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Esta pesquisa investiga como estratégia da empresa líder afeta o upgrading dos fornecedores em uma Cadeia Global de Valor. Indicações recentes sugerem que a orientação estratégica de uma cadeia de valor tem papel relevante no upgrading dos fornecedores. Associado a ciclos virtuosos de desenvolvimento, o upgrading representa o acesso a trajetórias distantes da \"corrida para o abismo\" na competição econômica mundial. A literatura tradicional não incorpora a estratégia do líder como elemento explicador do upgrading, considerando-o um resultado das atividades inovativas do fornecedor, sujeito a efeitos dos modos de governança que esta empresa experimenta. Com base nas literaturas de Cadeias Globais de Valor e de Estratégia de Operações, um modelo conceitual traz as prioridades competitivas do líder como variável moderadora da relação entre a governança entre firmas e o upgrading dos fornecedores. Um estudo de casos múltiplos foi conduzido com quatro empresas desenvolvedoras, que em conjunto formam uma amostra bastante diversa da Indústria Brasileira de Jogos Digitais. Além da influência da governança da cadeia e da estratégia do líder sobre o upgrading dos fornecedores, a discussão incluiu outras melhorias estratégicas e estratégias definidas por outros atores na cadeia. As conclusões são: (I) Em cadeias relacionais, o upgrading do fornecedor se alinha à estratégia do líder; (II) Em cadeias modulares, um fornecedor tem melhores oportunidades de realizar o upgrading sob estratégias de outros atores que não o líder da cadeia (III) Empresas com atuação em múltiplas cadeias têm melhores níveis de upgrading que empresas com operações focadas, além de potencializar outras mudanças estratégicas. / This research investigates how the leading firms\' strategy affects the suppliers\' upgrading in a Global Value Chain. Recent indications suggest that the strategic orientation of a value chain plays an important role in suppliers\' upgrading. Associated with virtuous development cycles, upgrading represents the access to trajectories alternative to the \"race to the bottom\" in the global economic competition. The traditional literature does not include the leader\'s strategy among the explanations of upgrading, considering it a result of the supplier\'s innovative activities, subject to effects from the experienced governance modes. Based on the literature on Global Value Chains and Operations Strategy, a conceptual model brings the leader\'s competitive priorities as moderating variables for the relationship between interfirm governance and suppliers\' upgrading. A multiple case study was conducted with four development firms, which together account for a diverse sample from the Brazilian Digital Games Industry. Beyond the influence of the chain governance and the leader\'s strategy over the suppliers\' upgrading, the discussion included other strategic improvements and strategies defined by other actors in the chain. The conclusions are: (I) In relational chains, the supplier\' upgrading occurs in line with the leader\'s strategy; (II) In modular chains, a supplier has better upgrading opportunities under strategies of other actors, besides the chain\'s leader (III) Companies operating in multiple chains have better upgrading levels than firms with focused operations, while also leveraging other strategic changes.

The study is shortly presenting the urbanization-saga and the human settlement progression. It then proceeds to identify different types of tenure and the pertained definitions as such. The thesis will review and assess the strategies for Secure Tenure provided by UN-Habitat on an international and national level, as well as analyze the implementation tools brought forward. Diverse tenure policies and tools will be evaluated with an anchoring in the case study of Malawi and its National Land Policy and the implementation of the same.

Despite its many challenges and limitations the concept of in situ upgrading of informal settlements has become one of the most favoured approaches to the housing crisis in the ‘Global South’. Due to its inherent principles of incremental in situ development, prevention of relocations, protection of local livelihoods and democratic participation and cooperation, this approach is often perceived to be more sustainable than other housing approaches that often rely on quantitative housing delivery and top down planning methodologies. While this study does not question the benefits of the in situ upgrading approach, it seeks to identify problems of its practical implementation within a specific national and local context. The study discusses the origin and importance of this approach on the basis of a review of international housing policy development and analyses the broader political and social context of the incorporation of this approach into South African housing policy. It further uses insights from a recent case study in Cape Town to determine complications and conflicts that can arise when applying in situ upgrading of informal settlements in a complex local context. On that basis benefits and limitations of the in situ upgrading approach are specified and prerequisites for its successful implementation formulated. / Trotz vieler Herausforderungen und Beschränkungen gilt das Konzept des in situ upgrading informeller Siedlungen als eine der wichtigsten Herangehensweisen an die Wohnraumkrise im „globalen Süden“. Aufgrund seiner immanenten Prinzipien einer schrittweisen Entwicklung an Ort und Stelle, der Vermeidung von Umsiedlungen, dem Erhalt lokaler Existenzgrundlagen sowie demokratischer Beteiligung und Kooperation, wird oftmals angenommen, dass diese Herangehensweise nachhaltiger ist, als eine quantitativ ausgerichtete Wohnraumversorgung und Top-Down-Planungsansätze. Während diese Studie die Vorteile des in situ upgrading nicht in Frage stellt, zielt sie darauf ab, Probleme der praktischen Umsetzung dieses Ansatzes in einem spezifischen nationalen und lokalen Kontext zu identifizieren. Die Studie diskutiert die Herkunft und die Bedeutung des in situ upgrading auf der Grundlage einer Rückschau auf die Entwicklung internationaler Wohnraumpolitik und analysiert den politischen und sozialen Kontext der Einbettung dieses Ansatzes in die südafrikanische Wohnraumpolitik. Darüber hinaus macht sie sich Einblicke einer kürzlich durchgeführten Fallstudie in Kapstadt zunutze, um Probleme und Konflikte zu erfassen, die bei der Umsetzung des in situ upgrading in einem komplexen lokalen Kontext entstehen können. Auf dieser Grundlage werden die Vorteile wie auch die Beschränkungen des in situ upgrading näher spezifiziert und zentrale Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Konzeptes formuliert.

Esta pesquisa investiga como estratégia da empresa líder afeta o upgrading dos fornecedores em uma Cadeia Global de Valor. Indicações recentes sugerem que a orientação estratégica de uma cadeia de valor tem papel relevante no upgrading dos fornecedores. Associado a ciclos virtuosos de desenvolvimento, o upgrading representa o acesso a trajetórias distantes da \"corrida para o abismo\" na competição econômica mundial. A literatura tradicional não incorpora a estratégia do líder como elemento explicador do upgrading, considerando-o um resultado das atividades inovativas do fornecedor, sujeito a efeitos dos modos de governança que esta empresa experimenta. Com base nas literaturas de Cadeias Globais de Valor e de Estratégia de Operações, um modelo conceitual traz as prioridades competitivas do líder como variável moderadora da relação entre a governança entre firmas e o upgrading dos fornecedores. Um estudo de casos múltiplos foi conduzido com quatro empresas desenvolvedoras, que em conjunto formam uma amostra bastante diversa da Indústria Brasileira de Jogos Digitais. Além da influência da governança da cadeia e da estratégia do líder sobre o upgrading dos fornecedores, a discussão incluiu outras melhorias estratégicas e estratégias definidas por outros atores na cadeia. As conclusões são: (I) Em cadeias relacionais, o upgrading do fornecedor se alinha à estratégia do líder; (II) Em cadeias modulares, um fornecedor tem melhores oportunidades de realizar o upgrading sob estratégias de outros atores que não o líder da cadeia (III) Empresas com atuação em múltiplas cadeias têm melhores níveis de upgrading que empresas com operações focadas, além de potencializar outras mudanças estratégicas. / This research investigates how the leading firms\' strategy affects the suppliers\' upgrading in a Global Value Chain. Recent indications suggest that the strategic orientation of a value chain plays an important role in suppliers\' upgrading. Associated with virtuous development cycles, upgrading represents the access to trajectories alternative to the \"race to the bottom\" in the global economic competition. The traditional literature does not include the leader\'s strategy among the explanations of upgrading, considering it a result of the supplier\'s innovative activities, subject to effects from the experienced governance modes. Based on the literature on Global Value Chains and Operations Strategy, a conceptual model brings the leader\'s competitive priorities as moderating variables for the relationship between interfirm governance and suppliers\' upgrading. A multiple case study was conducted with four development firms, which together account for a diverse sample from the Brazilian Digital Games Industry. Beyond the influence of the chain governance and the leader\'s strategy over the suppliers\' upgrading, the discussion included other strategic improvements and strategies defined by other actors in the chain. The conclusions are: (I) In relational chains, the supplier\' upgrading occurs in line with the leader\'s strategy; (II) In modular chains, a supplier has better upgrading opportunities under strategies of other actors, besides the chain\'s leader (III) Companies operating in multiple chains have better upgrading levels than firms with focused operations, while also leveraging other strategic changes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA LAURA FERRANTY MAC LENNAN.pdf: 2358354 bytes, checksum: 3564a399dbcaea30be5186a2f99a7df2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / This research explores the effects of value chains governance for upgrading in the cluster of ornamental rocks in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The quantitative methodology was used to achieve the proposed objectives and respond to the research problem. More specifically, a survey of 32 companies affiliated to the Centro Rochas was conducted. Those are located in the regions of Cachoeiro do Itapemirim and Serras, at the State of Espírito Santo. Data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques, given the type of sampling distribution. The results show that firms in the cluster are embedded in market type value chains governance, export performance has no direct relationship with the percentage exported and, finally, the firm s upgrading and their marketing investments impact on their competivity in export sales. / A presente dissertação verifica os efeitos da governança das cadeias de valor no upgrading das empresas do cluster de rochas ornamentais do Espírito Santo, Brasil. A metodologia quantitativa foi utilizada para atingir os objetivos propostos e responder ao problema de pesquisa. Mais especificamente foi conduzida uma survey com 32 empresas filiadas ao Centro Rochas, localizadas nas regiões de Cachoeiro do Itapemirim e Serras, Espírito Santo. Os dados foram analisados com o uso de técnicas estatísticas paramétricas e não paramétricas, dado o tipo de distribuição amostral. Os resultados indicam que as empresas do cluster estão inseridas em cadeias de valor de governança do tipo mercado, o desempenho exportador não apresenta relação direta com os percentuais exportados e finalmente que o upgrading das empresas e seus investimentos em marketing impactam na competitividade de suas vendas para o mercado externo.

Submitted by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-29T16:01:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Laura Ferranty Mac Lennan.pdf: 2358354 bytes, checksum: 3564a399dbcaea30be5186a2f99a7df2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-29T16:01:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Laura Ferranty Mac Lennan.pdf: 2358354 bytes, checksum: 3564a399dbcaea30be5186a2f99a7df2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-29T16:09:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Laura Ferranty Mac Lennan.pdf: 2358354 bytes, checksum: 3564a399dbcaea30be5186a2f99a7df2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T19:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Laura Ferranty Mac Lennan.pdf: 2358354 bytes, checksum: 3564a399dbcaea30be5186a2f99a7df2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / This work verifies the effects of governance of value chains upgrading of enterprises in the cluster of ornamental Espírito Santo, Brazil. The quantitative methodology was used to achieve the proposed objectives and respond to the research question. More specifically we conducted a survey of 32 companies affiliated to the Centre Rocks, located in the regions of Itapemirim and saws, Holy Spirit. Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques, given the type of sample distribution. The results indicate that firms in the cluster are embedded in value chains governance market type, the export performance has no direct relationship with the percentage exported and finally the upgrading of enterprises and their marketing investments impacting on the competitiveness of their sales to the foreign market. / A presente dissertação verifica os efeitos da governança das cadeias de valor no upgrading das empresas do cluster de rochas ornamentais do Espírito Santo, Brasil. A metodologia quantitativa foi utilizada para atingir os objetivos propostos e responder ao problema de pesquisa. Mais especificamente foi conduzida uma survey com 32 empresas filiadas ao Centro Rochas, localizadas nas regiões de Cachoeiro do Itapemirim e Serras, Espírito Santo. Os dados foram analisados com o uso de técnicas estatísticas paramétricas e não paramétricas, dado o tipo de distribuição amostral. Os resultados indicam que as empresas do cluster estão inseridas em cadeias de valor de governança do tipo mercado, o desempenho exportador não apresenta relação direta com os percentuais exportados e finalmente que o upgrading das empresas e seus investimentos em marketing impactam na competitividade de suas vendas para o mercado externo.

This Master thesis is written in the field of collaborative planning aiming to challenge the collaborative approach on it applicability, especially in the context of the Global South. As a case study it looks on the urban poor community participatory practice, the so called 're-blocking' in Cape Town – an example of insitu informal settlement upgrading. It questions not only to what extent re-blocking displays a successful approach of collaborative planing but also whether it can lead to more inclusive cities in South Africa. The field data was gained through qualitative semi-structured interviews, observations and an analysis of national housing policy documents. The findings evaluate re-blocking as a successful example of collaborative planning in the sense that local communities are truly involved in the process and have a lot of decision making power. Also, re- blocking can be replicable to other cities in South Africa. Yet it faces several risks in community mobilisation and communication and can only be operated on a small scale. Therefore, the thesis concludes that re-blocking itself may not lead to inclusive cities, however as an example of community participation it may change the mindset of the South African society and (local) government towards informal community inclusion.

<p>One of the great challenges facing society is to convert theglobal energy system to a sustainable process. Currently, 80%of the world´s energy is supplied through the combustionof fossil fuels. Not only are the fossil resources limited, theutilisation also increases the level of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere. The convertion to a sustainable energy system isproblematic since the technology needed to exploit mostnon-fossil energy sources is not yet fully developed, e.g.solar energy. Biofuel is an available renewable energy sourcewhich is already widely used in many countries. If an effectiveswitch-over from fossil fuels to biofuels is to be realised,biofuels must be viewed as a limited resource. Consequently, itis important that the handling, upgrading and utilisationprocesses involving biofuels are efficient so that itspotential can be fully exploited.</p><p>This thesis considers efficient biofuel utilisation andupgrading within the sawmill industry. The goal has been toanalyse not only the technical opportunities for energy savingsin the sawmill industry, but also to analyse the costeffectiveness and environmental impact of studied measures. Theheat demand of the sawmill industry is almost completelycovered by its own by-products; primarily bark, sawdust andwood chips. The increased demand and improved economic value ofwoody biofuels on the market is thus an incentive for thesawmill industry to place more focus on energy issues. Thesawmill industry also has a more or less constant heat loadover the year, which is a beneficial factor for integrationwith district heating networks, biofuel upgrading plants andcombined heat and power plants.</p><p>The conclusion of the study is that a variety of energyproducts such as heat, unrefined biofuel, pellets andelectricity can be efficiently produced in the sawmill industryand sold for profit to external customers. The payback periodsfor the proposed investments are moderate and both theemissions of volatile organic compounds and global CO2 aredecreased. Should the proposed measures be fully implemented atSwedish sawmills, about 2.8 TWh of biofuel could be savedannually, 0.5 TWh of waste heat could be sold as districtheating and 0.8 TWh of green electricity could be produced.Language: English</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Sawmill industry, energy efficiency, heatrecovery, integration, biofuel, upgrading, district heating,fuel pellets, CHP, VOC, CO2</p>