strategically employed to get personal benefits. In this sense, the study concludes that the lack of community-based consciousness does not device more effective strategies of formation of class-based consciousness but perhaps another adverse factor in developing class-based consciousness in an environment heavily dominated by individualized form of consciousness.

This study aims to understand the glocal character of shopping malls and consumption patterns in the specific case of Ankara. The shopping mall has been a manifestation of globalization in the changing urban space as well as culture in Ankara since the 1990s. It has marked a significant shift from local dispositions of consumption and retailing, too. The study explores how this shift occurs in Ankara with regard to four aspects: spatial reorganization of urban space via malls / changing consumption patterns and urban public culture / the rise of organized retailing / and, finally, the interplay between the global and the local in commodification processes. The data was collected from semi-structured interviews with twenty-eight salespeople in four malls, namely Begendik, Arcadium, Ankamall and Optimum. These four cases each display a distinct blend of global currents and local orientations. It was realized that malls are increasingly popular for they signify a much-needed urban space and public life for the socially and culturally differentiating people in the city. Orientations of mall visitors vary regarding age, gender, neighborhood and occupational differences, while urban or rural identities can be also effective in the social practices in different malls. The ways shop employees differentiate themselves change according to their perception of consumers in a certain mall, too.

Rural migration process resulted in both spatial and social problems in large Turkish cities. Squatter housing transformation constitutes the spatial dimension of the problem. On the other hand, rural migration has led to social problems such as non-integration, social exclusion and urban poverty of the migrant groups. This dissertation which believes the necessity of searching rural migration as a socio-spatial process attempts to explore the relationship between squatter housing transformation and social integration of rural migrants into the urban life. Within this framework, this study attempts to answer three major research questions: (1) What are the rural migrants&amp / #8217 / perceived attributes of urban integration? (2) Which attributes significantly explain urban integration of rural migrants? (3) Does the urban integration of rural migrants differentiate according to where they live &amp / #8211 / squatter housing neighborhoods, transformed squatter housing neighborhoods via improvement plans, and transformed squatter housing neighborhoods via urban transformation project model&amp / #8211 / ? I design this exploratory study as a case study since a case study method is an appropriate methodology for holistic and in-depth investigations. I conduct the case study of this thesis in Dikmen that includes different rural migrant settlements. I conduct in-depth interviews with rural migrants to collect the data, and apply multivariate analysis techniques to answer the research questions of this study. Thesis findings provide that urban integration is a multi-dimensional phenomenon / and multiple relationships exist between dimensions of urban integration, between dimensions and evaluations of urban integration, and urban integration and squatter housing transformation.