Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T18:30:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 vivianezeringotarodrigues.pdf: 1501252 bytes, checksum: 2b0228255aec40277c0d1870ac03da16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T19:54:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vivianezeringotarodrigues.pdf: 1501252 bytes, checksum: 2b0228255aec40277c0d1870ac03da16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vivianezeringotarodrigues.pdf: 1501252 bytes, checksum: 2b0228255aec40277c0d1870ac03da16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / As formigas do gênero Solenopsis são comumente relatadas em ambiente urbano devido à capacidade de exploração de recursos e facilidade de encontro de locais de nidificação, o que favorece sua proliferação, vindo a acarretar acidentes. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram caracterizar os hábitos de nidificação de colônias de Solenopsis saevissima (Smith), assim como analisar sua resposta comportamental frente à perturbação das colônias em área urbana no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Para o estudo dos hábitos de nidificação foram realizadas observações quinzenais compreendidas entre 8 e 16h, de maio de 2011 a abril de 2012. Para cada colônia ativa foi registrado o tipo de substrato e as dimensões do ninho. A resposta comportamental foi estudada com auxílio de uma ferramenta (pá de metal) para a perturbação de 30 colônias, e o deslocamento foi verificado com uma régua de madeira (150cm) posicionada verticalmente sob a colônia perturbada e duas trenas perpendiculares entre si na horizontal (5m). Dados sobre temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram registrados ao longo das coletas. A dispersão agressiva foi observada nas posições horizontal e vertical (em centímetros) durante três minutos, com coleta de dados a cada 20 segundos. Os resultados demonstraram que essas formigas estão presentes durante todo o ano nesse ambiente, permanecem ativas mesmo nos meses mais frios, e o substrato mais utilizado como base para construção dos ninhos foi a vegetação rasteira. O período seco (de abril a agosto) pode ser considerado o mais adequado para o controle destes insetos por apresentar o menor número de colônias ativas (28%). Com relação ao comportamento de deslocamento, os resultados demonstraram que a velocidade na vertical é significativamente maior que na horizontal (p=0,0007), e o deslocamento dessas formigas não tem relação com fatores abióticos e independe do tamanho externo da colônia. Os resultados deste estudo são importantes contribuições para o estudo da biologia e do comportamento agressivo de S. saevissima em ambiente urbano, podendo subsidiar estudos de controle a fim de minimizar os acidentes que essas formigas causam. / Ants of the genus Solenopsis are common in urban environments due to their capacity to explore resources and facility to establish nesting sites, which helps their proliferation and increases the occurrence of accidents with intruders. The aims of the present study were to characterize the nesting habits of Solenopsis saevissima (Smith), as well as to analyze behavioral responses to disturbances in colonies located in urban areas of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. To study the nesting habits, observations were performed every two weeks from May 2011 to April de 2012, between 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. For each active colony the substrate and the dimensions of the nest were registered. To analyze the behavioral response, a shovel was used to disturb 30 colonies, and the displacement was verified with the aid of a wooden ruler (150cm long) positioned vertically over the disturbed colony and two (5m) measuring tapes perpendicular horizontally placed at the ground. Temperature and relative air humidity were registered during the observation period. The aggressive dispersion was observed in both directions, horizontal and vertical during three minutes, and the data were collected every 20 seconds. The results demonstrate that these ants are present throughout the year in this environment; that they remain active even in the coldest months and the substrate more utilized to build the nests was the undergrowth. The dry season (from April to August) can be considered more appropriate to controlling these insects due to the low number of active colonies. Regarding dislocation behavior, results show that the speed was significantly higher in the vertical than in the horizontal direction (p=0.0007), and it was not related to abiotic factors nor was dependent on the external size of the colony. These results add information on the biology and aggressive behavior of S. saevissima in urban environment.

Desde a revolução industrial, o consumo de combustíveis fósseis pelo homem vem crescendo em ritmo acelerado. Com isso, aumentam também as concentrações dos chamados gases-estufa (CO2, CH4 e NxO). Isso gera alterações no clima, causando mudanças em fatores bióticos e abióticos, tanto em ambientes naturais quanto em ambientes urbanos. Algumas dessas mudanças são típicas de ambientes urbanos, como as Ilhas de Calor Urbanas e a Inversão Térmica, e devido ao fato de grande parte da população atual viver neste tipo de ambiente, acabam causando diversos problemas de saúde. É importante, portanto, conhecer como o clima destes ambientes tem se comportado nos últimos anos, e isso é possível através da análise dos anéis de crescimento de árvores urbanas. Além disso, os dados de crescimento podem ser utilizados para calibrar modelos de dinâmica florestal. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho pretende construir cronologias de anéis de crescimento de cedro (Cedrela fissilis L.) da cidade de São Paulo, e utilizá-las para reconstruir o clima do último século para essa cidade, além de usar estes dados de crescimento para a parametrização de novos elementos em um modelo de dinâmica florestal já existente. Para isso, utilzou-se 43 indivíduos coletados em 4 localidades da cidade de São Paulo, que foram colados em suporte, polidos, datados, fotografados e tiveram a largura dos anéis de crescimento medidas. Além disso, também tomou-se medidas de áreas de vaso para alguns anéis pré-determinados. As larguras dos anéis foram utilizadas para a construção de cronologias, que posteriormente foram usadas para a criação de modelos de reconstrução climática. Foi possível encontrar relações entre precipitação e temperatura e o crescimento das árvores para dois dos locais de coleta, sendo que para um deles foi possível reconstruir estas variáveis climáticas para determinados meses do ano. Com os dados de crescimento, foi possível parametrizar uma nova equação inserida no modelo de Falster et al., 2011, que insere o efeito de temperatura na parte do modelo relacionada à fotossíntese da espécie simulada. Após a inserção da nova equação, foi possível observar mudanças na periodicidade dos ciclos de recrutamento da floresta. / Since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuel consumption by man has been rising steeply. This way the concentration of greenhouse-gases (CO2, CH4 and NxO) rise too. That causes the climate to change, generating alterations in biotic and abiotic factors both in natural and urban environments. Some of these changes are typical from urban environments such as Urban Heat Islands and Thermal Inversion, and since great part of human population live in this type of environment, health problems are common. Thus it is important to know how the climate have behaved in this environments in the past years, and this is possible by analyzing the tree rings from urban trees. Furthermore, growth data can be used to calibrate forest dynamic models. Therefore the present work aims to build tree-ring chronologies of cedro (Cedrela fissilis L.) from the city of São Paulo, and to use them to reconstruct climate for the last century in this city, in addition to use these growth data to parameterize new elements in an existent forest dynamic model. For this, 43 individuals were sampled in 4 different sites in São Paulo, which were glued in wood support, sanded, dated, photographed and had their growth rings measured. Furthermore vessel area was measured for some predetermined rings. The growth rings widths were used to build chronologies, that were later used to generate climate reconstruction models. It was possible to fin relations between temperature and precipitation and the tree growth in 2 of the sampling sites, and in one it was possible to build reconstruction models for some months. With growth data, it was possible to parameterize a new equation inserted in Falster et al. Model, which inputs temperature effect in the photosynthesis-related part of the model. After inputting the new equation it was possible to observe changes in the periodicity of the recruitment cycles in this forest

Many agricultural landscapes in India are irrigated with wastewater, and it is a common livelihood practice particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. Farmers around urban agglomerations continuously depend on the wastewater released from nearby urban centres. While providing opportunities with respect to water and nutrient supply, irrigating with wastewater has adverse environmental impacts, particularly on the local aquifer systems. Therefore, addressing the wastewater irrigation influence on local aquifer systems is crucial for sustainable groundwater management. The present research demonstrates the impacts of wastewater irrigation, seasonality and spatio-temporal variations in the groundwater quality and its geochemical evolution and mixing processes in different land use and crop settings. The doctoral research aims at understanding the aquifer heterogeneity, land use conditions, groundwater dynamics and contaminant fate and transport in the long-term wastewater irrigation system to develop sustainable and suitable groundwater management strategies. The selected study watershed is located on the banks of Musi River in a peri-urban catchment of the Musi River basin in India. Statistical techniques, land use change modelling and solute flow and transport modelling tools are employed to identify and quantify the linkages between contaminants, agricultural use and environmental variables, particularly those characterizing the groundwater qualities. The research results suggest that concentrations of the major ionic substances increase after the monsoon season, especially in wastewater irrigated areas and the major polluted groundwaters to come from the wastewater irrigated parts of the watershed. Clusters of chemical variables identified indicate that groundwater pollution is highly impacted by mineral interactions and long-term wastewater irrigation. The groundwater geochemistry of the watershed is largely controlled by long-term wastewater irrigation, local rainfall patterns and water-rock interactions. The detected land use changes in the watershed indicate that, as a consequence of urban pressures, agricultural landscapes are being converted into built-up areas and, at the same time, former barren land is converted to agricultural plots. The mapped land use data are used in modelling the aquifer conditions and to observe the groundwater dynamics in the peri-urban environment. The study results provide the basis for sustainable agriculture and groundwater development using the efficient scenarios identified for wastewater irrigation management. The resulting strategies for integrated management of water and waste will contribute to the water security and achieve the respective Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11 and 15).

This paper presents the latest achievements of TEMA (Transport Technology and Mobility Assessment) platform, designed to harness the potential of big data to support road transport policies in Europe. The platform relies on datasets of real world driving and mobility patterns collected by means of navigation systems and it is developed by the EC Joint Research Centre since 2012. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of the platform in assessing real world emissions from conventional fuel vehicles and exploring the impact of the deployment of electrified vehicles in terms of usability, technology potential, energy requirements and infrastructural design. These last studies have been carried out on two pilot regions, i.e. the Italian provinces of Modena and Florence, whilst this article presents the earliest results achieved enlarging the study to a European-wide scale. To this purpose, results from additional fourteen new regions are presented, i.e. Amsterdam (NL), Brussels (BE), Luxembourg (LU), Paris (FR), Lisbon (PT), Krefeld (DE), Warsaw (PL), Bratislava (SK), Vienna (AT), Ljubljana (SI), Zagreb (HR), Budapest (HU), Sofia (BG), Athens (GR). The complete dataset accounts for approximately 2.57 billion records, 139 million driven kilometres and 632,186 monitored vehicles, being one among the most extensive driving datasets ever processed for policy support studies. This work constitutes the first attempt for initiating a continental scale study of driving behaviour in Europe, with the aim of showing how the proposed approach allows for unprecedented opportunities to shape the future of road transport.

Background. The urban environment may increase the risk for psychotic disorder in interaction with pre-existing risk for psychosis, but direct confirmation has been lacking. The hypothesis was examined that the outcome of subclinical expression of psychosis during adolescence, as an indicator of psychosis-proneness, would be worse for those growing up in an urban environment, in terms of having a greater probability of psychosis persistence over a 3·5-year period. Method. A cohort of 918 adolescents from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), aged 14–17 years (mean 15·1 years), growing up in contrasting urban and non-urban environments, completed a self-report measure of psychotic symptoms at baseline (Baseline Psychosis) and at first follow-up around 1 year post-baseline (T1). They were again interviewed by trained psychologists for the presence of psychotic symptoms at the second follow-up on average 3·5 years post-baseline (T2). Results. The rate of T2 psychotic symptoms was 14·2% in those exposed to neither Baseline Psychosis nor Urbanicity, 12·1% in those exposed to Urbanicity alone, 14·9% in those exposed to Baseline Psychosis alone and 29·0% in those exposed to both Baseline Psychosis and Urbanicity. The odds ratio (OR) for the combined exposure was 2·46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·46–4·14], significantly greater than that expected if Urbanicity and Baseline Psychosis acted independently. Conclusion. These findings support the suggestion that the outcome of the developmental expression of psychosis is worse in urban environments. The environment may impact on risk for psychotic disorder by causing an abnormal persistence of a developmentally common expression of psychotic experiences.

Background: Cannabis use is considered a component cause of psychotic illness, interacting with genetic and other environmental risk factors. Little is known, however, about these putative interactions. The present study investigated whether an urban environment plays a role in moderating the effects of adolescent cannabis use on psychosis risk. Method: Prospective data (n=1923, aged 14–24 years at baseline) from the longitudinal population-based German Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology cohort study were analysed. Urbanicity was assessed at baseline and defined as living in the city of Munich (1562 persons per km2; 4061 individuals per square mile) or in the rural surroundings (213 persons per km2; 553 individuals per square mile). Cannabis use and psychotic symptoms were assessed three times over a 10-year follow-up period using the Munich version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Analyses revealed a significant interaction between cannabis and urbanicity [10.9% adjusted difference in risk, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2–18.6, p=0.005]. The effect of cannabis use on follow-up incident psychotic symptoms was much stronger in individuals who grew up in an urban environment (adjusted risk difference 6.8%, 95% CI 1.0–12.5, p=0.021) compared with individuals from rural surroundings (adjusted risk difference −4.1%, 95% CI −9.8 to 1.6, p=0.159). The statistical interaction was compatible with substantial underlying biological synergism. Conclusions: Exposure to environmental influences associated with urban upbringing may increase vulnerability to the psychotomimetic effects of cannabis use later in life.

Technology evolves quickly in the armed forces, however the quick progression and development in warfare is hindered when the war studies and tactics fall behind. This is apparent when examining the Swedish artillery system Archer. Even if “Archer” has the capability to shoot and use a high course trajectory, the tactics still focus on the traditional low course trajectory. A quantative study based on the principles of war (fire, movement and protection), examines if the high or low course trajectories are the most effective in an urban environment. Both the low and the high course trajectory has their own advantages however, in this study, the high course trajectory proves to be the most effective. This entails that the artillery tactics regarding the Archer needs to be examined and developed to match the technological advances.

Fotgängare är en komplex del av staden. Fotgängare är vad som utgör stadens stadsliv och samtidigt kan de ses som en hållbart transportenhet. Fotgängare bidrar således till många fördelar i stadsmiljön och att planera en stad för fotgängare har därmed blivit allt viktigare för kommuner. Syftet med uppsatsen är således att skapa en förståelse för innebörden att ta sig fram till fots i staden. Syftet är också att få en uppfattning hur Malmö kommun arbetar med fotgängare och hur väl dess mobilitet framkommer i planeringen. För att ta reda på detta har vi valt att göra observationer av fotgängare i staden och hur de tar det offentliga rummet i anspråk. Vi har även gjort en dokumentanalys över hur staden väljer att planera för fotgängarna. Det teoretiska ramverket tillsammans med empiriska undersökningen ska hjälpa att få en uppfattning hur fotgängare skildras både i planeringen och praktiken i ett visst sammanhang. Resultaten visar hur fotgängare är heterogena varelser och skiljer sig åt i hur de tar det offentliga rummet i anspråk. Inom planeringen finns en stark tro att kvantitativa metoder, såsom mätningar för att uppnå specifika mål, kan appliceras på alla transportenheter i staden. Vi menar istället att det dessa metoder inte enbart lämpar sig för att för att förstå fotgängare. Fotgängares komplexitet tenderar tas för givet i den nuvarande transportplaneringen och därmed krävs nya tankebanor ifall staden vill att fler personer ska ta sig fram till fots. / Pedestrians are a complex part of the city. Pedestrians form the urban life and at the same time they are seen as a sustainable transport units. Pedestrians contribute with many benefits in the urban environment, to plan for them have therefore become increasingly important for municipalities. The aim of this thesis is to examine the meaning of travel by foot in the city. The purpose is also to investigate how the municipality of Malmö works with pedestrians and how well their mobility appears in the planning. To examine this we have made observations of pedestrians in the city and how they use public space. We have also done a document analysis of how the municipality chooses to plan for pedestrians. The theoretical framework together with the empirical investigation will help to get an idea of how pedestrians are portrayed in both planning and practice in a certain context. The results show how pedestrians are heterogeneous creatures and differs in how they use the public space. In the municipality’s planning there is a strong belief that quantitative methods, such as measurements to achieve specific goals, can be applied to all transport units in the city. Instead, we argue that these methods alone are not suitable for the understanding of the pedestrians. The complexity of pedestrians tends to be taken for granted in the current transport planning, and thus new thinking paths are required if the municipality wants more people to reach on foot.

Det finns flera utmaningar i att kunna hantera klimatförändringar och nederbörd som väntas öka i framtiden. Hårdgjorda ytor och fortsatt förtätning av urbana områden försvårar samt ställer högre krav på städers dagvattenhantering. Ytor som idag har andra funktioner behöver därför anpassas för att kunna fylla så många funktioner som möjligt på grund av det begränsade utrymmet i många städer. Multifunktionella ytor kan bland annat tillhandahålla grön och blå infrastruktur i kombination med lek och rekreation. Forskning och studier visar att det finns många sätt som grön och blå infrastruktur kan implementeras i staden. Kombinationen av kostnader, estetik, funktion och vad människor i omgivningen tycker går emellertid inte alltid hand i hand.  Studien genomfördes i centrala Gävle. Målet med studien är att visa hur ett gestaltningsförslag kan användas för att öka acceptansen vid planering och genomförande när skyfallsparker implementeras i befintlig eller ny park och lekplats. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur skyfallsparker kan införas i urbana parker samt lekplatser utan att påverka den mänskliga användningen av platsen negativt. För att möta syftet genomfördes sju metoder som validerade varandra. En skyfallskartering genomfördes först för att lokalisera två platser med översvämningsrisk som gestaltningsförslag skulle tas fram för, vilket blev lekplatsen Apelgatan samt Skogsfruparken. För att skapa en ökad kunskap om hur platser kan utformas för att kunna omhänderta vatten vid regn och skyfall genomfördes djupintervjuer, platsobservationer samt platsbesök i Uppsala och Stockholm. Platsobservationerna visade även tillsammans med intervjuer i fält hur platserna används i dagsläget och vad på platsen som uppskattas av användarna. Gestaltningsförslag för båda platserna utformades för att möjliggöra för både lek och rekreation samt med en ökad kapacitet omhänderta vatten. Slutligen validerade enkätsvaren om förslagen skulle påverka respondenternas användning av platsen och om förändringen accepterades av användarna.  Resultatet visar att det går att utforma skyfallshantering på flera sätt, där dagvattendamm är ett. Genom att undersöka acceptansen för de två framtagna gestaltningsförslagen gick det att bedöma att en skyfallspark bland annat kan utformas som studiens förslag för att bli accepterad av användarna. Valet av att validera med en enkät var tillräckligt för att visa på acceptansen i denna studie eftersom den grundar sig på flera metoder. Enkäten kunde dock ha utformats på ett annat sätt för att ge respondenterna en bättre bild av gestaltningarna, eller ha kompletterats med en fokusgrupp för att fördjupa sig ytterligare i acceptansen. / There are several challenges in managing climate change and precipitation, which is expected to increase in the future. Impermeable surfaces and continued densification of urban areas makes it more difficult and set higher demands on urban stormwater management. Because cities have limited space, there is a need for areas that today have other functions to be adapted and to be able to fulfil as many functions as possible. Multifunctional spaces in the city can provide blue-green infrastructures in combination with play and recreation. Research and studies show that there are many ways that green and blue infrastructure can be implemented in the city, but the combination of costs, aesthetics, functions, and what people in the surroundings think do not always go hand in hand. The study was conducted in central Gävle. The goal of the study is to show how a design proposal can be used to increase acceptance during planning and implementation, when rain parks are implemented in existing or new parks and playgrounds. The purpose of the study was to investigate how stormwater management can be implemented in urban parks and playgrounds without negatively affecting the human use of the place. Seven methods, which validated each other, were implemented to meet the purpose. A cloudburst mapping was first carried out to locate which two places have risk of flooding, for which design proposals should be made. This resulted in the playground Apelgatan and the park Skogsfruparken. Interviews, site observations and site visits in Uppsala and Stockholm, contributed to an increased knowledge of how places can be designed to manage rain and cloudburst. The site observations showed, with interviews in the field, how the sites are currently used and what elements were appreciated by users. Design proposals for both sites were then designed to allow both play as well as to increase capacity to accumulate water. A survey validated whether the proposals would affect respondents' use of the site and whether the change were accepted by the users. The result shows that it is possible to design stormwater management in several ways, of which stormwater ponds are one. By investigating the acceptance of the two design proposals, it was possible to assess that stormwater management can for instance be designed as the study's proposal to be accepted by the users.  The choice of a survey was sufficient to show the acceptability in this study as it is based on several methods. However, the survey could have been designed in a different way to give the respondents a better overall picture of the visualisations or could have been supplemented with a focus group to delve further into acceptance.

En utmaning som finns i urbana miljöer är att få till och nyttja ett nätverk med fungerande returlogistik för att uppnå mål om hållbarhet. Följande arbete undersöker returlogistiken i urbana miljöer, framför allt hur avfallshanteringen ser ut, hur den tas till hänsyn vid planering av stadsutveckling samt vilka förbättringsmöjligheter som finns. Den urbana miljön som valts att undersökas är Malmö stad eftersom den är i en snabb utvecklingsprocess. Arbetet bygger på en litteraturstudie som sedan jämförts mot empiriskt material som samlats in genom intervjuer och plandokument. Variablerna som tagits i beaktning är returlogistik, citylogistik, avfallshantering och stadsplanering för att besvara syftet som framställts. Genom att jämföra teorin mot empirin drogs slutsatsen att det krävs fortsatt utvecklingsarbete men även högre prioritet på att optimera urban logistik och därmed avfallshanteringen. Urban logistiks största utmaning är kampen om kvadratmetrarna eftersom många olika aktörer är aktiva på en kompakt yta. Möjligheter som finns för framtida förbättringar är att ge returlogistiken mer uppmärksamhet och framför allt resurser. / A challenge that exists in urban environments is to create and use a network with functioning reverse logistics to achieve sustainability goals. The following essay looks into reverse logistics in urban environments, especially waste management, how it is taken into consideration when developing urban areas and what improvement opportunities exist. The urban environment chosen to be explored is the city of Malmö because it is in a rapid development process. The essay is based on a literature review which is then compared against empirical material collected through interviews and planning documents. The variables taken into account are reversed logistics, city logistics, waste management and urban planning to answer the purpose presented. By comparing the theories with the empirical material, it was concluded that continued development work is required but also a higher priority to optimize urban logistics and waste management. Urban logistics' biggest challenge is the fight for square meters because of the many different corporations are active on a compact surface. Possibilities that exist for future improvements are to give reverse logistics more attention and, above all, resources.