Corrugated steel pipe (CSP) culverts are widely used as an economical alternative for conveying streams and small rivers through road embankments. While passage of the design flow is generally the primary goal for culvert design, consideration must also be given to maintaining connectivity within the aquatic environment for fish and other aquatic organisms. In Canada, the design criteria for fish passage through culverts are generally specified in terms of a maximum mean flow velocity corresponding to the weakest swimming fish expected to be found at a specific location. Studies have shown, however, that the velocity distribution within a CSP culvert may provide sufficient areas of lower velocity flow near the culvert boundary to allow for fish passage, even when the mean flow velocity may exceed a fishs swimming ability. Improved knowledge of the hydraulic conditions within CSP culverts, combined with research into fish swimming capabilities and preferences, may make it possible to better tailor culvert designs for fish passage while at the same time decreasing construction costs. To meet the requirements of regulators, various measures may be taken to reduce culvert flow velocities. Embedding, or setting the invert of a culvert below the normal stream bed elevation, is a simple and inexpensive method of increasing the flow area in a culvert flowing partially full, thereby decreasing flow velocity. Fish traversing through an embedded culvert benefit not only in terms of lower mean flow velocities, but also even lower flow velocities in the near boundary region. In the province of Saskatchewan culvert embedment is regularly used as a means to improve fish passage conditions. In this study, a laboratory scale model was used to study the velocity distribution within a non-embedded and embedded CSP culvert. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to measure point velocities throughout the flow cross section at several longitudinal locations along the culvert. The hydraulic conditions were varied by changing the discharge, culvert slope and depth of embedment. The point velocity data were analyzed to determine patterns of velocity and turbulence intensity at each cross section, as well as along the length of the culvert. The results from the embedded culvert tests were compared with the results from the equivalent non-embedded tests, so that initial conclusions could be made regarding the use of embedment to improve conditions for fish passage. Analysis of the cross section velocity distributions showed that, even the non-embedded culvert had a significant portion of the flow area with flow velocity less than the mean velocity. The results from the embedded tests confirmed that embedding the culvert reduced the flow velocity throughout each cross section, although the effect was most significant for the cross sections located greater than one culvert diameter downstream from the inlet. This variation in effectiveness of embedment at reducing flow velocities is attributed to the length of the M1 backwater profile relative to the culvert length, and thus the differential increase in flow depth that occurred at each measurement location along the culvert. For both the non-embedded and embedded culvert the peak point magnitudes of turbulence intensity were found to be located near the culvert inlet where the flow was contracting. In terms of the cross section average turbulence intensity, in the non-embedded culvert turbulence increased with distance downstream from the inlet and was highest at the cross sections located near the culvert outlet. Embedding the culvert was found to either have no impact, or to slightly increase, the cross section average turbulence intensity near the inlet. Again, a result that is attributed to the tapering out of the M1 backwater profile at locations near the inlet under the flow conditions tested. However, beyond eight culvert diameters downstream from the inlet, embedment did result in lower cross section average turbulence intensity when compared to the non-embedded culvert. The measured velocity profiles for the non-embedded tests were found to compare well to the theoretical log-law velocity distribution using a ks value of between 0.012 m and 0.022 m, or approximately one to two times the corrugation amplitude, when the datum for analysis was considered to be located at the crest of the pipe corrugation. The cross section velocity distributions for the non-embedded tests compared very well to the model proposed by Ead et al. (2000). Based on this assessment, it appears that the Ead et al. model is potentially suitable for use in predicting the amount of the cross sectional area in a non-embedded culvert with flow velocity less than the design target for culvert fish passage design purposes. Overall, the results of the study confirm that, embedding a CSP culvert may be an effective way to improve fish passage conditions in terms of both flow velocity and turbulence intensity.

<p>A trapped Fermi gas near a collisional resonance provides a unique laboratory for testing many-body theories in a variety of fields. The ultracold Fermi gas produced in our lab is comprised of the lowest two spin states of $^6$Li. At 834 G there is a collisional or Feshbach resonance between the two spin states. The scattering length between trapped atoms of opposing spins far exceeds the interparticle spacing of the gas. On resonance, a strongly interacting, unitary, Fermi gas is created which exhibits universal behavior. The unitary Fermi gas is a prototype for other exotic systems in nature from nuclear matter to neutron stars and high temperature superconductors.</p> <p>For magnetic fields less than 834 G the scattering length is positive, and pairs Fermi atoms can form molecular dimers. These dimers, comprised of two fermions, are bosons. At ultracold temperatures the molecular bosons populate the lowest energy level and form a Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC). For magnetic fields greater than 834G the scattering length between fermions in opposing spin states is negative, like Cooper pairs formed between electrons in a superconductor. The Bardeen, Cooper, and Shriefer (BCS) theory was developed to describe the pairing effect in the context of superconductors. In our experiment we produce an ultracold unitary gas. By tuning the magnetic field to either side of the Feshbach resonance we can transform the gas into a weakly interacting BEC or BCS superfluid. Therefore, the region near a Feshbach resonance is called the BEC-BCS crossover.</p> <p>This dissertation presents a precision measurement of the hydrodynamic sound velocity in an ultracold Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance. The sound velocity is measured at various magnetic fields both above and below resonance. Moreover, we are able compare our measurements to theoretical descriptions of hydrodynamic sound propagation. Further, our measurement of sound velocity exactly reproduces the non-perturbative case, eliminating the need to consider nonlinear effects. At resonance the sound velocity exhibits universal scaling with the Fermi velocity to within 1.8\% over a factor of 30 in density. In a near zero temperature unitary gas the average sound velocity at the axial center was measured, $c(0)/v_F$ = 0.364(0.005), as well as the universal constant, $\beta$ = -0.565(0.015). The measurement of sound velocity in an ultracold gas throughout the BEC-BCS crossover provides further evidence of the continuous connection between the physics of the BEC, unitary, and BCS systems.</p> / Dissertation

<p>Reconstructing locomotor patterns from fossils is crucial for understanding the origins of primates and important transitions in various primate clades. Recent studies suggest that the semicircular canals of the inner ear provide evidence about locomotion. The canals sense rotational head accelerations and drive reflexes essential for normal movement. Because bony aspects of canal morphology influence canal sensitivity, this system can be studied in osteologic specimens and fossils. Variation in canal morphology in living and, by inference, extinct primates has been attributed to interspecific differences in locomotor behavior. However, the manner in which movement selects for canal morphology is debated, alternative scenarios are plausible, and no relevant measurements are available documenting head movements in primates.</p><p>To refine proposed links between canal morphology and locomotor function, and to resolve conflicting functional interpretations, this study examines head rotations in lemurs and lorises exhibiting diverse locomotor behaviors. Three-dimensional kinematic analyses were used to characterize angular velocities of the head during locomotion. These data are used to test hypotheses concerning intraspecific, interspecific, and body-size dependent variation in head rotations. Cranial CT scans are used to model canal sensitivity to rotations in different directions. Observed patterns of head rotation are compared to predicted patterns of sensitivity to test hypotheses about the relationship between locomotor behavior and canal design.</p><p>Evaluation of existing locomotor inferences reveals that brain size exerts a significant effect on canal size and that the prevailing equations for predicting agility from body and canal size are highly inaccurate. Intraspecific comparisons between maps of observed angular velocity and predicted sensitivity allow identification of map types associated with different general locomotor modes and do not support existing hypotheses about the primary selective forces acting on canal morphology. The new data are used to formulate and test a novel "fast-accurate hypothesis" to explain why all vertebrates are more sensitive to rotations about some axes than others. The fast-accurate hypothesis stipulates that angular velocities presented about axes of mean sensitivity are most accurately interpreted by the brain, and that selection aligns axes of mean sensitivity with axes of habitually fast rotation because accurate perception of rapid rotations confers survival benefit. The fast-accurate hypothesis was used to predict which features of the canals should be correlated with high mean angular velocities of head movement. Novel equations that predict behavior from these newly identified canal morphologies were generated and found to outperform existing equations when tested on the original sample of 11 strepsirrhine species.</p> / Dissertation

The flow of wood fiber suspensions plays an important role during the pulp and paper manufacture process. Considerable research has been carried out in the past 50 years to characterize the fiber suspension flow behavior and to monitor the fiber suspension flow during paper manufacture. However, the above research has been hampered by the lack of techniques to directly characterize fiber suspension flow fields because fibers and fiber flocs tend to interfere with instruments inserted into the flow. The fundamental studies in this thesis concentrated on three parts: (1) examine the feasibility of measuring wood fiber suspension flow by Pulsed Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (PUDV), (2) apply PUDV to characterize fiber suspension flow behavior in a rectangular channel, (3) apply PUDV to measure the forming jet velocity profile along the jet thickness direction (ZD). In the first part, it is demonstrated that PUDV is an accurate technique for the velocity profile measurement of fiber suspension flow. The measurement has high repeatability and sensitivity. Suitable parameters should be selected in order to obtain the optimum measuring results.

The seismic cone penetration test (SCPTu) is the most efficient means for geotechnical site characterization and the evaluation of seismic ground hazards. In this thesis, software systems including ShearPro, ClusterPro, and InSituData, are developed to automate post processing of these SCPTu data. ShearPro is developed to automate the post-processing of the shear wave signals. ClusterPro uses the proposed three-dimensional cluster analysis approach for soil stratification. InSituData facilitates the post processing of penetration data for seismic ground hazards analysis. A new three-dimensional soil classification chart is also proposed in this thesis to help discern soil layers that may be subject to seismic ground hazards, such as loose liquefied sands and silty sands. These methods are then applied to SCPTu data collected at previously-identifed paleoliquefaction sites located in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). For liquefaction evaluation, the cyclic stress ratio (CSR) is computed using site response analysis by DeepSoil and a measured profile of shear waves derived from the 30-m SCPTU soundings and deep suspension loggings in AR and TN. The natural resistance of the soil to liquefaction, termed the cyclic resistance ratios (CRRs), is evaluated based on both deterministic procedures and probabilistic procedures. Based on liquefaction evaluation results at selected paleoliquefaction sites, regional CRR criteria for liquefaction are developed for the NMSZ. As even the latest major earthquakes in NMSZ occurred nearly 200 years ago, aging effects might be an important factor to consider in utilizing the liquefaction criteria to assess the seismic parameters associated with the previous earthquakes. The aging effects in the NMSZ were investigated through large scale blast-induced liquefaction tests conducted in the NMSZ. Then a procedure to estimate seismic parameters associated with previous earthquakes is proposed. It utilizes both the liquefaction criteria based on SCPTu tests and the empirical attenuation relations developed for the corresponding regions. The approach is validated through data evaluation related to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes in California and then applied to previous historic earthquakes in the NMSZ.

Spinning targets are usually observed in videos. The targets may sometimes appear as mobile targets at the same time. The targets become mobile spinning targets. Tracking a single point on a target is easier than tracking the whole target. We use a characteristic point on the target to estimate the interested parameters, such as angular velocity, virtual rotation center and moving velocity. Among these parameters, virtual rotation center does not spin, therefore it can be used to represent the position of the target. Traditionally, extended Kalman filter (EKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and particle filter (PF) are choices for solving the nonlinear problems, but some problems exist. Linearization errors cause that EKF cannot accurately estimate the angular velocity. UKF and PF have high computational complexity. In the thesis, we give angular velocity an initial value. So we can establish a linear dynamic system model to displace the nonlinear model. Then, a new structure is proposed to avoid errors caused by initial value of angular velocity. In the structure, angular velocity is estimated individually and used to correct the initial value by feedback. We try to use fast Fourier transform to estimate angular velocity. But the convergence time of this method is affected by the value of angular velocity, and the direction of angular velocity can not be estimated directly. Therefore, Kalman filter (KF) with pseudo measurement is proposed to estimate the value of angular velocity. The estimator is accurate and has low computational complexity. Once angular velocity is estimated, we can easily predict the virtual rotation center from geometric relationship. In video system, measurements may be quantized and targets may sometimes be obstacled. We fix the measurement equation and use KF to mitigate quantization error. When measurements for the target is missing, the previous state is used to predict the current state. Finally, computer simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveless of the proposed method. The method can work in environments where measurement noise or quantization error exists. The methods can also be applied to different kinds of mobile spinning targets.

The variation of velocity and temperature distribution in arbitrary profile along the centerline in turbulent which encounters non-linearity regular progressive gravity wave and steady uniform flow right in front are investigated analytically and verified by existing experiments. Firstly, the action of periodic waves and current are incorporated into the equation of motion as an external force and applied radiation stress for evaluating the velocity distribution over arbitrary lateral cross section. Based on the momentum exchange after the interaction between turbulent plane jet and oppositive non-linearity wave and uniform flow, the physical characteristics of jet-wave and current are able to be determined theoretically. Secondly, there are critical sections in both velocity and temperature transport processes when the turbulent plane jet influenced by wave and current motion. Fluctuating function will be close to infinity, is the order of wave sharpness; Average velocity for every wave period along the centerline approach to zero, That¡¦s thanks to the momentum of plane jet is extruded by the momentum of wave and current, Beyond the critical section, characteristics of the jet is no longer existing, such phenomena mean that only the wave and current dominating. Velocity and temperature distribution in the zone of flow developed are Gaussian curve, as has been measured in experiment. The momentum extrusion of counter flow in jet is significant in the deep water and small wave; The velocity distribution coefficient is changing with the increasing of counter flow velocity, owing to the entrainment effect, and the potential core will reducing with the increasing of counter flow velocity.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate Ti/APC-2 nanocomposite laminates mechanical properties after low velocity impact. The finite element analysis with software ANSYS/LS-DYNA is used to analyze the size of damage and plastic zone and internal energy of laminates during low velocity impact. Finally, the numerical results and experimental data are in good agreement. The work can be divided into two parts: the first is to fabricate the hybrid composite laminates and place the samples on the floor, subjected to the free drop of a rigid steel ball of 1m and 2m high. Then, the samples after impact were due to static tensile and fatigue tests to obtain mechanical properties. Using the optical microscopy the impact defects of laminate surface were measured. The second, ANSYS/LS-DYNA was used to simulate a laminate impacted by a steel ball. The energy change of steel ball impact and internal energy of laminates during impact were also discussed. From the experimental data, the mechanical properties, such as ultimate strength and stiffness, of virgin samples are better than those of impacted samples due to free drop. In addition, no matter the laminates were added nanoparticles SiO2 or not, the strength of laminates reduces after impact, however, the fatigue resistance of impacted samples does not lose much. Compare with the data of penetration depth and plastic zone due to free drop. The errors of numerical results are 5.4%~12.4% for the penetration depth and the errors 5.21%~8.98% for plastic zone respectively. That is acceptable. The numerical method ology provides a reference to realize the energy change in laminates after impact. Also, from the experimental measurement it is obvious to see damage area after impact and the mechanical properties do not reduce significantly due to low velocity impact generally in Ti/APC-2 composite laminates.

The aim of this study was to observe the properties of a spray field, with micro particle image velocimetry (£gPIV) and holographic interferometric particle imaging (IPI) employed for the imaging and analysis of the global spray field. The experiment adopted different nozzle diameters (dj = 200 £gm, and dj = 500 £gm) and different values of gauge pressure (£GP = 300 kPa, £GP = 500 kPa, and £GP = 700 kPa) as the main parameters, and DI (distilled) Water as the working medium. The study was divided into two parts. The first part used the £gPIV system to observe the two-dimensional global visualization of spray field distribution and spray angle from each nozzle under different values of gauge pressure (£GP). The flow velocity distribution and variations (axial velocity, and impact velocity) of the global spray frame were also measured. As the nozzle diameter would determine the distribution of spray droplets, the second part adopted the IPI system to measure and explore the atomized droplet sizes from each nozzle under different values of gauge pressure (£GP), whereby drop size histograms were created through statistical analysis.

Linear vibration measurement and analysis techniques have appeared to be sufficient with most vibration problems. This is partially due to the lack of proper identification of physical nonlinear dynamic responses. Therefore, as an example, a vehicle driveshaft exhibits a nonlinear super harmonic jump due to nonconstant velocity, NCV, joint excitation. Previously documented measurements or analytical predictions of vehicle driveshaft systems do not indicate nonlinear jump as a typical vibration mode. The nonlinear jump was both measured on a driveshaft test rig and simulated with a correlated model reproduced the jump. Subsequent development of the applied moments and simplified equations of motion provided the basis for nonlinear analysis. The nonlinear analyses included bifurcation, Poincare, Lyapunov Exponent, and identification of multiple solutions. Previous analytical models of driveshafts incorporating NCV joints are typically simple lumped parameter models. Complexity of models produce significant processing costs to completing significant analysis, and therefore large DOF systems incorporating significant flexibility are not analyzed. Therefore, a generalized method for creating simplified equations of motion while retaining integrity of the base system was developed. This method includes modal coupling, modal modification, and modal truncation techniques applied with nonlinear constraint conditions. Correlation of resonances and simulation results to operating results were accomplished. Previous NCV joint analyses address only the torsional degree of freedom. Limited background on lateral excitations and vibrations exist, and primarily focus on friction in the NCV joint or significant applied load. Therefore, the secondary moment was developed from the NCV joint excitation for application to the driveshaft system. This derivation provides detailed understanding of the vibration harmonic excitations due to NCV joints operating at misalignment angles. The model provides a basis for completing nonlinear analysis studying the system in more detail. Bifurcation analysis identified ranges of misalignment angles and speeds that produced nonlinear responses. Lyapunov Exponent analysis identified that these ranges were chaotic in nature. In addition, these analyses isolated the nonlinear response to the addition of the ITD nonlinear stiffness. In summary, the system and analysis show how an ITD installed to attenuate unwanted vibrations can cause other objectionable nonlinear response characteristics.