Dans les prochaines décennies, la circulation et les temps de trajets augmenteront drastiquement en raison du fort taux d'accroissement de la population urbaine. L'augmentation grandissante de la congestion sur les réseaux de transports menace le bon fonctionnement des villes à plusieurs niveaux, tels que le bien-être des citoyens, la santé, l'économie, le tourisme ou la pollution.Ainsi, il est urgent, pour les autorités locales et nationales, de promouvoir l'innovation pour la planification urbaine, à l'aide d'une politique de soutien à l'innovation et de prises de mesures radicales.Pour guider les processus de décisions, il est crucial d'estimer, analyser et comprendre la mobilité urbaine au quotidien.Traditionnellement, les informations sur les déplacements des populations était collectées via des rapports nationaux et locaux, tels que les recensements et les enquêtes. Toutefois, ces derniers ont un coût important, induisant une très faible fréquence de mise-à-jour, ainsi qu'une temporalité restreinte des données.En parallèle, les technologies de l'information et de la communication fournissent une quantité de données de mobilité sans précédent, au jour le jour, toutes catégories de population confondues. En particulier, les téléphones portables accompagnent désormais la majorité des citoyens lors de leurs déplacements et activités du quotidien. Dans cette thèse, nous estimons la mobilité urbaine par l'exploration des données du réseau mobile, qui sont collectées en temps réel, sans coût additionnel, par les opérateurs télécoms. Le traitement des données brutes est non-trivial en raison de leur nature sporadique et de la faible précision spatiale couplée à un bruit complexe.La thèse adresse deux problématiques via un schéma d'apprentissage faiblement supervisé (i.e., utilisant très peu de données labellisées) combinant plusieurs sources de données de mobilité. Dans un premier temps, nous estimons les densités de population et le nombre de visiteurs au cours du temps, à une échelle spatio-temporelle relativement fine.Dans un second temps, nous construisons les matrices Origine-Destination qui représentent les flux totaux de déplacements au cours du temps, pour différents modes de transports.Ces estimations sont validées par une comparaison avec des données de mobilité externes, avec lesquelles de fortes corrélations et de faibles erreurs sont obtenues.Les modèles proposés sont robustes au bruit et à la faible fréquence des données, bien que la performance des modèles soit fortement dépendante de l'échelle spatiale.Pour atteindre une performance optimale, la calibration des modèles doit également prendre en compte la zone d'étude et le mode de transport. Cette étape est nécessaire pour réduire les biais générés par une densité urbaine hétérogène et les différents comportements utilisateur.Ces travaux sont les premiers à estimer les flux totaux de voyageurs routiers et ferrés dans le temps, à l'échelle intra-régionale.Bien qu'une validation plus approfondie des modèles soit requise pour les renforcer, nos résultats mettent en évidence l'énorme potentiel de la science des données de réseaux mobiles appliquées à la planification urbaine / In the upcoming decades, traffic and travel times are expected to skyrocket, following tremendous population growth in urban territories. The increasing congestion on transport networks threatens cities efficiency at several levels such as citizens well-being, health, economy, tourism and pollution. Thus, local and national authorities are urged to promote urban planning innovation by adopting supportive policies leading to effective and radical measures. Prior to decision making processes, it is crucial to estimate, analyze and understand daily urban mobility. Traditionally, the information on population movements has been gathered through national and local reports such as census and surveys. Still, such materials are constrained by their important cost, inducing extremely low-update frequency and lack of temporal variability. On the meantime, information and communications technologies are providing an unprecedented quantity of up-to-date mobility data, across all categories of population. In particular, most individuals carry their mobile phone everywhere through their daily trips and activities. In this thesis, we estimate urban mobility by mining mobile network data, which are collected in real-time by mobile phone providers at no extra-cost. Processing the raw data is non-trivial as one must deal with temporal sparsity, coarse spatial precision and complex spatial noise. The thesis addresses two problematics through a weakly supervised learning scheme (i.e., using few labeled data) combining several mobility data sources. First, we estimate population densities and number of visitors over time, at fine spatio-temporal resolutions. Second, we derive Origin-Destination matrices representing total travel flows over time, per transport modes. All estimates are exhaustively validated against external mobility data, with high correlations and small errors. Overall, the proposed models are robust to noise and sparse data yet the performance highly depends on the choice of the spatial resolution. In addition, reaching optimal model performance requires extra-calibration specific to the case study region and to the transportation mode. This step is necessary to account for the bias induced by the joined effect of heterogeneous urban density and user behavior. Our work is the first successful attempt to characterize total road and rail passenger flows over time, at the intra-region level.Although additional in-depth validation is required to strengthen this statement, our findings highlight the huge potential of mobile network data mining for urban planning applications

Orientador: Bárbara Stolte Bezerra / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a perspectiva do transporte público por ônibus em 2030 nas cidades de pequeno e médio porte, com enfoque na mobilidade urbana sustentável. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram traçados quatro objetivos de pesquisa específicos: elaborar projeções para o transporte público por ônibus e desenvolver um questionário; avaliar estas projeções quanto à probabilidade de ocorrência, impacto no setor de transporte público por ônibus e desjabilidade de ocorrência das projeções, através do resultado de um painel de especialistas, utilizando o questionário desenvolvido no item anterior; avaliar a formação de um construto de fatores importantes para o transporte público por ônibus relacionados com a mobilidade urbana sustentável em cidades de pequeno e médio porte brasileiras a partir das variáveis do questionário; selecionar as variáveis que terão maior impacto para o transporte público por ônibus. O questionário foi aplicado a especialistas na área de transporte público urbano (TPU). Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: cálculo do grau de concordância, Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Regressão Logística. A análise dos dados apontou 3 projeções que tem maior probabilidade de ocorrência: P6-Os ônibus de TPU, das cidades de pequeno e médio porte serão gradativamente conectados e se comunicarão uns com os outros e com a infraestrutura; P9-O TPU por ônibus será um importante elo na integração com outros modais mais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aimed to analyze the perspective of public bus transport in 2030 in small and medium-sized cities, with a focus on sustainable urban mobility. For the development of the research, four specific research objectives were outlined: to elaborate projections for public transport by bus and to develop a questionnaire; evaluate these projections as to the probability of occurrence, impact on the public transport sector by bus and the desirability of occurrence of the projections, through the result of a panel of experts, using the questionnaire developed in the previous item; evaluate the formation of a construct of important factors for public bus transport related to sustainable urban mobility in small and medium-sized Brazilian cities based on factors and variables in the questionnaire; select the variables that will have the greatest impact on public transport by bus. The questionnaire was applied to specialists in urban public transport (UPT) and for the analysis of the collected data the following techniques were used: calculation of the degree of agreement, exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression. Data analysis pointed to three probable projections to occur in 2030: P6- Buses from UPT, small and medium-sized cities will be gradually connected and will communicate with each other and with the infrastructure; P9-UPT by bus will be an important link in the integration with other more sustainable modes (walking, bicycle, scooter, etc.) in small and mediu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The opportunities we have to move around the city, otherwise known as urban mobility, are intrinsically linked to both local industrial output as well as the physical possibilities of moving provided by the landscape of the urban environment. With the advent of automotive congestion solidifying itself as a reality as populations in urban centres continue to rise, the conspicuous question is: If we continue the way we’re going, what happens next? This thesis explores the influence of new technologies and the data that drives them on the mechanisms of planning mobility in urban centres, as well as the potential of adoption of innovative mobility solutions that address environmental concerns through insights that higher resolution data can provide. Statistical data sets have been used in the past in order to justify urban interventions and shifts in the established landscape, to collectively move citizens and their production towards spatial outcomes that hinge from directives of governance. More recently these shifts have been in a bid to address the overarching awareness of changes in the natural environment due to industrial (and therefore human) intervention. Moving into a future when there is a higher resolution of quantitative data harvested from abroad consumer base it becomes possible to enhance the city planning process by linking close to-real-time supply and demand. The central proposition of this thesis is that unique value propositions of mobility consumer markets should be driven by the needs of people, rather than the capabilities of technology and industry. There are obvious real-world ramifications for changes in the way citizens move around the city; the sizing of streets, noise levels of automobiles, access and egress points, the distance between points of interest and the capabilities of the fixed built infrastructure to accommodate change. This body of research focus’ on the connection enabled by putting people, rather than technical solutions at the centre of the sustainability debate.

[pt] A mobilidade urbana possui significativa interação com o meio ambiente, seja através dos recursos extraídos para produção e abastecimento de frotas automotivas ou da poluição promovida pela circulação e descarte de resíduos. Sendo do conhecimento geral que os principais combustíveis utilizados atualmente são oriundos de fontes naturais finitas e de alto impacto ambiental, faz-se necessário a avaliação de outras alternativas de propulsão dos meios de transporte. Dentro dessas condições os veículos elétricos e os veículos movidos à etanol apresentam-se como opções consistentes sob o aspecto sustentável. A abordagem desenvolvida contempla as interações entre as matrizes energéticas e elétricas, as emissões de CO2 dos diferentes tipos de propulsão, tendo em vista o comportamento de cada um desses fatores nos seguintes países: Estados Unidos, Alemanha, China, Japão, Índia e em especial o Brasil. Dessa forma, objetiva-se determinar o tipo de transporte individual com menor grau de emissões de CO2. / [en] The urban mobility has a significant interaction with the environment, it can be through resources extraction to manufacturing and to fuel automobile fleets or by pollution caused by its circulation and the waste disposal. Being common knowledge that the main fuel used nowadays are made of finite natural resources and its environmental impact, it is necessary to evaluate other alternatives to the propulsion of transportation facilities. Regarding these conditions the electrical vehicle and the ethanol powered vehicles presented themselves as consistent options from a sustainable perspective. The approach developed contemplate the interactions between the energetic and electric matrix, the CO2 emissions and the different kind of propulsion, taking care about the behavior of each factor in the following countries: USA, Germany, China, Japan, India and in special, Brazil. Therefore, is aimed to define which kind of transportation has the lower amount of CO2 released in the environment.

[pt] A pesquisa analisa a questão do planejamento do transporte público no plano de mobilidade urbana em casos de municípios com população entre 100.001 e 500 mil hab. O estudo de caso desta pesquisa é o município de Petrópolis, com população de 295.917 habitantes, sendo 60.633 habitantes no centro. Investiga-se a criação do pré-metrô, desenvolvido na Bélgica, em parceria com a União Internacional de Transporte Público – UITP, em 1975, implantado e utilizado no projeto do Metrô Rio, em 1977, como sistema alternativo preliminar à implantação do sistema definitivo da Linha 2, mais tarde substituído pelos carros do Metrô Rio, ampliando o sistema de média para alta capacidade. São apresentados critérios para planejamento, projeto e implantação do pré-metrô, com base na metodologia de planejamento integrado de transportes (PIT), desenvolvida sob princípios de equilíbrio social, urbano e ambiental, econômico e técnico-operacional. Esse método sistêmico considera o usuário como parte integrante da solução e propõe o planejamento do transporte com horizonte de longo prazo. À luz dos critérios propostos, o estudo no município de Petrópolis avalia cenários possíveis e soluções ao crescimento da cidade. / [en] This paper discusses modal division strategies adopted by cities with low levels of environmental footprint that are based on sustainable principles. Modal division, characterizes the proportion of total trips captured by each available modal transport alternative and it should be integrated in a strategic systemic vision defined by the municipality such that people s mobility and accessibility is optimized. The lack of modals has to be considered from building sidewalks and bikelanes, concerned how mature the accessibility is, to high capacity infrastructures transportation such as rapid trains or airplanes. The CO2 emissions ought to be taken into consideration so that the city is framed in the World Ranking of cleanest cities with the smallest possible environmental footprint, contributing to the sustainability of the planet. The Light Rail Vehicle, can carry between 9 000 and 30 000 passengers / hour / direction and move as trolleybus in the city with the advantages of coupling 2 to 4 cars simultaneously. The Light Rail Vehicle, also called the VLT uses electric traction and is considered 100 percent clean. This feature brings VLT to a higher position than Bus Rapid Transit - BRT modal and all bus systems that use fossil fuels as an energy source, and does not need to occupy exclusive track for its circulation. The discussion arises in the context of an urban space classified as a compact city.

The transportation sector is a key carbon emitter, and e-mobility is becoming increasingly recognised around the globe to address climate change, biodiversity loss and societal challenges. In Sri Lanka, e-mobility is identified as a major alternative option that emerged while combating the economic crisis. This paper explores potential pathways to integrate e-mobility into the Colombo Metropolitan Area (CMA) through understanding 'What hinders this e-mobility transition?' and 'How to accelerate it?'. The study applied a combination of transition studies, including MLP, Path dependency and, lock-ins and transition management theories, followed by the mixed-methods approach to analysing the complexities created along the co-evolution of socio-technical systems and to suggest potential pathways. The findings show that historical influences and diverse configuration elements hinder the capabilities of emerging e-mobility novelties by locking society in a private vehicle-dominating regime. A holistic and integrated approach is necessary to overcome the identified challenges and to achieve a sustainable e-mobility transition.

[pt] Os novos ideais associados à mobilidade sustentável nos fazem confrontar cada vez mais o atual modelo de planejamento urbano e de transportes. Com o objetivo de monitorar e avaliar as políticas públicas de mobilidade, muitos pesquisadores trabalham em busca de índices e indicadores. Dessa forma, em 2008, foi desenvolvido o Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (IMUS), uma ferramenta para avalição e monitoramento da mobilidade urbana, capaz de medir os impactos de medidas estratégicas e de revelar as condições atuais, visando a mobilidade sustentável. O objetivo desse estudo concentra-se em realizar o cálculo do índice no município do Rio de Janeiro para o ano de 2016, ano em que foram realizados os Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos, já que intensos investimentos em mobilidade e transporte foram feitos, visando esses grandes eventos. A partir dos resultados pode-se verificar quantos e quais investimentos estão de acordo com o viés da Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável, identificando quais áreas precisam de maior atenção e melhorias. / [en] The new ideals associated with sustainable mobility make us increasingly confront the current model of urban and transportation planning. With the objective of monitoring and evaluating public mobility policies, many researchers work to find and create indexes and indicators. In 2008, the Sustainable Urban Mobility Index (IMUS) was developed, a tool for assessing and monitoring urban mobility, capable of measuring the impacts of strategic measures and revealing the current conditions for sustainable mobility. The objective of this study is to perform the calculation of the index in the city of Rio de Janeiro for the year 2016, the year in which the Olympic and Paralympic Games were held, as intense investments in mobility and transportation were made with a view to these major events. From the results, we can verify how many and which investments are in accordance with the Sustainable Urban Mobility bias, identifying which areas need more attention and improvements.

[pt] A mobilidade urbana tem sido objeto de manifestações e estudos por parte de leigos, acadêmicos, políticos e planejadores urbanos. Nos centros já densamente povoados, o metrô é o único modal capaz de escoar o grande volume de pessoas que necessitam se deslocar nos horários de pico. Entretanto, o retardamento na execução da rede de metrô, no município do Rio de Janeiro, é agravado pelas alterações nos projetos que expõem a carência na utilização das ferramentas de logística disponíveis na tomada de decisão pelos gestores públicos. Os traçados devem reduzir o tempo necessário ao deslocamento e otimizar a redistribuição do fluxo de passageiros. No caso em estudo, essa otimização pode ser obtida com a ligação das estações Uruguai e Gávea/Jóquei, conforme projeto licitado em 1998. Em particular, esta tese avalia uma das linhas de expansão do Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro, a linha 4, por forma a inferir da sua adequação para melhorar a mobilidade urbana daqueles que se deslocam da Zona Oeste para o Centro, via Zona Sul. A linha 4 será avaliada por oposição a uma linha alternativa que liga as estações Uruguai e Gávea/Jóquei, conforme projeto licitado em 1998 e que permitiria definir uma rede circular. / [en] In recent years, urban mobility has been a major topic of debate among general public, academics, politicians and urban planners. Despite public policy programmes on mobility kick-started by the City Statute (Estatuto das Cidades), the resources invested in Brazil have not produced significant improvement in the quality of public transport in metropolitan areas, culminating instead in mass public demonstrations in June 2013. According to calculations made by the Federation of Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN), taking into account loss of production and additional expenditure on fuel, among other variables, the cost of traffic congestion in Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area amounted to 29 billion reais in 2013, the equivalent of 8.2 percent of the area s GDP and higher than the GDP of the states of Piaui and Tocantins. Against this background of increasing urban immobility, investment in public transport, as against private transport, has become a priority.

Today we are experiencing an urbanization process at a speed never acknowledged before. With mobilityaccounting for a considered share of the environmental impact of these expanding urban ecosystems, the bicycleassumes an increasing fundamental role in the framework of sustainable development. However, despite gainingrecognition as valuable sustainable transportation alternative, it is still marginalized within a current car-centeredsociety. Collective action around cycling has therefore started to mobilize in order to defend cyclists’ interestsand needs. Yet, there is still limited research on its role on affecting urban development, as well as on its impacton the people who engage in such action. This thesis aims to fill this research gap by focusing on how collective action around cycling has shaped city andpersons. First of all, the collective action framework has been delineated by building on different authorscontributions: in this thesis, collective action has then been defined as an action of the collectivity for thecollectivity through the efforts of both single individuals and organized groups. Three sub-questions haveconsequently been investigated: how collective action changed its own practitioners, transforming theircapabilities and self-perceptions; how collective action has been shaped itself by cyclists group identity; and howsuch action has impacted the development of the city of Stockholm, taken as case study. The methods appliedinclude a literature review to provide relevant background, followed by a qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews. The informants involved were selected based on their engagement in the collective actionof the Stockholm scene, taken as case study due to its rather rapid process and quest in becoming a more bikeablecity. By analyzing their experiences and answers, the study results provide a new perspective on the impact ofcollective action, focusing in particular on the way group identification can strengthen and direct this engagementand on how the latter has contributed to a more personal development of its practitioners. The results build up on and also confirm previous findings in relation to dynamics typical of collective action andgroup identity, applying a more case-related perspective. In regard to its practitioners, collective action has beenfound to have an impact by enhancing a feeling of empowerment, freedom and community, affecting also non-practitioners and benefiting the society as a whole. Group identification resulted to play a significant role inshaping the different kinds of engagement, for example by focusing on contrasting the car hegemony within theurban system; however, consistent differences were found between high and low identifiers. For what concernsthe urban development of Stockholm, collective action has been found to have shaped the city in regards toinfrastructure, policies and organization, thanks to a growing network and political engagement of different actorsand organizations. The deriving increased awareness and recognition represent a core starting point for theachievement of future goals.

Os desafios relacionados à mobilidade têm gerado diversas discussões entre todos os setores da sociedade e têm exercido influência determinante sobre o declínio da qualidade de vida das pessoas. No centro desta discussão está a dificuldade crescente em se acessar os serviços e as oportunidades presentes nas cidades em função das barreiras impostas pelos atuais padrões de mobilidade urbana. Partindo-se do entendimento de que a utilização do uso do modelo atual de mobilidade urbana é uma questão muito complexa, pois está enraizada na cultura em algumas sociedades, a pesquisa se utiliza de uma abordagem qualitativa por meio de um estudo multicasos (AB Volvo; Daimler AG; FIAT Chrysler Automobiles; PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A.; Renault S.A; Volkswagen Group AG) para avaliar como a indústria automotiva nacional se posiciona a partir de um processo de transição em que a mobilidade urbana vem enfrentando, no qual a sustentabilidade também é uma exigência da sociedade. E mais do que isso, o estudo busca avaliar se essa indústria de fato participa direta e ativamente dessa transição ou se posiciona de forma defensiva. O framework fornecido pela abordagem da Perspectiva Multi Nível ou MLP (do inglês MultiLevel Perspective) fornece uma teoria que conceitua padrões dinâmicos globais em transições sócio-técnicas por meio da combinação de conceitos como trajetórias, regimes e nichos e teoria institucional a partir do posicionamento de atores em contextos que se formam a partir de suas próprias ações. Ao apresentar o caso brasileiro e suas particularidades, a tese explora um contexto específico, de um dos principais fabricantes e mercados de consumo do mundo, mas que não conta com uma montadora de capital nacional. Ao focar as montadoras, a tese traz um recorte de um dos principais atores inseridos no processo de transição para a mobilidade urbana sustentável. / The mobility challenges have generated several discussions among all sectors of society and have exercised decisive influence on the decline in the quality of life. In the center of this discussion is the increasing difficulty in accessing services and opportunities in the cities due to the barriers imposed by current patterns of urban mobility. Starting from the understanding that the use of the current mobility model is a very complex issue, because it is rooted in the culture in some societies, the research uses a qualitative approach through a multicases study (AB Volvo, Daimler AG, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, PSA Peugeot Citroën SA, Renault SA, Volkswagen Group AG) to evaluate how the national automotive industry is positioned from a transition process in which urban mobility is facing, in which sustainability is also a requirement of society. And more than that, the study aims to assess whether the fact that industry participate or directly and actively in this transition or it is positioned defensively. The framework provided by the approach of the MLP (MultiLevel Perspective) provides a theory that conceptualizes global dynamic patterns in socio-technical transitions through the combination of concepts like trajectories, schemes and niches and institutional theory from the positioning of actors in some contexts. Presenting the case of Brazil and its particularities, the thesis explores a specific context, an important manufacturer and consumer in the automotive industry, but that does not have a national automaker. By focusing on the automakers, the thesis brings a look of one of the most important actors inserted in the transition process to the sustainable urban mobility.