In times of war, help and support is provided by NGO:s, and this essay investigates the NGO:s strategies for seeking support in times of war and crisis. Previous research has shown that refugees are portrayed differently in the media depending on their background. It is necessary for NGO:s to write about the affected people, in order to inform about their work carried out on-site to spread knowledge, create credibility and receive support through funding. A complex marketing which alludes to the people in need. Therefore, this analysis looks at how NGOs present themselves and the war situations with the intention of convincing their audience to donate money. With a qualitative rhetorical analysis combined with semiotic tools, the paper analyzes two pages, one about the Syrian war and one about the Ukrainian war found on two of Sweden’s biggest NGO:s, the Red Cross and Doctor Without Borders websites. The analysis shows how refugees from the Ukrainian war were presented as individual beings and personalized, compared to the Syrian war in which refugees were presented in groups with no personal traits. Doctor Without Borders also focused more on their medical action rather than on the actual war.

The thesis research is devoted to activities of the Ukrainian Husbandry Academy, which existed in Podiebrady during 1922-1935 and developed into the first Ukrainian Polytechnic, where youth from the different Ukrainian territories, belonging to Poland, Hungary, Romania, USSR could get free education. This academy became "an island of Ukrainian culture" in a foreign land. The paper reviews the formation of this unique high school and its periodization, as well as its successor - the Ukrainian Technical Husbandry Institute of correspondence education (1932-1945), which appeared in exile due to the financial support of Czechoslovak government and donations of Ukrainians around the world. The last chapter is devoted to UHA broad publishing activities and attemp to list its educational works, which have been found in the several Czech archives as the parts of raw archival funds. Some aspects of the thesis concern the little-studied UHA contribution to the formation of economic, polytechnic and agricultural terminology in the modern Ukrainian language, as well as its librarianship together with the information about the location of UHA library in the Czech Republic.

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<p>This book examines and analyses the Union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden signed in 1655 at Kėdainiai and the political crisis that followed. The union was a result of strong separatist dreams among the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Protestant elite led by the Radziwiłł family, and if implemented it would radically change the balance of power in the Baltic Sea region. The main legal point of the Union was the breach of Lithuanian federation with Poland and the establishment of a federation with Sweden. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania aspired to return to international relations as a self-governing subject. The Union meant a new Scandinavian alternative to Polish and Russian domination. The author places the events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the general crisis that occurred in Europe in the middle of the 17th century characterized by a great number of wars, rebellions and civil wars from Portugal to Ukraine, and which builds the background to the crisis for Lithuania and Sweden. The research proved the importance of lesser powers in changing the geopolitical balance between the Great Powers. The conflict over Lithuania and Belarus was the main reason for the Swedish-Russian, Polish-Russian and Ukrainian-Russian wars. The failure of the Union with Sweden was caused by both internal and external factors. Internally, various ethnic, confessional and political groups within the nobility of Lithuania were split in favour of different foreign powers – from Muscovy to Transylvania. The external cause for the failure of the Union project was the failure of Swedish strategy. Sweden concentrated its activity to Poland, not to Lithuania. After the Union, Swedish authorities treated the Grand Duchy as an invaded country, not an equal. The Swedish administration introduced heavy taxation and was unable to control the brutality of the army. As a result Sweden was defeated in both Lithuania and Poland. Among the different economic, political and religious explanations of the general crisis, the case of Lithuania shows the importance of the political conflicts. For the separatists of Lithuania the main motive to turn against Poland and to promote alliance with Sweden, Russia or the Cossacks was the inability of Poland to shield the Grand Duchy from a Russian invasion.The Lithuanian case was a provincial rebellion led by the native nobility against their monarch, based on tradition of the previous independence and statehood period. It was not nationalism in its modern meaning, but instead a crisis of identity in the form of a conflict between Patria and Central Power. However, the cost of being a part of Sweden or Muscovy was greater than the benefit of political protection. Therefore, the pro-Polish orientation prevailed when Poland after 1658 recovered its military ability the local nobility regrouped around Warsaw. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to remain on the political map of Europe, but at the price of general religious Catholization and cultural Polonization. After the crisis, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually changed into a deep province of the Polish state.</p>

This diploma work is devoted to the personality of contemporary Ukrainian writer Mariya Matios. Particular attention is focused on the analysis of her trilogy including Солодка Даруся, Нація and Майже ніколи не навпаки. The aim of this thesis is to explore ideological and thematic conception of novels and mechanisms used for their mediation. The introductory chapter presents a detailed analysis of the current literary process, issues of gender discourse in Ukrainian literature and characteristics of other discourses which the writer's works belong to. Based on this analysis the personality of Mariya Matios is included in the context of the current literature. The main part analyses specific topics of the trilogy and defines the specifics of author's attitude. The biggest attention is paid to the author's peculiarity in processing of historical issues, depiction of female characters and analysis of particular concepts (village people and sin) dominating in the trilogy. At the end her exceptionality and contribution to contemporary literature is evaluated.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Ines Skavronski.pdf: 7035423 bytes, checksum: 82a34065ee06277acde324a2665e208e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-02 / This research reveals the tensions and conflicts over the maintenance of ethnic identity from the transformations of the blessing rituals, social and religion practices taking as a starting point the Ukrainian descendants in the town of Prudentópolis. Such sacred rituals, which take place throughout the liturgical calendar of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church of Byzantine ritual, are practices strongly loaded with symbols and meanings. Gestures, symbols, songs of praise, celebrations and rituals of blessing water, houses, candles, boughs, food, the deceased, fruit, flowers, plantations and harvests, that take place on days which the Ukrainians consider hallowed, are part of a set of conceptions inherited by the Ukrainian descendants, and re-meant in the areas they occupied during the process of immigration. The rite presents a religious dimension because it assumes a symbolic and transcendental character, and also reaffirms the ethnic identity of its participants because it is an action, a communicative moment constitutive of a vision of the world that sustains a set of relations among individuals. In this context, both, the identity construction and the construction of difference, are defined by the social relations based on speeches and language, always immersed in relations of power. Thereby, from a conception of identity understood as tension between the “self” and the “other”, between local and global, between speech and practice, between being and not being, the present work analyses, from oral history, the reformulation and the reaffirmation of the Ukrainian ethnic identity tightened by the translations of the liturgy and the blessing rituals from the Ukrainian language into the Portuguese language between the years 1990 and 2014. / Esta pesquisa revela as tensões e os conflitos em torno da manutenção da identidade étnica a partir das transformações dos rituais de bênçãos, práticas religiosas e sociais dos descendentes de ucranianos do Município de Prudentópolis. Esses rituais sagrados, que ocorrem durante o calendário litúrgico da Igreja Greco Católica Ucraniana de Rito Bizantino são práticas fortemente carregadas de simbologia e significados. Gestos, símbolos, cantos, celebrações e rituais de bênçãos da água, da casa, das velas, dos ramos, dos alimentos, dos falecidos, dos frutos, das flores, das lavouras e das colheitas, que ocorrem em dias por eles considerados santificados, fazem parte de um conjunto de concepções herdadas pelos descendentes de ucranianos e ressignificadas nas áreas que ocuparam durante o processo de imigração. O rito apresenta uma dimensão religiosa por assumir um caráter simbólico e transcendental e também reafirma a identidade étnica de seus participantes por ser uma ação, um momento comunicativo e constitutivo de uma visão do mundo que sustenta um conjunto de relações entre indivíduos. Nesse contexto, tanto a construção identitária quanto a construção da diferença são definidas pelas relações sociais baseadas nos discursos e na linguagem sempre imersas em relações de poder. Assim, a partir de uma concepção de identidade compreendida como tensão entre o “eu” e o “outro”, entre o local e o global, entre o discurso e a prática, entre o tradicional e o moderno, entre o ser e o não ser, o presente trabalho analisa, a partir da história oral, a reformulação e a reafirmação da identidade étnica ucraniana tensionada pelas traduções da liturgia e dos rituais de bênçãos do idioma ucraniano para a língua portuguesa entre os anos de 1990 a 2014.

<p>This book examines and analyses the Union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden signed in 1655 at Kėdainiai and the political crisis that followed. The union was a result of strong separatist dreams among the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Protestant elite led by the Radziwiłł family, and if implemented it would radically change the balance of power in the Baltic Sea region. The main legal point of the Union was the breach of Lithuanian federation with Poland and the establishment of a federation with Sweden. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania aspired to return to international relations as a self-governing subject. The Union meant a new Scandinavian alternative to Polish and Russian domination. The author places the events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the general crisis that occurred in Europe in the middle of the 17th century characterized by a great number of wars, rebellions and civil wars from Portugal to Ukraine, and which builds the background to the crisis for Lithuania and Sweden. The research proved the importance of lesser powers in changing the geopolitical balance between the Great Powers. The conflict over Lithuania and Belarus was the main reason for the Swedish-Russian, Polish-Russian and Ukrainian-Russian wars. The failure of the Union with Sweden was caused by both internal and external factors. Internally, various ethnic, confessional and political groups within the nobility of Lithuania were split in favour of different foreign powers – from Muscovy to Transylvania. The external cause for the failure of the Union project was the failure of Swedish strategy. Sweden concentrated its activity to Poland, not to Lithuania. After the Union, Swedish authorities treated the Grand Duchy as an invaded country, not an equal. The Swedish administration introduced heavy taxation and was unable to control the brutality of the army. As a result Sweden was defeated in both Lithuania and Poland. Among the different economic, political and religious explanations of the general crisis, the case of Lithuania shows the importance of the political conflicts. For the separatists of Lithuania the main motive to turn against Poland and to promote alliance with Sweden, Russia or the Cossacks was the inability of Poland to shield the Grand Duchy from a Russian invasion.The Lithuanian case was a provincial rebellion led by the native nobility against their monarch, based on tradition of the previous independence and statehood period. It was not nationalism in its modern meaning, but instead a crisis of identity in the form of a conflict between Patria and Central Power. However, the cost of being a part of Sweden or Muscovy was greater than the benefit of political protection. Therefore, the pro-Polish orientation prevailed when Poland after 1658 recovered its military ability the local nobility regrouped around Warsaw. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to remain on the political map of Europe, but at the price of general religious Catholization and cultural Polonization. After the crisis, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually changed into a deep province of the Polish state.</p>

This book examines and analyses the Union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden signed in 1655 at Kėdainiai and the political crisis that followed. The union was a result of strong separatist dreams among the Lithuanian-Ruthenian Protestant elite led by the Radziwiłł family, and if implemented it would radically change the balance of power in the Baltic Sea region. The main legal point of the Union was the breach of Lithuanian federation with Poland and the establishment of a federation with Sweden. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania aspired to return to international relations as a self-governing subject. The Union meant a new Scandinavian alternative to Polish and Russian domination. The author places the events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the general crisis that occurred in Europe in the middle of the 17th century characterized by a great number of wars, rebellions and civil wars from Portugal to Ukraine, and which builds the background to the crisis for Lithuania and Sweden. The research proved the importance of lesser powers in changing the geopolitical balance between the Great Powers. The conflict over Lithuania and Belarus was the main reason for the Swedish-Russian, Polish-Russian and Ukrainian-Russian wars. The failure of the Union with Sweden was caused by both internal and external factors. Internally, various ethnic, confessional and political groups within the nobility of Lithuania were split in favour of different foreign powers – from Muscovy to Transylvania. The external cause for the failure of the Union project was the failure of Swedish strategy. Sweden concentrated its activity to Poland, not to Lithuania. After the Union, Swedish authorities treated the Grand Duchy as an invaded country, not an equal. The Swedish administration introduced heavy taxation and was unable to control the brutality of the army. As a result Sweden was defeated in both Lithuania and Poland. Among the different economic, political and religious explanations of the general crisis, the case of Lithuania shows the importance of the political conflicts. For the separatists of Lithuania the main motive to turn against Poland and to promote alliance with Sweden, Russia or the Cossacks was the inability of Poland to shield the Grand Duchy from a Russian invasion.The Lithuanian case was a provincial rebellion led by the native nobility against their monarch, based on tradition of the previous independence and statehood period. It was not nationalism in its modern meaning, but instead a crisis of identity in the form of a conflict between Patria and Central Power. However, the cost of being a part of Sweden or Muscovy was greater than the benefit of political protection. Therefore, the pro-Polish orientation prevailed when Poland after 1658 recovered its military ability the local nobility regrouped around Warsaw. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to remain on the political map of Europe, but at the price of general religious Catholization and cultural Polonization. After the crisis, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually changed into a deep province of the Polish state.

This thesis investigates the acquisition of the copula be in present Simple Tense in English by native speakers of Russian. The aim of the study is to determine whether or not Russian students with different levels of English proficiency encounter any problems while using the copula be in Present Simple Tense in English. The study also identifies the domains related to the use of the copula be that appear to be most problematic for native speakers of Russian. To carry out the current research two diagnostic tests measuring receptive and productive skills related to the use of the copula be in Present Simple Tense in English were developed. The data were collected from three groups of Russian students who were in the first, fourth and eighth years of learning English. The data in each of the domains related to the use of the copula be in Present Simple Tense in English were classified under four main categories: (i) correct use, (ii) omission, (iii) misinformation, (iv) addition. Both, quantitative and qualitative analyses were used in the study. The results of the study indicated that all the native speakers of Russian who participated in the study had difficulties with the acquisition of the copula be in Present Simple Tense in English. The findings of the study revealed that along with the developmental mistakes/errors (i.e., omissions of the copula be and misuse of the forms of the copula be), which seem to disappear with the lasting exposure to English, there are other mistakes/errors in the performance of the native speakers of Russian which are persistent. Negative transfer at the morphological level and incomplete understanding and application of the rule are suggested as the underlying reasons for the persistent mistakes/errors made by the Russian learners.

Languages within one language family may be so closely related that their speakers often communicate, each using their own language. This phenomenon was investigated in African, Germanic and Romance languages and coined as semicommunication by Haugen (1966), and later became receptive multilingualism by Braunm&uuml / ller (2002). This research attempts to find out if receptive multilingual communication is possible in Slavonic languages (Polish, Russian and Ukrainian). Besides, it was a great importance to define whether the success of communication is symmetric among the speakers of the mentioned languages. Finally, various cases of problematic understanding were analyzed with the main emphasis on the speakers&rsquo / strategies when they try to overcome reception problems. Methodically, 4 Russian-Ukrainian, 4 Polish-Ukrainian and 4 Polish-Russian conversations were recorded with the use of digital camera. Cases of problematic understanding were defined and transcribed with Exmaralda program, Partitur editor. Number of problematic utterances in relation to total number of utterances in discourse was the measure of communication success in each language constellation. In order to see the overall picture of how receptive multilingualism works in the three languages and in each constellation separately, the statistic research was done with SPSS program. The findings of the research revealed that receptive multilingual communication among Polish, Russian and Ukrainian speakers is generally successful, however, not symmetric with respect to understanding degree in different constellations.