Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 1976. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-139).

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 1975. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-84).

No description available.

During the Illinoian glaciation (approximately 180,000 to 125,000 years ago) glacial lobes advancing into Illinois deposited an extensive till sheet (i.e., the Vandalia Member till). However, very little is known about the retreat phase that followed this major ice advance. Erosional events and the heterogeneous sediments associated to the Illinoian deglaciation may also have important hydrogeologic implications. Specifically, the occurrence and emplacement of these heterogeneous deposits, informally referred to as the Glasford deglacial unit, into and overlying the Vandalia Member till, may impact the integrity of this extensive till aquitard, and possibly influence groundwater flow to the deeper and regionally important Mahomet aquifer. Thus, the purpose of this research is to improve knowledge of the heterogeneous character of the Glasford deglacial sediments and their three-dimensional (3-D) hydrostratigraphic architecture. The methodology to study the Glasford deglacial unit relies on the detailed analysis of 7 continuous cores and interpretations of 4 geophysical profiles, which provide key stratigraphic control to estimate unit geometry and establish the vertical succession of facies assemblages in the unit. A 3-D geological model was created using gOcad®, a geomodelling software, across a 2642 square kilometer study area and the deglacial unit having a subsurface volume domain of 5.70E+9 cubic meters. Utilizing all available data sources including 38 continuous cores, 69 downhole geophysical logs, 799 driller’s logs, and 4 near-surface geophysical profiles; triangulated surfaces were interpolated representing the top and bottom of the Glasford deglacial unit and key internal layers. These surfaces provided a framework for a 3-D cellular partition, where descretizing the model allowed for mapping of hydrofacies assemblages that represented mappable heterogeneities of coarse- and fine-grained sediment in the Glasford deglacial unit. Results of the subsurface facies analysis led to the identification of three main facies types that form the Glasford deglacial unit: 1) massive, matrix-supported diamicton; 2) interstratified sand and gravel; and 3) fine-grained massive and/or bedded sediment. Using key seismic reflectors and interpretations based on near-surface seismic profiles as well as geologic logs from numerous boreholes, these facies were assigned to two features of possible regional extent: 1) a broad channelized erosion surface informally named the Champaign valley; and 2) an extensive tabular unit overlying the valley fill and extending across the entire study area. Grouping of facies into distinct facies assemblages was useful to distinguish sediments that in-fill either the Champaign valley or compose the tabular unit. Major heterogeneities have been recognized in these features and mapped at regional scale represented by fine- and coarse-grained sediment assemblages that comprise 46% and 54% respectively of the Glasford deglacial unit volume. Laterally continuous coarse-grained sediment assemblages are primarily located in the Champaign valley and potentially represent local aquifers of limited but usefully productivity for east-central Illinois. These small aquifers are characterized by hydraulic conductivities ranging from 1.07E-3 m/s to 1.78E-6 m/s. Fine-grained sediment assemblages have an average hydraulic conductivity value of 4.38E-8 m/s and thus may represent discontinuous aquitards impeding water flow. However, these fine-grained sediment assemblages cannot be considered homogeneous aquitards because of their textural variability and limited lateral continuity. The geological model developed in this study contributes to better understanding the complex subsurface geology in east-central Illinois. Results of this study confirm the high degree of heterogeneity in the Glasford deglacial unit that includes features of glacial erosion, and these findings question, at least locally, the integrity of the underlying Vandalia Member till as a regional aquitard unit. Overall, the Glasford deglacial unit is a complex subsurface ice-marginal package of sediments, which challenges the aquifer-aquitard concept. It is argued herein that some ice-contact or ice-marginal sediments units may be laterally extensive as a whole, yet internally too heterogeneous to be mapped as an aquifer or aquitard at a regional scale. A new conceptual hydrostratigraphic layer, the hybrid layer (part-aquifer/ part-aquitard), is thus proposed to better describe these units. This new hybrid layer is meant to augment the traditional aquifer/aquitard concept representing hydrostratigraphic bodies that may not form laterally extensive aquifer or aquitard units. These hybrid layers may better represent conceptually the complex ice-marginal deposits that are found across east-central Illinois, and perhaps other similar areas affected by glacial lobe fluctuations during multiple glaciations.

No description available.

This study examines the Flandrian development, particularly the vegetational history, of two valleys in the East Sussex Weald, the Brede and Pannel. Lithostratigraphic surveys of these valleys and biostratigraphic investigations from a number of key sites, principally using the technique of pollen analysi, have been undertaken. Radiocarbon dates provide a chronological framework. In the lower Brede valley pre-Flandrian colluvial deposits are overlain by estuarine sediments and a thin intermittent peat. Widespread peat formation began c.6000 BP., when alder fen woodland became established on the floodplain. Estuarine conditions returned after c.1800 B.P. The sedimentary history of the Pannel appears to be similar, although the deposits at.Paünel Bridge are unusual. Here 1 2.5m of organic material has accumulated since the beginning of the Flandrian. Comparisons are made with other coastal localities in East Sussex in order to determine the importance of local, against regional processes, in the formation of these sequences. At Pannel Bridge the pollen record extends back to 10000 B.P. when the vegetation was dominated by Pinus. Macrofossils remains of Alnus glutinosa were found indicating the presence of this species at the opening of the Flandrian. Corylus was the first of the deciduous taxa to expand (c.9400 B.P.) , followed by Quercus and tjlrnus (c.9000 B.P.). Tilia became an important component of the vegetation after c.7000 B.P. The nature of' the mid-Flandrian forests has been examined in some detail in the Brede valley. At Old Place investigations were undertaken to elucidate the pattern of pollen distribution across the floodplain. Sites close to the valley sides contain particularly high frequencies of Tilia pollen, indicating Tilia was abundant in the adjacent slope woodland. Limited interference by man on the vegetation may have occurred prior to, and accompanying the 'elm decline'. However, there is no evidence to suggest major episodes of forest clearance prior to the declines in Tilia dated to c.3700 B.P. This study highlights some of the problems in interpreting pollen assemblages from deposits of rich-fen origin.

During the Illinoian glaciation (approximately 180,000 to 125,000 years ago) glacial lobes advancing into Illinois deposited an extensive till sheet (i.e., the Vandalia Member till). However, very little is known about the retreat phase that followed this major ice advance. Erosional events and the heterogeneous sediments associated to the Illinoian deglaciation may also have important hydrogeologic implications. Specifically, the occurrence and emplacement of these heterogeneous deposits, informally referred to as the Glasford deglacial unit, into and overlying the Vandalia Member till, may impact the integrity of this extensive till aquitard, and possibly influence groundwater flow to the deeper and regionally important Mahomet aquifer. Thus, the purpose of this research is to improve knowledge of the heterogeneous character of the Glasford deglacial sediments and their three-dimensional (3-D) hydrostratigraphic architecture. The methodology to study the Glasford deglacial unit relies on the detailed analysis of 7 continuous cores and interpretations of 4 geophysical profiles, which provide key stratigraphic control to estimate unit geometry and establish the vertical succession of facies assemblages in the unit. A 3-D geological model was created using gOcad®, a geomodelling software, across a 2642 square kilometer study area and the deglacial unit having a subsurface volume domain of 5.70E+9 cubic meters. Utilizing all available data sources including 38 continuous cores, 69 downhole geophysical logs, 799 driller’s logs, and 4 near-surface geophysical profiles; triangulated surfaces were interpolated representing the top and bottom of the Glasford deglacial unit and key internal layers. These surfaces provided a framework for a 3-D cellular partition, where descretizing the model allowed for mapping of hydrofacies assemblages that represented mappable heterogeneities of coarse- and fine-grained sediment in the Glasford deglacial unit. Results of the subsurface facies analysis led to the identification of three main facies types that form the Glasford deglacial unit: 1) massive, matrix-supported diamicton; 2) interstratified sand and gravel; and 3) fine-grained massive and/or bedded sediment. Using key seismic reflectors and interpretations based on near-surface seismic profiles as well as geologic logs from numerous boreholes, these facies were assigned to two features of possible regional extent: 1) a broad channelized erosion surface informally named the Champaign valley; and 2) an extensive tabular unit overlying the valley fill and extending across the entire study area. Grouping of facies into distinct facies assemblages was useful to distinguish sediments that in-fill either the Champaign valley or compose the tabular unit. Major heterogeneities have been recognized in these features and mapped at regional scale represented by fine- and coarse-grained sediment assemblages that comprise 46% and 54% respectively of the Glasford deglacial unit volume. Laterally continuous coarse-grained sediment assemblages are primarily located in the Champaign valley and potentially represent local aquifers of limited but usefully productivity for east-central Illinois. These small aquifers are characterized by hydraulic conductivities ranging from 1.07E-3 m/s to 1.78E-6 m/s. Fine-grained sediment assemblages have an average hydraulic conductivity value of 4.38E-8 m/s and thus may represent discontinuous aquitards impeding water flow. However, these fine-grained sediment assemblages cannot be considered homogeneous aquitards because of their textural variability and limited lateral continuity. The geological model developed in this study contributes to better understanding the complex subsurface geology in east-central Illinois. Results of this study confirm the high degree of heterogeneity in the Glasford deglacial unit that includes features of glacial erosion, and these findings question, at least locally, the integrity of the underlying Vandalia Member till as a regional aquitard unit. Overall, the Glasford deglacial unit is a complex subsurface ice-marginal package of sediments, which challenges the aquifer-aquitard concept. It is argued herein that some ice-contact or ice-marginal sediments units may be laterally extensive as a whole, yet internally too heterogeneous to be mapped as an aquifer or aquitard at a regional scale. A new conceptual hydrostratigraphic layer, the hybrid layer (part-aquifer/ part-aquitard), is thus proposed to better describe these units. This new hybrid layer is meant to augment the traditional aquifer/aquitard concept representing hydrostratigraphic bodies that may not form laterally extensive aquifer or aquitard units. These hybrid layers may better represent conceptually the complex ice-marginal deposits that are found across east-central Illinois, and perhaps other similar areas affected by glacial lobe fluctuations during multiple glaciations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Inaug.-diss.--Erlangen. / Vita.

In previous studies about the histories of the Tswana in general and those in present day south east Botswana in particular in the 19th century, some scholars either consciously or unconsciously made overstatements about the politics of war to the detriment of other crucial socio-economic factors. The settlement nexus of the Tswana especially on particular hills in present day south east Botswana has been mainly attributed to security measures against warfare which apparently appeared to be a perpetual phenomenon. Very little was said about the equally important socio-economic aspects. That was because the settlement patterns and situations of the Tswana were not a priority in the previous studies hence understatements about their socio-economic outlooks, development and adaptations. This study seeks to juxtapose, in a balanced manner, both the political and socio-economic realities in the 19th century. It has been established that whereas warfare played a crucial role in the settlement nexus of some Tswana groups on particular hills during the Mfecane and after the Boer-Bakwena war of 1852, there were other concurrent pulling factors. These included topography, prestige, adequate water supplies, the proximity of watercourses, the wide distribution of fertile soils and sustainable pastures, the abundance of iron ore deposits, wild animals and veld products, the availability and accessibility of building materials, the threats of periodic flash floods and river flooding, the diverse population densities and the magico-religious beliefs. The Tswana were fulltime, subsistence mixed farmers and part-time hunters and gatherers and as such they were, to a large extent, preoccupied with arable, pastoral, hunting and gathering activities that sustained their standard of living. To that endeavour, the Tswana had effectively occupied their chosen sites on particular hills and valleys up to today. The settlement nexus of the Tswana was well organised. The chiefs made major decisions about the need to migrate to those areas of settlement. The subsequent settlement patterns of the Tswana epitomised their socio-economic needs, cultural heritage, indigenous knowledge and vision, and administrative forms. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted