村里組織是台灣實施地方自治的最基層編組，而村里資源如何運用與分配，更是影響地方自治行政功能甚鉅，然過去研究鮮少討論村里公共資源的分配政治現象。於此，本研究以政治學的分配理論為基礎，採取質性研究方法，以村里基層工作經費為研究主軸，透過深入訪談及文件分析探討村里長是分配村里資源的情形，並分析公所與村里長之間委託-代理關係的監督失靈現象。 研究結果顯示，村里長分配村里資源的模式偏向Cox-McCubbins的模型，村里長以是否為「選舉票倉區」，作為分配村里基層工作經費的基準，而鄉鎮公所與村里長之間的委託-代理關係，則因資訊不對稱及里幹事聯繫失衡對村里長的行政監督有所失靈。 基於研究發現，本文建議，村里基層工作經費應依照村里的大小及人口予以公式化的補助金分配，此外村里長與公所之間的行政責任釐清，可助於減少資訊不對稱的問題，最後村里長運用村里資源的情形應建立衡量指標，落實稽核制度。本文為一初探性嘗試，提供台灣分配政策與政治研究另外一種思考的面向，並且提供未來台灣分配政治研究的實證基礎。 / Village and Neighborhood organization is the most basic unit of local governance in Taiwan, and how the village and neighborhood uses and allocates resources has important impact on the local self-government administration. However, existing research rarely discusses distributive politics of public resources in the village arena. Therefore, based on the perspective of distributive theory, this study explores the allocation of village resources by in-depth interviews and archival research. It further presents the supervision failure by township, on village and neighborhood. The results of this study confirm Cox-McCubbins ’s model on resources allocation. The village and neighborhood chiefs use "election support zone" as criteria to allocate the village and neighborhood funds. The principal-agency relationship between township and village was disconnected due to information asymmetries and loss of contact with the village secretary, which leads to the failure of administrative supervision on village chiefs regarding allocation of the funds.. This study proposes three suggestions for reforms. First, the village and neighborhood funds should be distributed in accordance with a formula based on the size of the village and neighborhood. Second, the administrative responsibility should be clarified between the village and neighborhood chief and townships to reduce the information asymmetry problem. Finally, the indicators measuring the effectiveness of the fund’s usage, should be constructed in order to enforce the audit system. This research is a pilot attempt to provide another perspective and empirical analysis on the distributive policy at local level. It has theoretical and empirical implications for distributive politics.

My thesis examines how metaphors of globalization shape the global governance of the Internet. I consider how, in a short span of time, discussions of the Internet’s globalizing potential have gone from the optimism of the global village to the penchant of the global marketplace to the anxiety of the global war on terror. Building upon Rorty’s theory of metaphors and Foucault’s notion of productive power, I investigate how the shifts in these prevailing metaphors have produced and legitimated different frameworks of global governance. In considering how these patterns of governance have been shaped in the context of a familiar example of globalization, I demonstrate that globalization has an important discursive dimension that works as a constitutive force – not only in Internet governance, but in global governance more generally. By illuminating globalization’s discursive dimensions, this thesis makes an original theoretical contribution to the study of globalization and global governance. It demonstrates that globalization is more than a set of empirical flows: equally important, globalization exists as a set of discourses that reconstitute political legitimacy in more ‘global’ terms. This recasts the conventional understanding of global governance: rather than a response to the challenges posed by the empirical transcendence of territorial borders or the visible proliferation of non-state actors, the aims, institutions and policies of global governance are shaped and enabled by discourses of globalization, and evolve as these discourses change. In short, this thesis provides further insight into globalization’s transformations of state-based political order. It links these transformations to the discursive processes by which systems of global governance are produced and legitimated as sites of power and authority.

1 ABSTRAKT The aim of the thesis was to eleborate the development process of the Častrov comprehensive primary school in the district Pelhřimov based on the school chronicles and refer to the contribution of the acquired knowledge for the schoolwork. The theoretical part is devoted to the study of commemorative books and also in the wider perspective of the whole P elhřimovsko region. The practical part describes a project carried out with pupils of this school. The purpose was to acquaint the pupils with the history of Častrov school through activation methods and have their impact on the school and the place where they live.

This thesis is looking into the history of the village Řehlovice in the Northbohemian region in years 1880 - 1970. This village was located till the end of the Second World War deep in the mostly by Germans inhabited territory named Sudetenland. The thesis wants in the time span study the changes of the local social conditions and the constitution of the inhabitants and other interesting themes whose are related to the situation before and after the Second World War which was a big turning point. In this time span changes the peaceful coexistence of two nations under the influence of the Nazi-ideology. This is the culmination point of the thesis, because it gains information from in German written and from in Czech written and till today unpublished eleven local chronics. It shows data and stories from small locality which could help to map unresearched places of history. The result of the thesis is a close look on these data and their evaluation. Parts of the thesis are illustrative graphs and illustrations taken from unpublished sources. They were given from the Czechs that staid but also from the deported Germans. Years after 1948 are briefly adapted for the comparison. Information about local education, parish and the gathering of deported Germans are situated in separated chapters.

D. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences)|, Vaal University of Technology. / Medicinal plants provide valuable alternative sources of drugs and drug discovery because many have been used in traditional practices for centuries to manage or treat various forms of ailments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of nine medicinal plants used by Zulus in Mabandla village, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa to treat inflammation and to isolate selected active compounds against studied pathogens from Alepidea amatymbica and Pomaria sandersonii. The plants were selected on the basis of an ethnobotanical survey based on questionnaire response and verbal interviews that were conducted in Mabandla village with the local traditional healers and herbalists. The isolation of compounds from Alepidea amatymbica and Pomaria sandersonii was based on the bioassay based study which was carried out in this study. Bioassay guided study involving in vitro anti-inflammatory measurement using soya bean derived 15 Lipoxygenase, free radical scavenging capacity against the ABTS●+ radical cation and DPPH● radicals; antimicrobial and bioautography assays against Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli, ATCC25922, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus were carried out using the plants extracts, fractions and pure compounds. Isolation of compounds displaying biological activity was carried out by using open column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). The compounds were characterised by use of Nuclear Magnetic resonance, (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The DPPH sprayed TLC showed that all the nine plants contained antioxidants. Most of which were contained in polar fractions of acetone and methanol. Results of the assays displayed a range of biological activities comparable to the positive controls used for each assay. DPPH● scavenging displayed EC50 values ranging between 1.008 and 467 Kg/ml. The highest activity was observed with the methanol fraction of Berkheya setifera with an EC50 value of 1.008 Kg/ml followed by the crude extract of Gunnera perpensa with EC50 value of 1.069 Kg/ml. Carissa bispinosa hexane fraction had the lowest activity of 467.7 Kg/ml. The Pomaria sandersonii DCM extract had the highest ABTS●+ radical scavenging activity by Pomaria sandersonii DCM extract, (1.273 Kg/ml) for the ethyl acetate, (5.973 Kg/ml) while the hexane fraction from Eucomis autumnalis had the lowest activity (929.4 Kg/ml). The activity of Pomaria sandersonii extracts and fractions demonstrated that the plant contains antioxidants that react with both DPPH and ABTS radicals although higher activities were shown by ABTS as displayed by the lower EC50 values. All the crude fractions and extracts had high to moderate antibacterial activities (20-625 Kg/ml) and anti-fungal activities (20-2500 Kg /ml). Pomaria sandersonii crude and fractions had the highest antimicrobial activity compared to other plants. Some MIC values for P. sandersonii dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions (80 Kg/ml in each case) compared well with gentamycin (4 Kg/ml) since they showed same values against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudonomus aeruginosa. The dichloromethane, acetone and methanol fractions were also active (20 Kg/ml) against both Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Inhibition of pathogen growth demonstrated by the polar fractions of the studied plants suggested that some of the active compounds would be soluble in water. A total of seven compounds were isolated from Alepidea amatymbica and Pomaria sandersonii. We propose three were new compounds after considering literature search involving closely related research to this investigation. These were two diterpenes from Alepidea amatymbica, namely, 14-acetoxo-12-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid labelled as 0657 and 16-hydroxy-kaur-6-en-19-oic acid given the label 06-2 in this study. The third suspected new compound is the chalcone dimer, which is referred to as EM86 in this study from Pomaria sandersonii. EM80-2 was obtained as a mixture of the cis and trans of 2’, 4, 4,’-trihydroxychalcone or 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one, from Pomaria sandersonii. The three diterpenes, 14-acetoxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (0652), 13-hydroxy-16-kauren-19-oic acid (06B) and 14-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (06431) were isolated from Alepidea amatymbica for the first time. Isolated compounds were further tested as individual compounds and results showed that 16-hydroxy-kaur-6-en-19-oic acid (06-2) had weak activity against tested bacteria and fungi with the MIC: Staphylococcus aureus (320 Kg/ml) and Candida albicans, (320 Kg/ml). On the other hand 13-hydroxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (06B) was more active against, Staphylococcus aureus (160 Kg/ml) and Aspergillus fumigatus (40 Kg/ml). The yellow compound that was isolated from Pomaria sandersonii, 1-(2, 4-ihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one was antimicrobial with the following MICs: Candida albicans: 80 Kg/ml; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus: 160 Kg/ml and Aspergillus fumigatus: 625 Kg/ml. There were two mixtures referred to as EM 49 and EM 77 from Pomaria sandersonii which were difficult to purify but had anti-microbial inhibitory activities worth reporting. EM49 had MIC against Candida albicans of: 160μg/ml; Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 320 Kg/ml, Escherichia coli: 80μg/ml, Enterococcus faecalis 80μg/ml, and Staphylococcus aureus: 80μg/ml and Aspergillus fumigatus: 320μg/ml. EM 77 had MIC against Escherichia coli: 80 Kg/ml and Cryptococcus neoformans: 80μg/ml. Further work on their purification need to be done since in this research we are just reporting on their high MIC activities. The medicinal plants used to treat inflammation under different disease conditions in the Zulu community of Mabandla village, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa have some relevant biological activities. The various antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities support the validity of their healing capacities that the traditional healers of the community claim to possess. Although there is evidence of good antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by the crude extracts, the high levels of sucrose in P. prunelloides and glucose in G. perpensa should be borne in mind when using their decoctions in traditional medicine particularly by diabetic patients. In vitro results for the antioxidant, antinflammtory and antimicrobial activities carried out in this investigation illustrate that the plants can be a source of treatment and management for inflammation related conditions. These therefore justify their use in Zulu traditional medicine. However, in vivo assays should be carried out in order to completely validate claims by the traditional healers that they treat inflammation related conditions. / Vaal University of Technology

La recherche porte sur l’action collective locale et la gestion des forêts communautaires à Djoum au Sud Cameroun. Elle analyse l’approche gouvernementale d’octroi et de gestion communautaire des ressources forestières, afin de responsabiliser et d’autonomiser les communautés villageoises dans la prise en charge des activités de production économique pour réduire la pauvreté, améliorer les conditions de vie et assurer le développement local. L’objectif est de rendre compte de la capacité des forêts communautaires à fournir des avantages économiques pour répondre à ce défi. C’est aussi pour rendre compte des territoires villageois, vus comme l’échelle de référence pour la gouvernance des forêts communautaires et de l’influence de l’identité spatiale sur l’organisation communautaire de cette gestion. La méthodologie mise en œuvre est pluridisciplinaire. Les résultats de notre étude montrent plusieurs faiblesses structurelles. Les forêts communautaires étudiées sont des espaces spécialisés en plusieurs zones, correspondant chacune à des usages particuliers. Cette perspective exclue l’exploitation du bois d’œuvre sur toute la surface de l’espace forestier. Pourtant toutes les forêts communautaires sont divisées en secteurs quinquennaux, eux-mêmes divisés en parcelles annuelles d’exploitation de bois. Ensuite, ces forêts ont été fortement perturbées dans le passé, un indicateur qui devrait les destiner plus à la conservation qu’à l’exploitation. Mais ce n’est pas le cas, toutes les communautés ou presque, ayant opté pour leur exploitation. De même, les volumes de bois exploités dans ces forêts sont très faibles, ce qui atteste clairement que les possibilités qu’on leur attribue dans les plans simples de gestion sont fausses. Au plan des réalisations socioéconomiques et des emplois créés, le bilan est très loin des espoirs engendrés. Les quelques emplois créés sont de type temporaire, précaires et non qualifiés. Par ailleurs, l’exploitation du bois d’œuvre n’a généré jusqu’ici, aucune infrastructure ni réalisation socioéconomique collectives, puisque les revenus ex post générés restent largement inférieurs aux prévisions financières ex ante. Enfin, ces forêts sont assises sur des espaces appropriés. Cette situation soulève des équivoques sur leur statut supposé de biens communs et pose la question du partage de leurs retombées économiques. D’autres faiblesses dites conjoncturelles existent et expliquent la léthargie dans laquelle sombre l’organisation communautaire de la gestion des forêts. Nos résultats ont montré la défaillance des acteurs communautaires à se situer par rapport à leur objectif. Leurs capacités à s’approprier un projet et à mettre en œuvre une vraie stratégie de mobilisation collective sont également défaillantes. Le manque de solidarité communautaire et la non valorisation des savoirs et savoir-faire locaux rendent les communautés vulnérables dans les partenariats qu’ils nouent et renforcent le poids et l’influence des acteurs extérieurs. Sur les territoires villageois comme échelle de référence pour la gouvernance des forêts communautaires, l’étude a montré que ceux-ci apparaissent comme des lieux d’expression des divisions, des dissensions, de fabrique des soupçons et gouvernés par l’individualisme. Les organisations communautaires sont à leur tour décrites comme des dispositifs de mise à distance, minés par les pressions exercées par les acteurs porteurs de logiques différentes, des stéréotypes et des représentations qui inhibent plutôt l’action collective communautaire. Ce sont aussi des dispositifs contrôlés par l’appât du gain. Les forêts communautaires produisant peu ou pas d’argent, la démobilisation collective ici prend alors tout son sens.L’étude s’achève avec les perspectives à envisager pour faire de l'action collective locale l'outil sans lequel l’atteinte des objectifs d’amélioration des conditions de vie, de réduction de la pauvreté et les perspectives de développement local, n'est pas envisageable. / The research focuses on local collective action and management of community forests in southern Cameroon, at Djoum. It analyzes the government’s approach for granting and community management of forest resources, in order to empower and empowering village communities in the management of economic production activities to reduce poverty, improve living conditions and ensure local development. The objective is to realize the capacity of community forests to provide economic benefits to meet this challenge. It is also to account for village territories, seen as the reference scale for the governance of community forests and the influence of the spatial identity on community organization of this management. The implementation methodology is multidisciplinary. The results of our study show several structural weaknesses. First, it appears that the studied community forests are spaces specialized in several areas, each corresponding to particular uses. This perspective excludes timber exploitation on the entire surface of forest area. Yet all Community forests are divided into five-year sectors, themselves divided into annual surfaces of timber exploitation. Then, these forests have been heavily disturbed in the past, an indicator that should send these more to conservation than the exploitation. But this is not the case, all communities or almost, having opted for their exploitation. Similarly, the volumes of wood exploited in these forests are very low, which clearly demonstrates that the possibilities that ascribed to them in the management simple plan are false. In terms of socio-economic achievements and jobs created, the balance sheet is very far from begotten hopes. The few jobs created are temporary, precarious and unqualified. Moreover, the exploitation of timber has generated so far here, neither infrastructure nor collective socio-economic achievement, since ex post generated incomes remain far below ex-ante financial forecast of timber exploitation. Finally, these forests are sitting on appropriate spaces. This raises ambiguities about their supposed status of common goods and raises the question of sharing of their benefits. Others cyclical said weaknesses exist and explain the lethargy into which sinks community organization of forest management. Our results showed the failure of community actors to position themselves in relation to their objective. Their capacities to take a project and to implement a genuine strategy of collective mobilization are also failing. The lack of Community solidarity and the not valorization of local knowledge make vulnerable communities in the partnerships they formed and strengthen the weight and influence of external actors. On village territories as reference scale for the governance of community forests, the study showed that these appear as places of expression of divisions, conflict, and factory of the suspicions and governed by individualism. Community organizations are in turn, described as devices remotely, undermined by pressures from actors of different logics, stereotypes and representations that inhibit rather community collective action. They are also devices controlled by the lure of profit. Community forests producing little or no money, the collective demobilization here makes sense then. The study ends with the perspective to consider for making the local collective action the tool without which the achievement of the objectives of improving the living conditions, poverty reduction and the prospects for local development, is not possible.

Os campos da Preservação de Monumentos Históricos e da Sustentabilidade na Construção Civil, apesar de distintos, apresentam certo grau de complementaridade. São áreas que dependem de processos eminentemente coletivos para seu avanço, e que se consagram como tradições culturais importantes no enfrentamento da deterioração dos espaços urbanos contemporâneos. A matéria é atual e urgente. Entretanto, o debate sobre o projeto arquitetônico como instrumento de valorização cultural e requalificação ainda é incipiente. Como analisar as intervenções atuais em edifícios degradados? Qual a relevância da Teoria da Restauração e da Sustentabilidade na construção no ideário cultural? Como reintegrar imóveis disfuncionais às dinâmicas urbanas? São questões complexas que merecem atenção. Por isso propomos a análise de três intervenções em edifícios ecléticos na cidade de São Paulo, e cujas estratégias de ocupação guardam intima relação com a adoção de usos e ocupações ordinárias. Debateremos, portanto, um projeto residencial - o condomínio Américo Simões, e dois acadêmicos - o Instituto Oscar Freire da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e a FAU - Vila Penteado, da mesma universidade. Cada caso foi estudado através de sistema de valores, em que as dimensões individuais e coletivas do projeto são articuladas no intuito de produzir-se uma visão de conjunto das propostas. O primeiro valor é denominado cultural, ou seja, tem suas definições atribuídas às pesquisas históricas e estéticas e atribui aos bens imóveis valores de interesse comuns a toda a sociedade. O segundo, por outro lado, recebe o nome de valor autoral e volta-se ao reconhecimento das escolhas projetuais contemporâneas, do arquiteto responsável pela proposta, e que estão presentes no partido arquitetônico das restaurações. Do nosso ponto de vista, essa metodologia oferece possibilidades de aprendizado técnico e ético nesse debate particular, em que acreditamos ser desejável a aproximação entre as tendências de Preservação e Sustentabilidade nos projetos de arquitetura. / The fields of the Historical Monument Preservation and the Sustainability in the Civil Construction, although distinct, present certain degree of integration. They are areas that share of eminently collective processes in the advance of the knowledge, and that if contemporaries consecrate as important cultural traditions for the confrontation of the deterioration of the urban spaces. The substance is current and urgent. However, the debate on the architectural project in this area is incipient. How to evaluate the current interventions in degraded buildings? Which the relevance of the Theory of the Restoration and Sustainability in the construction of the recent cultural scenario? How to reintegrate abandoned buildings to the urban dynamics? These are complex issues that deserve attention. Therefore we consider the analysis of three interventions in eclectic buildings in the city of São Paulo, and whose strategies of occupation keep it summons usual relation with the adoption of uses and occupations. We will debate, therefore, a residential project - the condominium Américo Simões, and two academicals buildings - the Institute Oscar Freire of the College of Medicine of the USP, and the FAU - Vila Penteado, of the same university. Each in case were analyzed through a system of values, where the individual and collective dimensions of projects are articulated in intention to produce a vision of set of the proposals. The first value is called cultural, that is, it has its definitions attributed to the historical and aesthetic research and attributes to the real properties common values of interest to all the society. As, on the other hand, it receives the name from authorial value and turns it the recognition of the contemporary decisions, of the responsible architect for the proposal, and that they are gifts in the party architectural of the restorations. Of our point of view this methodology offers to learning possibilities technician and ethical of this debate in particular, where we believe to be desirable the approach enters the trends of Preservation and Sustainability in the architectural projects.

This thesis focuses on the motivation of pupils attending primary school towards the sports activities. The work is divided into theoretical and research section. The theoretical part explains the concepts related to the thesis itself, especially the concepts of leisure activities, physical activities and the concept of sport. Furthermore, the theoretical part is focused on the developmental stages of personalities, the concepts of motivations, incentives, needs, rewards and motivational structure of sportsmen. The aim of the research part of this thesis was to determine the current state of motivation of the pupils attending primary school towards the sports activities. To accomplish this aim, a method of questionnaire survey was used. The research section also deals with the relationships among the monitored variables in the survey. The results of this work provide new information about motivation of children towards sports activities.

This thesis focuses on the motivation of pupils attending primary school towards the sports activities. The work is divided into theoretical and research section. The theoretical part explains the concepts related to the thesis itself, especially the concepts of leisure activities, physical activities and the concept of sport. Furthermore, the theoretical part is focused on the developmental stages of personalities, the concepts of motivations, incentives, needs, rewards and motivational structure of sportsmen. The aim of the research part of this thesis was to determine the current state of motivation of the pupils attending primary school towards the sports activities. To accomplish this aim, a method of questionnaire survey was used. The research section also deals with the relationships among the monitored variables in the survey. The results of this work provide new information about motivation of children towards sports activities.

O presente trabalho é uma tentativa de desenvolvimento de novas metodologias para o entendimento do uso do espaço interno em sítios arqueológicos de terra firme da Amazônia Central. Há décadas diversos investigadores vêm debatendo sobre a variabilidade destes assentamentos (Meggers, Lathrap, Myers, Roosevelt, Heckenberger e Neves, entre outros). Nosso caso de estudo é o sítio Osvaldo, localizado na área de interfúvio dos rios Negro e Solimões, na margem sul do Lago do Limão. Este sítio apresenta internamente áreas heterogêneas, com variabilidade de profundidade de terra preta antropogênica de densidade de fragmentos cerâmicos, estes afiliados culturalmente à Tradição Barrancóide/fase Manacapuru e à fase Paredão. A análise de agrupamento espacial e padrão composicional mostram similitudes e diferenças entre as áreas mencionadas, evidenciando uma complexidade social interna, cujo entendimento, a partir de analogias etnográficas, tem relevância não apenas para a problemática intra-sítio, mas também para a discussão sobre as relações entre sítios a nível regional e sobre os movimentos migratórios de populações pré-coloniais. / The present work is an attempt to develop new methodologies for the understanding of the use of the internal space in archeological hinterland (terra firme) sites in Central Amazon. For decades, several investigators have debated the variability of these settlements (Meggers, Latrhap, Myers, Roosevelt, Heckenberger and Neves, among others). Our case study is the Osvaldo site, located between Solimões and Negro rivers at the South margin of Limão lake. This site internally displays heterogeneous areas with different depths of anthropogenic terra preta and variable density of pottery fragments culturally linked to the Barrancoid Tradition / Manacapuru phase and Paredão phase. The spatial clustering analysis and the composítional pattern show similarities and differences among the mentioned areas, presenting internal social complexity, of which the observation, from ethnographical analogies, is relevant not only for the intra-site problematic but also for the discussion on the relations among sites at regional level and for understanding the migratory movements of pre-columbian populations.