This is a study on the syntax of V-V resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese within the generative framework. I investigate three aspects of these constructions: the generation of resultative V-V compounds, the syntactic structure of V-V resultatives, and their alternation properties. First, I investigate in which component of grammar and with what mechanisms resultative V-V compounds are generated. With regard to the generation of complex words, Marantz (2000) proposes that words are generated in two different syntactic domains, the inner domain of a lexical root and the outer domain, and words thus generated demonstrate different properties. Adopting this proposal, I propose a syntactic analysis of the generation of resultative V-V compounds. One observation of this study is that V-V resultative compounds and another type of V-V compounds in Mandarin Chinese, parallel V-V compounds, while seemingly similar, possess systematically different properties. Based on this observation, I argue that resultative V-V compounds are formed in the outer domain, by combining two categorized verbs (vP1 and vP2), while parallel V-V compounds are formed in the inner domain, in which the two acategorical lexical roots (√1 and √2) combine first to form a root complex, which then merges with little v. Second, I explore an event-mapping approach to the syntactic structure of V-V resultatives. Regarding the syntactic representation of the semantic event structures, the isomorphism hypothesis (e.g., Lin, 2004; Ramchand, 2008) postulates that there is a transparent correspondence between semantic subevents and the syntactic element of vPs. Particularly, Lin’s (2004) isomorphism analysis argues that two types of V-V resultative constructions, object-oriented and subject-oriented V-V resultatives, have the same event structure, and therefore have the same syntactic structure, in which three vPs represent three subevents. In the present study, based on the adverbial modification properties, I argue that an isomorphism analysis of Mandarin V-V resultatives does not hold, and that the two types of V-V resultatives have different syntactic structures. To be more specific, while the syntactic structure of object-oriented V-V resultatives contains two vPs, a vCAUSEP that takes as its complement a vBECOMEP, the syntactic structure of subject-oriented V-V resultatives contains a single vBECOMEP. This analysis reveals that, while object-oriented V-V resultatives are causative constructions, subject-oriented V-V resultatives are inchoative unaccusative predicates, despite the ‘cause-result’ meaning they convey. Finally, based on the analysis that object-oriented and subject-oriented V-V resultatives have different syntactic structures, I account for their alternation properties. I propose that the alternative uses of these two types of V-V resultatives fall into two different categorizations: decausativization (of object-oriented resultatives) and causativization (of subject-oriented resultatives). I then argue that (most of) the properties of the alternative uses of V-V resultatives have two sources: the distinctive semantic and syntactic properties of subject-oriented resultatives, and the Direct Causation Condition on the subject in causatives. / Graduate

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 30).

No description available.

Factor Va is a plasma protein that plays an important role in the regulation of blood coagulation by serving as the essential cofactor in thrombin generation via the prothrombinase complex. The procofactor, factor V, exists in two whole blood pools with 75-80% found in plasma, and 20-25% stored in the α-granules of platelets. As compared to the plasma procofactor, platelet-derived factor V is physically and functionally distinct, and displays a more procoagulant phenotype. Despite these profound differences, platelet-derived factor V originates via endocytosis of the plasma-derived procofactor by megakaryocytes. Endocytosis is mediated by two receptors: an unidentified, specific factor V receptor, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor related protein-1 (LRP-1), a ubiquitous receptor that plays a role in endocytosis of proteins targeted for lysosomal degradation. These observations represent a novel role for LRP-1 in endocytosis of a protein that is functionally modified, and not targeted for lysosomal degradation. The goal of this study is to define the factor V regions involved in its interactions with the unidentified factor V receptor and LRP-1 expressed on megakaryocytes to begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating formation of the unique platelet-derived cofactor. Epitope mapping studies were performed using anti-factor V monoclonal antibodies, E9 and anti-factor V #2. Previous observations indicated that these factor Va light chain antibodies inhibited endocytosis of factor V by megakaryocytes. However, subsequent analyses demonstrated that only E9 inhibited both factor V binding and endocytosis. Thus, it was used for these studies. Western blotting of factor V and Va suggested that E9 recognizes a conformation-dependent epitope, which precluded the use of conventional epitope mapping approaches used for linear epitopes. E9 had no effect on factor Va cofactor activity in a plasma-based clotting assay suggesting that it does not perturb factor Va’s interactions with the membrane surface or factor Xa. Cleavage of lipid-bound factor Va by factor Xa at Arg1765 was also not affected by the presence of E9 suggesting that the epitope is not directed against this cleavage site. When E9 was used to immunoprecipitate the factor Xa-generated light chain cleavage products, both the 48/46 and 30 kDa light chain fragments were captured. These observations were confirmed using a solid phase competition assay where factor Xa-cleaved factor Va inhibited binding of 125I-factor V to E9 as well as intact factor V or Va. Limited proteolysis of the factor Va light chain with trypsin or Asp-N, generated products that were no longer detectable in this assay. These combined observations suggest that the anti-factor V light chain antibody, E9, has an epitope that is conformation-dependent and extremely labile. Future directions and alternative approaches are discussed.

I tried to describe the theme of moral ecology as the matter of relationship of man and his environment. There was an effort also to mention important connections and circumstances such as history of relationship of man and nature and connected human interventions there that have led to common state.. It is reflected as ecological crisis by big part of experts as well as public. This was by informations coming from reports about state of the world from seventies (when the crisis was recognized) and later from nineties and common time Then there were mentioned supposed causes of this situation. There followed brief exposition of authors dealing with moral ecology and their ideas. Afterwards the attention was focused especialy on strategies of voluntary or intentional simplicity and ways of reasonable consumption as the main practical displays of moral ecology as well as means to solve environmental crisis. The article on efectivity in production as the way of reasonable consumption was added. In the end there was placed part dealing with needed and possible ways of solution of ecological problems on the social, economical and political level. as the next important displays of moral ecology.

Tecnécio-99m é o radionuclídeo mais utilizado em procedimentos para imagem diagnóstica na Medicina Nuclear, mais de 80 % dos radiofármacos são compostos marcados com 99mTc. 99mTc-DMSA(V) tem sido usado no diagnóstico de tumores de tecidos moles, cabeça e pescoço. Este radiofármaco tem uma alta especificidade para detecção de carcinoma medular de tireóide e metástase óssea em vários tipos de cânceres. Estudos de biodistribuição do 188Re-DMSA(V) tem mostrado que suas propriedades farmacocinéticas são similares ao do 99mTc-DMSA(V), então este agente poderia ser usado para terapia desses tumores. O objetivo desse trabalho é o desenvolvimento de métodos para marcação do DMSA(V) com 99mTc e 188Re. O 99mTc-DMSA(V) pode ser preparado por dois métodos. Um dos métodos é o método indireto, que é através do kit comercial de DMSA(III), ajustando-se o pH de 2,5 para ~8,5 com NaHCO3, que foi estudado e otimizado, apresentando bons rendimentos de marcação. O outro é o método direto, pelo preparo de um kit liofilizado de DMSA(V) pronto para marcação com 99mTc, sendo o método de interesse do trabalho pela maior praticidade no uso clínico. A formulação mais adequada do método direto foi: 1,71 mg de DMSA, 0,53 mg de SnCl2.2H2O e 0,83 mg de ácido ascórbico (pH 9). Marcando-se esse kit com 1 a 2 mL de 99mTc, com atividades de até 4736 MBq (128 mCi), e tempo instantâneo de reação, consegue-se rendimento de marcação maior que 95%. O kit liofilizado foi estável por até 6 meses e estudos de biodistribuição confirmaram a qualidade do DMSA (V) marcado com 99mTc usando este kit. O potencial de redução do Re é mais baixo do que do Tc, com isso as condições de preparação do 188Re-DMSA(V) são diferentes das usadas para o 99mTc-DMSA(V). O 188Re-DMSA(V) é preparado em meio ácido, com isso é possível utilizar o kit comercial de DMSA(III) para marcação com 99mTc, que apresenta pH 2,5, na preparação do 188Re- DMSA(V). Com este método conseguiu-se rendimentos de marcação superiores a 95%, com tempo de reação de 30 minutos à 100 ºC, utilizando no máximo 1 mL de 188ReO4 -. Outro método de preparação do 188Re-DMSA(V) também foi estudado, através de um kit líquido contendo 2,5 mg de DMSA, 1,00 mg de SnCl2.2H2O, 30 mg de oxalato de sódio e pH 5. Este kit marcado com 1 mL de 188ReO4 -, com 15 minutos de reação à temperatura ambiente apresentou rendimento de marcação de aproximadamente 91%. / Technetium-99m is the most useful radionuclide in diagnostic imaging procedures in Nuclear Medicine, more than 80 percent of radiopharmaceuticals are 99mTc-labeled compounds. 99mTc-DMSA(V) has been used for imaging of soft tissue, head and neck tumors. It shows a particularly high specificity for medullary thyroid carcinoma and bone metastases in a variety of cancers. Biodistribution studies of 188Re-DMSA(V) have shown that its general pharmacokinetic properties are similar to that of 99mTc-DMSA(V), so this agent could be used for targeted radiotherapy of these tumors. The aim of this work is the development of methods of labeling DMSA(V) with 99mTc and 188Re. 99mTc-DMSA(V) can be prepared by two methods. One of them is the indirect one, through the use of a commercial kit of DMSA (III), by adjusting the pH from 2.5 to ~8.5 with NaHCO3. This method was evaluated and optmized presenting high labeling yields. The other method is the direct one, through the preparation of a liophylised kit ready for labeling with 99mTc, being the method of interest of this work, due to the easy of its clinical use. The most adequate formulation of the kit was: 1.71mg of DMSA, 0.53mg of SnCl2.2H2O and 0.83 mg of ascorbic acid (pH 9). Labeling yields higher than 95% were achieved labeling this kit with 1 to 2 mL of 99mTc with activities up to 4736 MBq (128 mCi). The kit was stable up to 6 months and biodistribution studies confirmed the quality of the DMSA (V) labeled with 99mTc using this kit. The reduction potential of Re is lower than the one for Tc, so the labeling conditions of 188Re-DMSA(V) are diferent from the ones used for 99mTc- DMSA(V). 188Re-DMSA(V) is prepared in acid solution, that makes it possible to use the DMSA (III) comercial kit developed for labeling with 99mTc, prepared in pH 2.5, for labeling with 188Re. Labeling yields higher than 95% were achieved with this methodology, with a rection time of 30 minutes at 100oC using no more than 1 mL of 188ReO4 -. Another method of preparing 188Re-DMSA(V) was also evaluated, using a liquid kit containing 2.5mg of DMSA, 1.00mg of SnCl2.2H2O and 30mg of sodium oxalate at pH 5. This kit was labeled with 1 mL of 188ReO4 -, with 15 minutes of reaction at room temperature resulting in a labeling yield of about 91%.

Tecnécio-99m é o radionuclídeo mais utilizado em procedimentos para imagem diagnóstica na Medicina Nuclear, mais de 80 % dos radiofármacos são compostos marcados com 99mTc. 99mTc-DMSA(V) tem sido usado no diagnóstico de tumores de tecidos moles, cabeça e pescoço. Este radiofármaco tem uma alta especificidade para detecção de carcinoma medular de tireóide e metástase óssea em vários tipos de cânceres. Estudos de biodistribuição do 188Re-DMSA(V) tem mostrado que suas propriedades farmacocinéticas são similares ao do 99mTc-DMSA(V), então este agente poderia ser usado para terapia desses tumores. O objetivo desse trabalho é o desenvolvimento de métodos para marcação do DMSA(V) com 99mTc e 188Re. O 99mTc-DMSA(V) pode ser preparado por dois métodos. Um dos métodos é o método indireto, que é através do kit comercial de DMSA(III), ajustando-se o pH de 2,5 para ~8,5 com NaHCO3, que foi estudado e otimizado, apresentando bons rendimentos de marcação. O outro é o método direto, pelo preparo de um kit liofilizado de DMSA(V) pronto para marcação com 99mTc, sendo o método de interesse do trabalho pela maior praticidade no uso clínico. A formulação mais adequada do método direto foi: 1,71 mg de DMSA, 0,53 mg de SnCl2.2H2O e 0,83 mg de ácido ascórbico (pH 9). Marcando-se esse kit com 1 a 2 mL de 99mTc, com atividades de até 4736 MBq (128 mCi), e tempo instantâneo de reação, consegue-se rendimento de marcação maior que 95%. O kit liofilizado foi estável por até 6 meses e estudos de biodistribuição confirmaram a qualidade do DMSA (V) marcado com 99mTc usando este kit. O potencial de redução do Re é mais baixo do que do Tc, com isso as condições de preparação do 188Re-DMSA(V) são diferentes das usadas para o 99mTc-DMSA(V). O 188Re-DMSA(V) é preparado em meio ácido, com isso é possível utilizar o kit comercial de DMSA(III) para marcação com 99mTc, que apresenta pH 2,5, na preparação do 188Re- DMSA(V). Com este método conseguiu-se rendimentos de marcação superiores a 95%, com tempo de reação de 30 minutos à 100 ºC, utilizando no máximo 1 mL de 188ReO4 -. Outro método de preparação do 188Re-DMSA(V) também foi estudado, através de um kit líquido contendo 2,5 mg de DMSA, 1,00 mg de SnCl2.2H2O, 30 mg de oxalato de sódio e pH 5. Este kit marcado com 1 mL de 188ReO4 -, com 15 minutos de reação à temperatura ambiente apresentou rendimento de marcação de aproximadamente 91%. / Technetium-99m is the most useful radionuclide in diagnostic imaging procedures in Nuclear Medicine, more than 80 percent of radiopharmaceuticals are 99mTc-labeled compounds. 99mTc-DMSA(V) has been used for imaging of soft tissue, head and neck tumors. It shows a particularly high specificity for medullary thyroid carcinoma and bone metastases in a variety of cancers. Biodistribution studies of 188Re-DMSA(V) have shown that its general pharmacokinetic properties are similar to that of 99mTc-DMSA(V), so this agent could be used for targeted radiotherapy of these tumors. The aim of this work is the development of methods of labeling DMSA(V) with 99mTc and 188Re. 99mTc-DMSA(V) can be prepared by two methods. One of them is the indirect one, through the use of a commercial kit of DMSA (III), by adjusting the pH from 2.5 to ~8.5 with NaHCO3. This method was evaluated and optmized presenting high labeling yields. The other method is the direct one, through the preparation of a liophylised kit ready for labeling with 99mTc, being the method of interest of this work, due to the easy of its clinical use. The most adequate formulation of the kit was: 1.71mg of DMSA, 0.53mg of SnCl2.2H2O and 0.83 mg of ascorbic acid (pH 9). Labeling yields higher than 95% were achieved labeling this kit with 1 to 2 mL of 99mTc with activities up to 4736 MBq (128 mCi). The kit was stable up to 6 months and biodistribution studies confirmed the quality of the DMSA (V) labeled with 99mTc using this kit. The reduction potential of Re is lower than the one for Tc, so the labeling conditions of 188Re-DMSA(V) are diferent from the ones used for 99mTc- DMSA(V). 188Re-DMSA(V) is prepared in acid solution, that makes it possible to use the DMSA (III) comercial kit developed for labeling with 99mTc, prepared in pH 2.5, for labeling with 188Re. Labeling yields higher than 95% were achieved with this methodology, with a rection time of 30 minutes at 100oC using no more than 1 mL of 188ReO4 -. Another method of preparing 188Re-DMSA(V) was also evaluated, using a liquid kit containing 2.5mg of DMSA, 1.00mg of SnCl2.2H2O and 30mg of sodium oxalate at pH 5. This kit was labeled with 1 mL of 188ReO4 -, with 15 minutes of reaction at room temperature resulting in a labeling yield of about 91%.

La présence de cavités souterraines anthropiques ou naturelles est la cause de nombreux problèmes d'effondrements du sous-sol. La détection et caractérisation de ce type de cavité restent un challenge pour la géophysique du fait de la complexité des milieux de la subsurface. Pour répondre à ce besoin, nous proposons une approche par mesures de sismique active qui se base sur l'étude des effets de la cavité sur les ondes de surface de type Rayleigh. Les limites des différentes méthodologies mises en place à ce jour ne permettent pas de remonter avec précision aux paramètres de la cavité car les interactions entre les ondes de Rayleigh et la cavité sont mal identifiées et non prises en compte. Dans ce cadre, nous cherchons à définir de nouvelles observables sismiques porteuses d’informations en vue de proposer une méthode d’imagerie des cavités souterraines adaptée à la subsurface. Nous utilisons une approche combinée basée sur de la modélisation numérique et expérimentale à échelle réduite. L'analyse des tirs sismiques et des phénomènes associés a permis de définir des observables robustes, basées notamment sur la prise en compte de la composante horizontale. Leur sensibilité est étudiée en fonction des paramètres de la cavité comme son diamètre ou sa profondeur en lien avec la longueur d’onde propagée. Les résultats démontrent ainsi l'importance de la composante horizontale très sensible à la cavité. En effet, l'analyse de l’ellipticité du déplacement particulaire à travers les rapports H/V révèle de fortes perturbations au voisinage de l'hétérogénéité “cavité”. Des acquisitions menées sur le terrain visent à initier des tests de faisabilité en milieu réel. / Many underground collapses are due to the presence of natural and anthropogenic cavities in the subsurface. The detection and characterization of this kind of cavity remain a challenge for geophysical methods, due to the complexity of subsurface media. To address this need, we suggest a method based on active seismic measurements to study the influence of a cavity on surface Rayleigh waves. So far, the different methodologies proposed in the literature are not able to precisely assess the cavity parameters, because the interactions between the void and Rayleigh waves are poorly identified and not taken into account. In this context, we define new seismic observables bearing information, with the aim of suggesting a new underground cavity imaging method suitable for subsurface environments. Our approach combines numerical modelling and reduced scale experimentations. The analysis of seismic recordings and associated phenomena lead us to define robust observables, especially based on the consideration of the horizontal component. Their sensibility is studied as functions of the cavity parameters, such as its diameter or its depth regarding the propagated wavelength. Our results demonstrate the significance of the horizontal component, which is highly sensitive to the presence of an object such as a cavity. Indeed, the analysis of the particular displacement ellipticity through H/V spectral ratios reveals strong perturbations in the vicinity of the heterogeneity caused by a void. In addition, several field data have been carried out and in the aim to initiate feasibility tests in real media.

No description available.

Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are ubiquitous membrane-bound protein complexes present in the endo-membrane system of all eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the reversible dissociation of the V1 and Vo regions is an essential mechanism for regulating V-ATPase activity. Therefore, knowledge of the structure of the dissociated V1-ATPase is necessary for understanding the regulation of V-ATPase activity. In this thesis, I showed that by introducing a 3xFLAG tag at the C terminus of different V1-ATPase subunits, highly purified V1-ATPase complex could be isolated. Electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) was used for initial analysis of the intact V1-ATPase. In addition to the intact complex, partial V1-ATPase subcomplexes with different subunit compositions were isolated from yeast cells in late log phase. All of the isolated subcomplexes were found to contain the major V1-ATPase subunits A and B, but differed in the peripheral stalk subunit composition.