京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第24022号 / 地博第301号 / 新制||地||117(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 重田 眞義, 教授 平野(野元) 美佐, 准教授 金子 守恵, 教授 高橋 基樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

United States bicycle commuting rates are low compared to similarly developed countries like the Netherlands and Denmark. However, bicycle commuting shows promise for positive health outcomes, especially those related to chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Little research has been conducted in the U.S. to study the association between bicycle commuting and heart disease. Furthermore, U.S. cities need guidance on how to increase bicycle commuting rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between U.S. bicycle commuting rates and heart disease prevalence and to identify infrastructure and policy factors most significantly associated with bicycle commuting rates in large U.S. cities. This research quantitatively defined infrastructure and policy factors and analyzed ecologic associations across the 50 most populous U.S. cities. The results of this study are based on an ecologic analysis that evaluated associations at the census tract and city levels. Secondary data from nine sources as used to conduct the analysis. Data sources include the League of American Bicyclists Benchmarking Report, PeopleForBikes bicycle network analysis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, and more. A principal components analysis was conducted to identify relevant infrastructure factors for research question one; ordinary least squares regression models were derived to compare associations between infrastructure and policy factors for research question two, and latent class cluster analysis was conducted to calculate the prevalence odds ratios of the association between bicycle commuting rate and heart disease for research question three. Three factors accounted for 70% of the variation in bicycle commuting rates. Those three factors include the average number of cyclist fatalities, the number of city employees working on bicycle projects, and bicycle network connections to public transit. The results also show that the association between bicycle commuting rate and heart disease prevalence was only statistically significant in census tract populations with predominantly high socioeconomic status, low health risk factors, and white race. The ecologic study design likely masked any positive health outcomes in populations with low socioeconomic status. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for transportation and public health practitioners, and the conclusions set the stage for future research on cycling and chronic disease outcomes in the United States. / Doctor of Philosophy / In the U.S., about 1% of the population bicycle commutes to work. Bicycle commuting is uncommon in the U.S. because many people feel it is not a safe or practical form of transportation. However, several U.S. organizations are working to make roadways safer for cyclists. Some of these organizations include The League of American Bicyclists (LAB), PeopleForBikes (PFB), and Smart Growth America (SGA). The LAB has awarded nearly 500 towns and cities with a bicycle-friendly community award, while PFB has created tools to help urban planners examine bicycle networks in their communities. SGA also helps create bicycle-friendly cities by working with elected officials to advocate for policies that will make roadways safer for cyclists. LAB, PFB, and SGA all collect data as part of their work to learn what U.S. communities are doing to support cycling. I used LAB, PFB, and SGA data to determine the most important factors for bicycle-friendliness in the 50 largest U.S. cities. I evaluated the impact of 14 factors, including, but not limited to, protected bike lanes, network connectedness, and bicycle-friendly policy. I found that three factors had the strongest association with bicycle commuting rates in large U.S. cities: network connections to public transit, the number of city employees working on bicycle projects, and the number of deaths from cyclist fatalities. Cities looking to increase bicycle commuting should use these results to focus their efforts on improving public transit networks, increasing the number of work hours spent on bicycle projects, and identifying strategies to reduce cyclist fatalities. U.S. cities should work towards improving bicycle-friendliness because of the population health benefits. In the past 20 years, the percentage of Americans with obesity has increased by 40%, and the percentage of Americans with Type 2 diabetes has doubled. Multiple factors contribute to obesity and diabetes, including bicycle commuting, which has been associated with decreases in both obesity and diabetes. Bicycle commuting may also be associated with heart disease, which is the leading cause of death in the U.S., but more research is needed. In the second part of this study, I evaluated the relationship between bicycle commuting rate and the percentage of Americans living with heart disease. I used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Census Bureau to understand the association between bicycle commuting and heart disease in 50 U.S. cities. I analyzed the data by census tract to understand health outcomes at a population level. I found that the association between bicycle commuting and heart disease was only significant in census tracts that were predominately high-income. I also found that bicycle commuting rates in high-income populations were three times greater than in low-income populations. In other words, health benefits were not visible in low-income populations because of low bicycle commuting rates. Low-income populations have higher rates of obesity and diabetes and would benefit the most from bicycle commuting, yet these populations confront several barriers to cycling. Cities interested in improving bicycle-friendliness should work to engage low-income populations in their work.

Better understanding of urban travelers is necessary, as sustainable development is becoming an integral part of transportation policy and practice. A volume of research shows people’s expressed willingness to adopt more sustainable urban travel behaviours, but a general sense of resistance to change is often encountered. Current methods in transportation research are not able to fully grasp on individual motivations such as discontent with public transport. This gap of knowledge in qualitative transportation research calls for the development of new methods. James Scott’s concept of the hidden transcript allows for the assumption that there are expressions of dissatisfaction towards public transportation at grassroots level. In order to access hidden transcripts on public transportation in Stockholm there is a need for a new method, which is developed in this thesis. The proposed visual mixed method draws from principles of visual ethnography, virtual ethnography, nethnography and social media research. The methodology is then tested and assessed as a platform to give voice to hidden transcripts on public transportation. The choice of method for developing the method is meta-methodology. The discussion sheds light on the potential of the framework (1) to grant access to hidden transcripts; (2) to fill a knowledge gap in transportation qualitative research; (3) to assist planners towards sustainable development of urban transportation.

<p>Analizom procesa kretanja vozila duž linije identifikovani su parametri koji utiču na širenje poremećaja intervala sleđenja. Na osnovu utvrđenih relacija između parametara, formiran je deterministički model. Modelom je predstavljeno širenje i slaganje više prostih poremećaja intervala sleđenja po stajalištima duž linije i po polascima u redu vožnje na jednoj liniji javnog gradskog prevoza putnika. U radu je izvršena matematička analiza složenog uticaja različitih parametara na širenje poremećaja intervala sleđenja vozila. Rezultati analize su pokazali da je u fazi projektovanja sistema u velikoj meri moguće uticati na sekundarne poremećaje intervala sleđenja i preventivno delovati na povećanje stepena ravnomernosti intervala sleđenja na liniji. U skladu sa zaključcima analize modela razvijen je postupak optimizacije kojim se sa aspekta vremena boravka putnika u sistemu i dostignute ravnomernosti intervala sleđenja, vrednuje podela dijametralne linije na dve radijalne.</p> / <p>An analysis of the process of vehicle movement along the line was used to identify the parameters which influence irregular headway propagation. The established relations between the parameters were used to form a deterministic model. The model describes the propagation and concurrence of numerous primary headway irregularities by the stops along the line and by the scheduled departure times at one urban public transport system line. The paper presents a mathematical analysis of the complex effect of various parameters on the irregular headway propagation. The results of the analysis have shown that the secondary headway irregularites could be largely affected during the transport system design phase, thus preventing the increase in the degree of headway uniformity along the line. In accordance with the conclusions of the model analysis, an optimisation method has been developed, which is used to evaluate the division of the diametrical line into two radial lines from the aspect of on-line travel time and the achieved headway uniformity.</p>

This diploma thesis is about description and analysis of urban traffic. First part of this work is focused on subsystems of urban public transport, categorization and description of the external costs in road transport and possible ways of charging. Electronic toll systems, their legal framework, the basic architecture, applied technologies and their interoperability and standardization are described. The final and main part of this work is devoted to a description and evaluation of urban toll systems in three Norwegian cities: Oslo, Trondheim and Bergen.

O objetivo principal da tese é buscar critérios que orientem e justifiquem a definição de estruturas tarifárias para o transporte público urbano, diferenciando valores relativos de tarifa segundo o tipo de uso do sistema de transporte e as características do usuário. Após uma análise dos objetivos do transporte público urbano, foram considerados relevantes os critérios de eficiência econômica e equidade para a elaboração e avaliação de estruturas tarifárias, por sua relação direta com o bem-estar social. Para satisfazer critérios de eficiência, os preços devem ser determinados segundo o custo social marginal de curto prazo, considerando, porém, falhas do mercado de transporte público que levam a preços ótimos que desviam de forma sistemática dos custos marginais. Os critérios de equidade, por vezes restritos a consideração de aspectos de distribuição de renda, devem ser complementados pelo critério de necessidade de transporte, indicada pela categoria sócio-econômica do indivíduo e sua família. Um modelo conceitual para elaboração e avaliação de estruturas tarifárias é proposto, cujo objetivo é maximizar uma função de equidade, sujeito a restrições que contém informações sobre estruturas tarifárias que refletem critérios de eficiência ou outros que os condicionem. / The major objective of the thesis is the search for criteria for guiding and justifying the definition of public transport fare structures. The latter should be interpreted as the processo f differentiating relative prices according to the type of use one makes of the system and the characteristics of the user. An analysis of the objectives of urban public transport led to the choice of economic efficiency and equity as relevant criteria for the design and evaluation off are structures: this is based upon the fact that these criteria have direct impacto n social welfare. The adopted approach recognizes that public transport is a multiproduct economic activity offering several services - trips between many origins and destinations, at different times and on various types of days - with different costs. Users make different uses of the service, consuming distinct products. The demand for the many products offered by a transportation system oughr to face proces that satisfy the criteria for economic efficiency, if social welfare is to be maximized. On the other hand, one must acknowledge the existence of differences between the consumers of trnasportation services - income, auto availability, sex, age and family structure - which define their constribution capabilities and their transport needs. Equity criteria are required if one is to account for the differences in userscharacteristics. Efficiency criteria ask for short run marginal cost princing. However, there are some important failures in the public transport market: consequently, optimal prices should deviate systematically from marginal costs. The structure of marginal costs, concerning the many different products, and the nature of the optimal deviations provide important information for fare structure design. Equity criteria are sometime interpreted as concerning income distribution issues alone. A wider view of the equity concept indicates that, for the purpose off are design and evaluation, transport needs related criteria, as reflected by the sócio-economic category of the individual and his family, should be considered in addition to income distributional aspects. A conceptual model for design and evaluation off are structures is proposed. The objective is to maximize an equity function, subject to constraints that convey information about efficient fare structures and other informal criteria. As an important feature, the model considers that the application of equity criteria to public transport fare structures requires that family characteristics be taken into account besides the individual.

Esta Tese foi formulada buscando responder a uma problemática central: a reestruturação produtiva induz a uma redefinição do sistema de transportes terrestres, tanto no que se refere à infra-estrutura quanto aos deslocamentos realizados por passageiros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é o estudo da configuração da rede de transporte e dos ritmos dos fluxos urbanos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), observando que a reengenharia da produção a partir da década de 1990 alterou os fluxos e provocou novas demandas por transportes, configurando novos arranjos espaciais na metrópole. Sob a linha metodológica de análise da realidade pautada sobre os fenômenos empíricos, de dados estatísticos e conhecimento teórico dos fatos que ocorrem na RMSP, no que tange às suas atividades econômicas, utilizamo-nos das quatro categorias do método geográfico de análise do espaço: forma, função, estrutura e processo. A pesquisa nos proporcionou, através do estudo das infra-estruturas de transporte ferroviário, metroviário e rodoviário, o conhecimento da forma. A análise dos fluxos realizados nos proporcionou o entendimento da função. As políticas que determinam a infra-estrutura viária e influem na qualidade dos fluxos de passageiros compuseram a dimensão da categoria de análise estrutura, fundamental para que pudéssemos fazer a crítica ao sistema de transporte de passageiros da RMSP. O processo histórico permeou toda a pesquisa. À luz da subjetividade expressa nas entrevistas que realizamos, foi possível construir uma nova visão de nosso problema de pesquisa. Fazendo uso dessas categorias analíticas, procuramos compreender a nova organização do espaço metropolitano sob o viés das infra-estruturas de transporte e dos deslocamentos dos passageiros. A reestruturação produtiva significou nada mais do que a incorporação de novas técnicas ao trabalho e à gerência, que engendraram alterações na organização do espaço. Em tempos de reestruturação produtiva, verificamos a diminuição das atividades industriais e o crescimento de novas modalidades de serviços. Isto significa que, com a terceirização de tantas atividades que, em tempos fordistas, se concentravam na fábrica, multiplicaram-se as empresas prestadoras de serviços produtivos. Além disto, muitos outros serviços distributivos e sociais aumentaram e se disseminaram pelo espaço urbano. Através do estudo das vias férreas, metroviárias e rodoviárias, das modalidades de transporte que circulam por estas vias na RMSP, e ainda dos deslocamentos de passageiros, concluímos que desde a origem da estruturação da metrópole paulistana, a mobilidade e a acessibilidade foram ao mesmo tempo princípios e resultantes do processo de metropolização, fato que pode ser verificado pelo estudo histórico da relação entre a expansão da mancha urbana e a estrutura viária. Tendo importante participação em todas as etapas do processo de estruturação da metrópole, a mobilidade teve um papel indutor tanto no início da metropolização quanto no atual período, quando a RMSP passa por intensas transformações decorrentes do processo de reestruturação da produção. Os resultados de nossa pesquisa nos fizeram concluir que, notadamente em meados dos anos 1990, os sistemas de transportes metropolitanos iniciaram um processo de reorganização e modernização, acelerados nos anos 2000. A Tese apresenta dados que demonstram que a redefinição do padrão produtivo também redefiniu o padrão da circulação de passageiros na RMSP. / This Thesis was formulated trying to answer to a central problem: the productive restructuration leads on a redefinition of the terrestrial transport system, concerning the infrastructure and the passengers displacements. The research general objective is the study of the shape transport network and the urban fluxes rhythmic in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, observing that the production reengineering after 1990 changed the fluxes and stimulated new transport demands, configuring new metropolis spatial arrangements. Under the methodological line of the reality analysis based on the empirical phenomena, statistical data and theoretical knowledge of the facts that occur in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, concerning to its economic activities, we use the four categories of the geographic analysis of the space method: form, function, structure and process. The research that we realized supplied, through the rail, underground and road infra-structure study, the knowledge of the form. The fluxes analysis supplied the function understanding. The politics that define the infra-structure and influence the passengers fluxes quality made up the analysis category of the structure, important to the passengers transport system critic that we have done. The historical process interposed all the research. The subjectivity expressed on the interviews we realized made a new vision of our research problem possible. Using the four analysis categories, we tried to understand a new metropolitan space organization under the obliquity of the transport infra-structure and the passengers displacements. The productive restructuration meant more than new techniques incorporation to labor and management, which expressed spatial organization changes. In productive restructuration times, we noticed a minimization of the industrial activities and the growth of some other services modalities. This means that, with so many activities that were transferred to a third company, which in Ford period were concentrated in the plant, the rendering companies of productive services had been multiplied. Moreover, many other distributive and social services had increased and had spread through the urban area. Through the study of the railway, subway and road, of the transport modalities that circulate in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, and still of the passengers displacements, we conclude that since São Paulo metropolis structural origin, mobility and accessibility had been, at the same time, principles and resultants of the metropolis formation process, fact that can be verified by the historical study of the urban area expansion and the road structure. Mobility had an inductive paper at the beginning of the metropolis formation and in the current period, when São Paulo Metropolitan Area passes for intense transformations decurrently of the process of production reorganization, having important participation in all the stages of the process of metropolis structural organization. The results of our research had shown that, in middle of years 1990, the metropolitan transport systems initiated a reorganization and modernization process, sped up in the 2000. We believe that the redefinition of the productive standard also redefined the standard of the passengers circulation in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area.

Esta dissertação trata do planejamento do abastecimento de última milha em centros urbanos, propondo métodos para agrupar pedidos de clientes em programação de entregas. Neste estudo, é considerado que o frete pago ao transportador em uma rota é definido pela distância direta do ponto de entrega mais distante do depósito em contraposição à distância total da rota que é usual na literatura sobre problemas de roteirização de veículos. Além disso, também são consideradas categorias, conjunto de produtos similares, que não podem ser transportadas juntas por não serem compatíveis entre si. O objetivo do problema proposto é determinar o agrupamento e sequenciamento de pedidos em roteiros de veículos de acordo com as características operacionais descritas acima, utilizando uma frota homogênea de veículos capacitados que parte de um depósito, de tal forma que toda a demanda seja atendida com o menor frete possível. Para resolução desse problema são propostas uma formulação matemática para obtenção de soluções exatas e a implementação da heurística \"Multi Start Perturbation Tabu\" (MSPT) que é composta das metaheurísticas \"Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure\" (GRASP), \"Tabu Search\" (TS) e \"Iterated Local Search\" (ILS) para obtenção de soluções heurísticas. Os resultados experimentais indicam que a MSPT é competitiva com os resultados do método exato com até 5 horas de processamento utilizando os recursos computacionais de alto desempenho do Laboratório de Computação Científica Avançada (LCCA) da Universidade de São Paulo. / This dissertation addresses the planning of the last mile supply in urban centers and proposes methods to group customer orders into shipments. In this study, freight paid to the carrier on a route is defined as the direct distance from the point of delivery that is furthest from the depot as opposed to be defined as the total distance of the route which is commonly found in the literature on vehicle routing problems. In addition, it is also considered categories, a set of similar products, which cannot be transported together because they are not compatible with each other. The objective of the proposed problem is to determine the grouping and sequencing of orders into vehicle shipments according to the operational characteristics described above, using a homogeneous fleet of capacitated vehicles that is located in a depot, in such a way that all the demand is delivered with the lowest freight possible. To solve this problem, it is proposed a mathematical formulation to obtain exact solutions and the implementation of the Multi Start Perturbation Tabu (MSPT) heuristic that is composed of the Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP), Tabu Search (TS) and \"Iterated Local Search\" (ILS) for heuristic solutions. Finally, the experimental results indicate that the MSPT is competitive with the outcomes of the exact method with up to 5 hours of processing using the high performance computational resources of the Advanced Scientific Computation Laboratory (LCCA) of the University of São Paulo (USP).

Depuis une trentaine d’années en France, les politiques de déplacement visent une réduction de l’usage de l’automobile en ville. En suivant diverses formulations et niveaux de contrainte sur l’usage des modes, ces politiques impactent les environnements urbains, et s’accompagnent dans les années 2000 de dispositifs communicationnels et informationnels visant à obtenir un changement de pratiques de la part des usagers. Les injonctions de la collectivité au changement de mode peuvent ainsi prendre des formes implicites ou explicites. Les injonctions implicites traduisent l’hypothèse d’une rationalité instrumentale prédominante chez l’usager-acteur, à la recherche de l’alternative « optimale » et modifient en conséquence l’environnement urbain au profit des modes « alternatifs » à la voiture. Les injonctions explicites s’adressent quant à elles à un usager, dont la rationalité serait davantage axiologique et s’attachent à le convaincre de changer de pratique par des campagnes de communication destinées à promouvoir des vertus et des valeurs associées aux modes alternatifs. A Lyon comme ailleurs, ces politiques ne sont pas couronnées du succès espéré. L’adhésion aux dispositifs mis en place n’est pas massive, de sorte que nous constatons de fortes résistances aux injonctions au changement de mode de déplacement. Que l’usage de la voiture reste prépondérant dans les espaces peu denses ne surprend pas, mais la résistance au changement de mode concerne également les communes centrales, denses et correctement desservies par les modes alternatifs. Nous en concluons que les hypothèses de la rationalité instrumentale et/ou axiologique de l’usager de la voiture ne suffisent pas à couvrir les raisons de la pratique automobile. En outre, la littérature de la recherche sur les déplacements urbains ne dit guère plus que ces deux hypothèses sur les comportements de mobilité. Que les approches scientifiques du choix modal reposent sur une théorie de la décision ou mobilisent les structures sociales pour expliquer les comportements, elles ne parviennent pas à expliquer et à rendre compte des résistances aux injonctions. Pour contribuer à cette réflexion, nous faisons l’hypothèse que le concept d’habitude peut utilement être convoqué, pour dépasser les dualismes « individu-structure » ou « choix-déterminisme » et permettre une lecture plus phénoménologique des pratiques de déplacements quotidiens. Nous avons donc développé une méthode originale en deux temps : des commentaires enregistrés par les acteurs-usagers en situation de déplacement, puis un questionnaire. Nous montrerons en quoi la force de l’habitude, constituée de trois dimensions (psychique, temporelle, spatiale) permet d’expliquer la résistance des usagers aux injonctions au changement de mode. Nous conclurons par la remise en cause des politiques de déplacement injonctives, et par la proposition de nouvelles perspectives tant opérationnelles et théoriques. / Since the 80’s the majority of French cities developed transport policies aiming at reducing car use. This involves the development of specific urban transport policies following various formulas (such as modal-shift, intermodal or multimodal policies) and various constraint levels on car use (incentive or restrictive policies). Several communicational and informational plans emerged since the 2000’s and support these policies in order to enable a change in urban transport practices. Local authorities’ injunctions to modal change take two principal shapes that are rather implicit or explicit. Implicit injunctions to modal change indicate a first hypothesis on the car-user developed by local authorities in charge of transportation planning and policies. This first hypothesis assumes a car-user in search of the “optimal” mode, and stipulates as a consequence a modification of urban environments in favor of “alternative modes” to make him change. Regarding explicit injunctions, a second hypothesis is assumed on the car-user, who is defined as an actor following an axiological rationality. As a consequence, communication campaigns on values and virtues of “alternative modes” are stipulated to achieve consent to change in the case of daily-life transport. In Lyon as elsewhere, these policies failed to meet with the expected success. The support to these plans and policies is not massive so that we observe strong resistances to injunctions to change. These resistances are not surprising in the case of low density spaces and are in line with the literature. However the resistances to modal change observed for the case of Lyon take place as well in central areas, accurately connected to public transportation services with high population density. We conclude that hypotheses of instrumental and axiological rationalities are limited in explaining the “reasons” of car use. Mainstream research literature on urban transport doesn’t go further than these two hypotheses. To contribute to this reflection we assume the hypothesis that habit - as a concept – can be mobilized to go beyond fruitless dualisms such as “individual vs. structure” or “choice vs. determinism” and enable the development of a rather phenomenological interpretation of transport behaviours. In order to identify the shapes and roles of habit in urban transport behaviours, we developed a two-step original method including the collection of comments recorded by car-drivers and a questionnaire. The latter enabled us to distinguish two sub-groups as regards to the strength of their automobile habit. As a major result we will show that automobile habit follows three dimensions, namely mental, temporal and spatial, and enable an explanation of user’s resistance to injunctions to modal change. In line with these results we will conclude with a critical reconsideration of transport policies based on injunctions to change, and with new operational and theoretical perspectives.

Frente ao caráter fragmentado do espaço urbano das cidades contemporâneas, as infraestruturas de mobilidade e as redes de comunicação atuam como elementos de articulação. Nesse contexto, o transporte de pessoas tem papel fundamental de estruturação do território urbanizado que não se caracteriza apenas por laços de proximidade, sendo as estações ferroviárias nós articuladores das redes de fluxos e parte fundamental desta equação. Este trabalho aborda a inserção de grandes estações ferroviárias localizadas em áreas centrais nos intensos fluxos de escala regional e metropolitana e, ao mesmo tempo, sua consolidação como protagonistas na dinâmica urbana, atuando como geradores de urbanidade e vitalidade nas cidades. Relacionando o papel de centralidade destes equipamentos, sua inserção no território, sua função na rede de transporte e a relação com os espaços públicos do seu entorno, a pesquisa parte da reflexão teórica que enfrenta questões da contemporaneidade para assim analisar as estações através de estudos de caso. Busca, portanto, avaliar as condicionantes atuais que envolvem os grandes terminais intermodais de passageiros que tem o transporte ferroviário como elemento principal. / Given the fragmented nature of urban space in contemporary cities, mobility infrastructures and communication networks act as articulation elements. In this context, the transportation of people has a fundamental role in the structuring of the urbanized territory, which is not only characterized by proximity ties. The railway stations are among the articulators elements of flow networks and are a key part of this equation. This work addresses the insertion of large railway stations located in central areas in the intense flows of regional and metropolitan scale and, at the same time, their consolidation as protagonists in the urban dynamics, acting as generators of urbanity and vitality in the cities. Relating the central role of these equipments, their insertion in the territory, their function in the transportation network and the relation with the public spaces of their surroundings, the research starts from a theoretical reflection that faces contemporary issues to analyze the stations through studies of case. It seeks, therefore, to appraise the current requirements that involve the large intermodal passenger terminals that have rail transport as the main element.